{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:03:54Z","timestamp":1790085834539,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-026-03521-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:29:08Z","timestamp":1786976948000},"page":"2431-2452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The New Digital Pandemic: How Uncertainty Drives the Rise of Sextortion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Yamei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoujie","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Fakher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3521_CR1","volume":"44","author":"M Abdallah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdallah, M., Mohammadi, B., Zaroug, M. A., Omer, A., Cheraghalizadeh, M., Eldow, M. E., & Duan, Z. (2022). Reference evapotranspiration estimation in hyper-arid regions via D-vine copula based-quantile regression and comparison with empirical approaches and machine learning models. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 44, Article 101259.","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"3521_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x","volume":"30","author":"R Agnew","year":"1992","unstructured":"Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47\u201388.","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"3521_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2022). The World Uncertainty Index (No. w29763). National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29763"},{"key":"3521_CR4","unstructured":"Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2016). Social learning theory. In F. Cullen, P. Wilcox, & R. L. Akers (Eds.), Criminological theory: Past to present (5th ed., pp. 163\u2013176). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"3521_CR5","first-page":"107","volume":"156","author":"TC Almeida","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almeida, T. C., & Barreiros, I. (2024). Online grooming among Portuguese adolescents and the COVID-19 lockdown: Relationship with other types of victimization. Children and Youth Services Review, 156, 107\u2013120.","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"3521_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/boer.12371","volume":"75","author":"F Ayhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayhan, F., Kartal, M. T., Adebayo, T. S., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2023). Nexus between economic risk and political risk in the United Kingdom: Evidence from wavelet coherence and quantile-on-quantile approaches. Bulletin of Economic Research, 75(3), 571\u2013587.","journal-title":"Bulletin of Economic Research"},{"key":"3521_CR7","unstructured":"Barreiros, I. E. D. (2022). The impact of online grooming and its relationship with other types of victimization [Unpublished master\u2019s dissertation, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz]."},{"issue":"2","key":"3521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1108\/JFC-02-2021-0042","volume":"29","author":"D Buil-Gil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buil-Gil, D., & Zeng, Y. (2022). Meeting you was a fake: Investigating the increase in romance fraud during COVID-19. Journal of Financial Crime, 29(2), 460\u2013475.","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Crime"},{"key":"3521_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/rmhp.s429516","author":"WY Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, W. Y., & Lin, F. L. (2023). On the asymmetric relationship between physician mental health disorders on quality of healthcare under the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan: Quantile on quantile regression analyses. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 2023, 2291\u20132307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/rmhp.s429516","journal-title":"Risk Management and Healthcare Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"3521_CR10","first-page":"404","volume":"6","author":"CK Chu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chu, C. K., & Marron, J. S. (1991). Choosing a kernel regression estimator. Statistical Science, 6(4), 404\u2013419.","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"368","key":"3521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038","volume":"74","author":"WS Cleveland","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cleveland, W. S. (1979). Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(368), 829\u2013836.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"3521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589","volume":"44","author":"LE Cohen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588\u2013608.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"3521_CR13","unstructured":"Council of Europe. (2020). Cybercrime legislation in European countries. https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/octopus"},{"issue":"2","key":"3521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2021.2022057","volume":"18","author":"AA Eaton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eaton, A. A., Ramjee, D., & Saunders, J. F. (2023). The relationship between sextortion during COVID-19 and pre-pandemic intimate partner violence: A large study of victimization among diverse US men and women. Victims & Offenders, 18(2), 338\u2013355.","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"key":"3521_CR15","volume-title":"Internet organized crime threat assessment (IOCTA)","author":"Europol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Europol. (2021). Internet organized crime threat assessment (IOCTA). European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation."},{"key":"3521_CR16","unstructured":"FBI. (2020). 2020 Internet Crime Report. Federal Bureau of Investigation. https:\/\/www.ic3.gov\/Media\/PDF\/AnnualReport\/2020_IC3Report.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"3521_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02799-w","volume":"53","author":"RB Felson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Felson, R. B., & Silver, E. (2024). Rape or homicide: Which is worse? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(3), 1001\u20131013.","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"12","key":"3521_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126662","volume":"18","author":"AM Gass\u00f3","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gass\u00f3, A. M., Mueller-Johnson, K., Agustina, J. R., & G\u00f3mez-Dur\u00e1n, E. L. (2021). Exploring sexting and online sexual victimization during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 66\u201375.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"3521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2021.101485","volume":"58","author":"SM Hashmi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hashmi, S. M., Chang, B. H., & Rong, L. (2021). Asymmetric effect of COVID-19 pandemic on E7 stock indices: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 58, 101\u2013115.","journal-title":"Research in International Business and Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"3521_CR20","first-page":"23","volume":"43","author":"TJ Holt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holt, T. J., Burruss, G. W., & Bossler, A. M. (2020). Social learning and cybercrime: Examining the influence of online environments. Journal of Crime and Justice, 43(2), 23\u201340.","journal-title":"Journal of Crime and Justice"},{"issue":"9","key":"3521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2022.2089863","volume":"31","author":"P Huiskes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huiskes, P., Dinis, M. A. P., & Caridade, S. (2022). Technology-facilitated sexual violence victimization during the COVID-19 pandemic: Behaviors and attitudes. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31(9), 1148\u20131167.","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"key":"3521_CR22","unstructured":"Cyber Civil Rights Initiative. (2020). The rise of sextortion during COVID-19. https:\/\/cybercivilrights.org\/research\/"},{"key":"3521_CR23","unstructured":"Interpol. (2021). INTERPOL report shows alarming rate of cybercrime during COVID-19. https:\/\/www.interpol.int\/en\/News-and-Events\/News\/2021"},{"key":"3521_CR24","unstructured":"Kaspersky. (2020). The cyberthreats landscape during the pandemic. https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com"},{"issue":"2","key":"3521_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/econometrics10020026","volume":"10","author":"E Mahdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahdi, E., & Al-Abdulla, A. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic news on the cryptocurrency market and gold returns: A quantile-on-quantile regression analysis. Econometrics, 10(2), 26\u201335.","journal-title":"Econometrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02718-z","volume":"52","author":"T Makubuya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makubuya, T., Nyembezi, A., & Kibii, K. (2023). Newspaper coverage of violence related to initiation and traditional male circumcision in South Africa. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(7), 2835\u20132844.","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"3521_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, J., Wang, M. C., & Chang, T. (2024). Revisiting tourist arrivals, CO2 emissions and pandemic crisis links using the quantile-on-quantile (QQ) approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 28, 5369\u20135395.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-024-05197-x"},{"key":"3521_CR28","unstructured":"Perreault, S. (2023). Victimization during the pandemic: Fear and vulnerability. Statistics Canada."},{"key":"3521_CR29","unstructured":"Rajanikanth, P. (2023). The cyber pandemic: Exploring the financial sextortion of young males (Doctoral dissertation, Mount Royal University)."},{"issue":"3","key":"3521_CR30","first-page":"201","volume":"16","author":"G Ricci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ricci, G., Nittari, G., Maria, C. A., Francesca, C., Gibelli, F., & Sirignano, A. (2022). Revenge porn in the Italian regulatory and social context: New crime or old blackmail? Rassegna Italiana di Criminologia, 16(3), 201\u2013210.","journal-title":"Rassegna Italiana di Criminologia"},{"key":"3521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Romero Rodr\u00edguez, J. M., Aznar D\u00edaz, I., Hinojo Lucena, F. J., & G\u00f3mez Garc\u00eda, G. (2022). Sexting in times of confinement. An analysis of sending online sexual content before and during COVID-19 pandemic amongst university students. KOME\u2212An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17646\/KOME.75672.84","DOI":"10.17646\/KOME.75672.84"},{"key":"3521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, M. T. C. D., Lopez, S. R., & Manapol, M. L. (2023). Experiences of female adolescent on online sexual abuse and exploitation of children during community quarantine in Davao City, Philippines. Asean Social Work Journal, 11, 74\u201391.","DOI":"10.58671\/aswj.v11i1.46"},{"issue":"1","key":"3521_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466600004217","volume":"7","author":"P Saikkonen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Saikkonen, P. (1991). Asymptotically efficient estimation of cointegration regressions. Econometric Theory, 7(1), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Econometric Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"3521_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02734-z","volume":"53","author":"E Setty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Setty, E., & Dobson, E. (2024). Young love \u201clocked down\u201d: Adolescent and young adult perspectives on sexting during the COVID-19 pandemic in England. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(2), 481\u2013495.","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"3521_CR35","volume-title":"Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquents in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities","author":"CR Shaw","year":"1942","unstructured":"Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquents in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"3521_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2015.01.013","volume":"55","author":"N Sim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sim, N., & Zhou, H. (2015). Oil prices, US stock return, and the dependence between their quantiles. Journal of Banking & Finance, 55, 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Journal of Banking & Finance"},{"key":"3521_CR37","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2021). Child protection and online risks in India and the Philippines. UNICEF. https:\/\/www.unicef.org"},{"key":"3521_CR38","unstructured":"UNODC. (2020). Cybercrime and COVID-19: Risks and responses. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime."},{"issue":"4","key":"3521_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-023-00857-5","volume":"20","author":"A V\u00e1zquez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Mart\u00ednez, A., Ejarque, B. I., Villanueva-Silvestre, V., Mart\u00ednez, S. G., Folgar, M. I., & Villanueva-Blasco, V. J. (2023). Online risk practices in Spanish adults during the COVID-19 lockdown: Differences according to gender, age, and living situation. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20(4), 1599\u20131609.","journal-title":"Sexuality Research and Social Policy"},{"key":"3521_CR40","unstructured":"WPUI. (2023). World Pandemic Uncertainty Index. National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA. Available online: https:\/\/worlduncertaintyindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/WPUI_Data.xlsx (accessed on 8 March, 2023)."},{"issue":"2","key":"3521_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2008.12.005","volume":"150","author":"Z Xiao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xiao, Z. (2009). Quantile cointegrating regression. Journal of Econometrics, 150(2), 248\u2013260.","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03521-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03521-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03521-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:30:31Z","timestamp":1790083831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03521-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03521-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors disclose no relevant financial or non-financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}