{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:03:54Z","timestamp":1790085834937,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010934","name":"Westfield State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-026-03494-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:47:40Z","timestamp":1786038460000},"page":"2543-2560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intersecting Generational, Gender, and Racial Disparities in Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence: A Multivariate Analysis of Victimization and Perpetration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5187-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunday B.","family":"Fakunmoju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48247-2_2","volume-title":"Handbook of the life course","author":"DF Alwin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alwin, D. F., & McCammon, R. J. (2003). Generations, cohorts, and social change. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 23\u201349). Springer."},{"issue":"5","key":"3494_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.5.651","volume":"126","author":"J Archer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.126.5.651","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"3494_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190224851.013.48","author":"D Atewologun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atewologun, D. (2018). Intersectionality theory and practice. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190224851.013.48","journal-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management"},{"key":"3494_CR4","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"3494_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100798","volume":"14","author":"GR Bauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer, G. R., Churchill, S. M., Mahendran, M., Walwyn, C., Lizotte, D., & Villa-Rueda, A. A. (2021). Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods. SSM - Population Health, 14, Article Article 100798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100798","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3494_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838007301160","volume":"8","author":"TB Bent-Goodley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bent-Goodley, T. B. (2007). Health disparities and violence against women: Why and how cultural and societal influences matter. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8(2), 90\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838007301160","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"3494_CR7","unstructured":"Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., Chen, J., & Stevens, M. R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"3494_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.10.001","volume":"34","author":"MJ Breiding","year":"2008","unstructured":"Breiding, M. J., Black, M. C., & Ryan, G. W. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence in eighteen U.S. states\/territories, 2005. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 112\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.10.001","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"3494_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"MJ Breiding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Basile, K. C., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Merrick, M. T. (2014). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization: National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 63(8), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveillance Summaries"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/088626000015001003","volume":"15","author":"R Caetano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Caetano, R., Schafer, J., Clark, C. L., Cunradi, C. B., & Raspberry, K. (2000). Intimate partner violence, acculturation, and alcohol consumption among Hispanic couples in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(1), 30\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/088626000015001003","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"3494_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9067-1","volume":"22","author":"DM Capaldi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Capaldi, D. M., Kim, H. K., & Shortt, J. W. (2007). Observed initiation and reciprocity of physical aggression in young, at-risk couples. Journal of Family Violence, 22(2), 101\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-007-9067-1","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"3494_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","volume":"3","author":"DM Capaldi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"8","key":"3494_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci13080406","volume":"13","author":"M Castillo-Gonz\u00e1les","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castillo-Gonz\u00e1les, M., & Ter\u00e1n Andrade, E. (2024). Victimization and perpetration of online dating violence and emotional dependence by gender among university students in Ecuador. Social Sciences, 13(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci13080406","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"3494_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511416469","volume":"27","author":"H Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho, H. (2012). Racial differences in the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women and associated factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(2), 344\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260511416469","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"3494_CR15","unstructured":"Coaston, J. (2019). The intersectionality wars. Vox. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/the-highlight\/2019\/5\/20\/18542843\/intersectionality-conservatism-law-race-gender-discrimination"},{"issue":"4","key":"3494_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00514-7","volume":"23","author":"AL Coker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(4), 260\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00514-7","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"3494_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112142","volume":"41","author":"PH Collins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Collins, P. H. (2015). Intersectionality\u2019s definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112142","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"3494_CR18","volume-title":"Intersectionality","author":"PH Collins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2020). Intersectionality. Polity Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"3494_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516651311","volume":"34","author":"JE Copp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Copp, J. E., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2019). The development of attitudes toward intimate partner violence: An examination of key correlates among a sample of young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(7), 1357\u20131387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516651311","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"3494_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2015.15","volume":"8","author":"DP Costanza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Generationally based differences in the workplace: Is there a there there? Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 8(3), 308\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/iop.2015.15","journal-title":"Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR21","first-page":"139","volume":"1989","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1989","unstructured":"Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139\u2013167.","journal-title":"University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"issue":"6","key":"3494_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","volume":"43","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1991","unstructured":"Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241\u20131299.","journal-title":"Stanford Law Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"3494_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020374617328","volume":"17","author":"CB Cunradi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cunradi, C. B., Caetano, R., & Schafer, J. (2002). Socioeconomic predictors of intimate partner violence among White, Black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Journal of Family Violence, 17(4), 377\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1020374617328","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"M Dimock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dimock, M. (2019). Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Center, 17(1), 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Pew Research Center"},{"issue":"6","key":"3494_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514539759","volume":"30","author":"L Eriksson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eriksson, L., & Mazerolle, P. (2015). A cycle of violence? Examining family-of-origin violence, attitudes, and intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(6), 945\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260514539759","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"3494_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.15270\/61-3-1339","volume":"61","author":"SB Fakunmoju","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fakunmoju, S. B., & Rasool, S. (2025). Predicting psychological abuse in intimate relationships: Insights from perceptions, victimization, and perpetration histories in South Africa. Social Work\/maatskaplike Werk, 61(3), 618\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15270\/61-3-1339","journal-title":"Social Work\/maatskaplike Werk"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"3494_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9159","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231163646","volume":"38","author":"JL Fanslow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fanslow, J. L., Mellar, B. M., Gulliver, P. J., & McIntosh, T. K. D. (2023). Evidence of gender asymmetry in intimate partner violence experience at the population-level. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(15\u201316), 9159\u20139188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231163646","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"3494_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838004269488","volume":"5","author":"CA Field","year":"2004","unstructured":"Field, C. A., & Caetano, R. (2004). Ethnic differences in intimate partner violence in the U.S. general population: The role of alcohol use and socioeconomic status. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5(4), 303\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838004269488","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"3494_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02604-8","volume":"52","author":"LR Fr\u00f8yland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fr\u00f8yland, L. R., Pedersen, W., Stefansen, K., & von Soest, T. (2023). Sexual and physical victimization and health correlates among Norwegian adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52, 2767\u20132777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-023-02604-8","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"3494_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01595","volume":"9","author":"E Gerino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gerino, E., Caldarera, A. M., Curti, L., Brustia, P., & Roll\u00e8, L. (2018). Intimate partner violence in the golden age: Systematic review of risk and protective factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01595","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3494_CR31","volume-title":"The unfinished revolution: How a new generation is reshaping family, work, and gender in America","author":"K Gerson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerson, K. (2010). The unfinished revolution: How a new generation is reshaping family, work, and gender in America. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"35","key":"3494_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913405117","volume":"117","author":"BN Greenwood","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greenwood, B. N., Hardeman, R. R., Huang, L., & Sojourner, A. (2022). Physician\u2013patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(35), 21194\u201321200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1913405117","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015066","volume":"1","author":"S Hamby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamby, S. (2009). The gender debate about intimate partner violence: Solutions and dead ends. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(1), 24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0015066","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy"},{"key":"3494_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100377","volume":"9","author":"L Heise","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heise, L., Pallitto, C., Garc\u00eda-Moreno, C., & Clark, C. J. (2019). Measuring psychological abuse by intimate partners: Constructing a cross-cultural indicator for the sustainable development goals. SSM - Population Health, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100377","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"issue":"23-24","key":"3494_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11088","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519897344","volume":"36","author":"S Hinduja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2020). Digital dating abuse among a national sample of U.S. youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23\u201324), 11088\u201311108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519897344","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"3494_CR36","unstructured":"IBM Corporation. (2022). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 29.0). IBM Corp."},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838003259322","volume":"5","author":"JL Jasinski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jasinski, J. L. (2004). Pregnancy and domestic violence: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5(1), 47\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838003259322","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"11","key":"3494_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801206293328","volume":"12","author":"MP Johnson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson, M. P. (2006). Conflict and control: Gender symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. Violence against Women, 12(11), 1003\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801206293328","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"3","key":"3494_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0158-z","volume":"44","author":"WL Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2015). The age-IPV curve: Changes in the perpetration of intimate partner violence during adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(3), 708\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-014-0158-z","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"3494_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.199","volume":"3","author":"J Langhinrichsen-Rohling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Misra, T. A., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of bidirectional versus unidirectional intimate partner violence across samples, sexual orientations, and race\/ethnicities: A comprehensive review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 199\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.199","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"S1","key":"3494_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1913","volume":"35","author":"S Lyons","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyons, S., & Kuron, L. (2014). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S139\u2013S157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.1913","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"3494_CR42","unstructured":"Mannheim, K. (1952). Essays on the sociology of knowledge. Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1928)"},{"key":"3494_CR43","volume-title":"The ABC of XYZ: Understanding the global generations","author":"M McCrindle","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCrindle, M. (2014). The ABC of XYZ: Understanding the global generations. McCrindle Research Pty Ltd."},{"issue":"2","key":"3494_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001171","volume":"15","author":"TR Napier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Napier, T. R., Howell, K. H., Maye, C. E., Jamison, L. E., Mandell, J. E., & Thurston, I. B. (2023). Demographic factors, personal life experiences, and types of intimate partner violence. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(2), 322\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001171","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy"},{"key":"3494_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neves, A. C., & Almeida, I. S. (2020). Beliefs about intimate partner violence: Gender and generation effects. In R. Arce (Ed.), Psychology and law: Research for practice (pp. 63\u201374). Sciendo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/9788395669682-006","DOI":"10.2478\/9788395669682-006"},{"issue":"6","key":"3494_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.08.008","volume":"57","author":"A Peterman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peterman, A., Bleck, J., & Palermo, T. (2015). Age and intimate partner violence: An analysis of global trends among women experiencing victimization in 30 developing countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(6), 624\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.08.008","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"28","key":"3494_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6628a1","volume":"66","author":"E Petrosky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petrosky, E., Blair, J. M., Betz, C. J., Fowler, K. A., Jack, S. P., & Lyons, B. H. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in homicides of adult women and the role of intimate partner violence - United States, 2003\u20132014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66(28), 741\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6628a1","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"3494_CR48","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2010). Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to change. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/social-trends\/2010\/02\/24\/millennials-confident-connected-open-to-change\/"},{"key":"3494_CR49","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2011). Generations and their gadgets. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2011\/02\/03\/generations-and-their-gadgets\/"},{"key":"3494_CR50","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2015). The whys and hows of generations research. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/politics\/2015\/09\/03\/the-whys-and-hows-of-generations-research\/"},{"key":"3494_CR51","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2019). Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins [Fact sheet]. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2019\/01\/17\/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"3494_CR52","first-page":"28","volume":"22","author":"S Rasool","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rasool, S., & Fakunmoju, S. B. (2025). Victimization by physical and sexual violence, and the perpetration and threats of rape among high school adolescents in Nigeria and South Africa. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 22(3), 28\u201347.","journal-title":"Social Work and Social Sciences Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v15i1.18053","volume":"15","author":"MH Ribeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M. H., Blackburn, J., Bradlyn, B., De Cristofaro, E., Stringhini, G., Long, S., Greenberg, S., & Zannettou, S. (2021). The evolution of the manosphere across the web. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 15(1), 196\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/icwsm.v15i1.18053","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media"},{"key":"3494_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rice, J. II, West, C. M., Cottman, K., & Gardner, G. (2020). The intersectionality of intimate partner violence in the black community. In Handbook of interpersonal violence across the lifespan (pp. 1\u201329). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-62122-7_240-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62122-7_240-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"3494_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.5.627","volume":"24","author":"FP Rivara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rivara, F. P., Anderson, M. L., Fishman, P., Reid, R. J., Bonomi, A. E., Carrell, D., & Thompson, R. S. (2009). Age, period, and cohort effects on intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 24(5), 627\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.24.5.627","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"12","key":"3494_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801213517564","volume":"19","author":"KA Roberto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberto, K. A., McPherson, M. C., & Brossoie, N. (2013). Intimate partner violence in late life: A review of the empirical literature. Violence against Women, 19(12), 1538\u20131558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801213517564","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"4","key":"3494_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2021.101992","volume":"53","author":"JF Rubio-Laborda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rubio-Laborda, J. F., Almansa-Mart\u00ednez, P., & Pastor-Bravo, M. D. M. (2021). Relaciones sexistas en la generaci\u00f3n X y Millennials [Sexist relationships in Generation X and Millennials]. Atencion Primaria, 53(4), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aprim.2021.101992","journal-title":"Atencion Primaria"},{"key":"3494_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudolph, C. W. (2017). Lifespan perspectives on work and aging. In L. M. Finkelstein, D. Truxillo, F. Fraccaroli, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Facing the challenges of a multi-age workforce: A use-inspired approach (pp. 51\u201392). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315735865","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315735865"},{"key":"3494_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101732","volume":"26","author":"DC Semenza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Semenza, D. C., Testa, A., & Jackson, D. B. (2022). Intersectional differences in serious violent victimization trajectories across the life course. Preventive Medicine Reports, 26, Article 101732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101732","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"key":"3494_CR60","unstructured":"Smith, S. G., Chen, J., Basile, K. C., Gilbert, L. K., Merrick, M. T., Patel, N., Jain, A. (2017). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010\u20132012 state report. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/46305"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204271476","volume":"11","author":"NJ Sokoloff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sokoloff, N. J., & Dupont, I. (2005). Domestic violence at the intersections of race, class, and gender: Challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities. Violence against Women, 11(1), 38\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801204271476","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2003.09.001","volume":"10","author":"SM Stith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B., & Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(1), 65\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2003.09.001","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"3494_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-751","volume":"14","author":"H St\u00f6ckl","year":"2014","unstructured":"St\u00f6ckl, H., March, L., Pallitto, C., Garcia-Moreno, C., WHO Multi-country Study on Women\u2019s Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team. (2014). Intimate partner violence among adolescents and young women: Prevalence and associated factors in nine countries: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14, Article 751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-14-751","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3494_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4879","volume":"24","author":"JK Stockman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stockman, J. K., Hayashi, H., & Campbell, J. C. (2015). Intimate partner violence and its health impact on ethnic minority women [corrected]. Journal of Women\u2019s Health, 24(1), 62\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2014.4879","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3494_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.1.3.332","volume":"1","author":"MA Straus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Straus, M. A. (2010). Thirty years of denying the evidence on gender symmetry in partner violence: Implications for prevention and treatment. Partner Abuse, 1(3), 332\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.1.3.332","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"3494_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2011.04.010","volume":"16","author":"MA Straus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Straus, M. A. (2011). Gender symmetry and mutuality in perpetration of clinical-level partner violence: Empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(4), 279\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2011.04.010","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"3494_CR67","volume-title":"Generations: The history of America's future, 1584 to 2069","author":"W Strauss","year":"1991","unstructured":"Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America\u2019s future, 1584 to 2069. Quill."},{"key":"3494_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-021-01958-1","volume":"51","author":"G Swann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swann, G., Dyar, C., Baidoo, L., Crosby, S., Newcomb, M. E., & Whitton, S. W. (2022). Intersectional minority stress and intimate partner violence: The effects of enacted stigma on racial minority youth assigned female at birth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51, 1031\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-021-01958-1","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"3494_CR69","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.","edition":"7"},{"key":"3494_CR70","volume-title":"iGen: Why today's super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy, and completely unprepared for adulthood, and what that means for the rest of us","author":"JM Twenge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why today\u2019s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy, and completely unprepared for adulthood, and what that means for the rest of us. Atria Books."},{"issue":"5","key":"3494_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206309352246","volume":"36","author":"JM Twenge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36(5), 1117\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206309352246","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"3494_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.3.336","volume":"3","author":"CM West","year":"2012","unstructured":"West, C. M. (2012). Partner abuse in ethnic minority and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender populations. Partner Abuse, 3(3), 336\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.3.3.336","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"key":"3494_CR73","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: Summary report of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses. World Health Organization."},{"key":"3494_CR74","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/341337"}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03494-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03494-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03494-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:30:41Z","timestamp":1790083841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03494-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03494-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional (Westfield State University, Massachusetts, USA: IRB Number 23\/24\u2013027) and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}