{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:45:01Z","timestamp":1792514701013,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant.14494762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant.14494762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002784","name":"Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-026-03575-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:26:37Z","timestamp":1792513597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Qualitative Analysis of ChatGPT-3.5 Responses to Adolescents\u2019 Questions on Romantic Relationships and Sexuality"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Couture","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5017-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Mich\u00e8le","family":"Paquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1303-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxanne","family":"Guyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4531-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1961-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myl\u00e8ne","family":"Fernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8601-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3575_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2020.1749044","volume":"21","author":"S Astle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Astle, S., McAllister, P., Emanuels, S., Rogers, J., Toews, M., & Yazedjian, A. (2021). College students\u2019 suggestions for improving sex education in schools beyond \u2018blah blah blah condoms and STDs.\u2019 Sex Education, 21(1), 91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14681811.2020.1749044","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922819885659","volume":"59","author":"JJ Beckmeyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beckmeyer, J. J., Herbenick, D., Fu, T. J., Dodge, B., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2020). Prevalence of romantic experiences and competencies among 14 to 17 year olds: Implications for the primary care setting. Clinical Pediatrics, 59(2), 116\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922819885659","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"3575_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3138\/cjhs.2017-0006","volume":"26","author":"ES Byers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Byers, E. S., Hamilton, L. D., & Fisher, B. (2017). Emerging adults\u2019 experiences of middle and high school sexual health education in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 26(3), 186\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjhs.2017-0006","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"key":"3575_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-023-10039-y","volume":"32","author":"G Cooper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cooper, G. (2023). Examining science education in ChatGPT: An exploratory study of generative artificial intelligence. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 32, 444\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-023-10039-y","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3575_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.09.002","volume":"48","author":"R Crutzen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crutzen, R., Peters, G. J., Portugal, S. D., Fisser, E. M., & Grolleman, J. J. (2011). An artificially intelligent chat agent that answers adolescents\u2019 questions related to sex, drugs, and alcohol: An exploratory study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(5), 514\u2013519.","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"3575_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring, N., Le, T. D., Vowels, L. M., Vowels, M. J., & Marcantonio, T. L. (2025). The impact of artificial intelligence on human sexuality: A five-year literature review 2020\u20132024. Current Sexual Health Reports, 17(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11930-024-00397-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11930-024-00397-y"},{"key":"3575_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199058","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1199058","volume":"14","author":"Z Elyoseph","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elyoseph, Z., Hadar-Shoval, D., Asraf, K., & Lvovsky, M. (2023). ChatGPT outperforms humans in emotional awareness evaluations. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1199058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1199058","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3575_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.11.031","volume":"195","author":"JL Freeman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freeman, J. L., Caldwell, P. H. Y., Bennett, P. A., & Scott, K. M. (2018). How adolescents search for and appraise online health information: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatrics, 195, 244-255.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.11.031","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"3575_CR10","volume-title":"Counselling adolescents: The proactive approach for young people","author":"K Geldard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geldard, K., Geldard, D., & Yin Foo, R. (2019). Counselling adolescents: The proactive approach for young people. SAGE Publications."},{"issue":"7","key":"3575_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419828866","volume":"30","author":"BJ Gray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gray, B. J., Jones, A. T., Couzens, Z., Sagar, T., & Jones, D. (2019). University students\u2019 behaviours towards accessing sexual health information and treatment. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 30(7), 671\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462419828866","journal-title":"International Journal of STD & AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"3575_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2024.2401802","volume":"25","author":"KM Greer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Greer, K. M., Khan, S., Sangmo, D., Greene, A., & Rutkowski, D. (2025). Navigating the future of sexuality education in the USA: Applying technology mediation theory to AI-facilitated sexuality education. Sex Education, 25(6), 871\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14681811.2024.2401802","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"3575_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12080435","volume":"12","author":"N Gross","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gross, N. (2023). What ChatGPT tells us about gender: A cautionary tale about performativity and gender biases in AI. Social Sciences, 12(8), Article 435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12080435","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"key":"3575_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3138\/cjhs.2022-0041","volume":"32","author":"R Guyon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guyon, R., Fernet, M., Brodeur, G., Couture, S., H\u00e9bert, M., Paradis, A., & L\u00e9vesque, S. (2023). \u201cI would have liked to be better prepared for the real things\u201d: A qualitative analysis of school-based sexual health education received by girls who have experienced sexual dating violence. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 32, 29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjhs.2022-0041","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"3575_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11506","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888197","volume":"36","author":"R Guyon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guyon, R., Fernet, M., & H\u00e9bert, M. (2021). Relational and sexual experiences of betrayal from the point of view of sexually victimized young women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21\u201322), 11506\u201311530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519888197","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"3575_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.919409","volume":"17","author":"KA Hare","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hare, K. A., Gahagan, J., Jackson, L., & Steenbeek, A. (2015). Revisualising \u2018porn\u2019: How young adults\u2019 consumption of sexually explicit Internet movies can inform approaches to Canadian sexual health promotion. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(3), 269\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2014.919409","journal-title":"Culture, Health & Sexuality"},{"issue":"9","key":"3575_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","volume":"15","author":"H-F Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277\u20131288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732305276687","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305320","volume":"110","author":"LM Kantor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kantor, L. M., & Lindberg, L. (2020). Pleasure and sex education: The need for broadening both content and measurement. American Journal of Public Health, 110(2), 145\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305320","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.158594","volume":"8","author":"SK Kar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kar, S. K., Choudhury, A., & Singh, A. P. (2015). Understanding normal development of adolescent sexuality: A bumpy ride. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 8(2), 70\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-1208.158594","journal-title":"Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"3575_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.03.009","volume":"17","author":"PS Kirana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirana, P. S., Gudeloglu, A., Sansone, A., Fode, M., Reisman, Y., Corona, G., & Burri, A. (2020). E-sexual health: A position statement of the European Society for Sexual Medicine. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(7), 1246\u20131253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.03.009","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Medicine"},{"key":"3575_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1415782","volume":"7","author":"J Klarin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klarin, J., Hoff, E., Larsson, A., & Daukantait\u0117, D. (2024). Adolescents\u2019 use and perceived usefulness of generative AI for schoolwork: Exploring their relationships with executive functioning and academic achievement. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, Article 1415782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2024.1415782","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"3575_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003001430","volume-title":"Netnography: The essential guide to qualitative social media research","author":"RV Kozinets","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kozinets, R. V. (2020). Netnography: The essential guide to qualitative social media research. Sage."},{"key":"3575_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2023.103693","volume":"104","author":"RV Kozinets","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kozinets, R. V., & Gretzel, U. (2024). Netnography evolved: New contexts, scope, procedures and sensibilities. Annals of Tourism Research, 104, Article 103693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annals.2023.103693","journal-title":"Annals of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3575_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2018.1446488","volume":"34","author":"RV Kozinets","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kozinets, R. V., Scaraboto, D., & Parmentier, M. A. (2018). Evolving netnography: How brand auto-netnography, a netnographic sensibility, and more-than-human netnography can transform your research. Journal of Marketing Management, 34(3\u20134), 231\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0267257X.2018.1446488","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"key":"3575_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03099-1","author":"VA Lapointe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lapointe, V. A., Dub\u00e9, S., Rukhlyadyev, S., Kessai, T., & Lafortune, D. (2025). The present and future of adult entertainment: A content analysis of AI-generated pornography websites. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-025-03099-1","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12535","volume":"30","author":"G Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, G., & Davis, J. T. M. (2020). Sexual experimentation in heterosexual, bisexual, lesbian\/gay, and questioning adolescents from ages 11 to 15. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(2), 423\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.12535","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"3575_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104770","volume":"95","author":"ZW Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim, Z. W., Pushpanathan, K., Yew, S. M. E., Lai, Y., Sun, C. H., Lam, J. S. H., Chen, D. Z., Goh, J. H. L., Tan, M. C. J., Sheng, B., Cheng, C. Y., Koh, V. T. C., & Tham, Y. C. (2023). Benchmarking large language models\u2019 performances for myopia care: A comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, and Google Bard. eBioMedicine, 95, Article 104770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104770","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3575_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2018.1431303","volume":"34","author":"P Lugosi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lugosi, P., & Quinton, S. (2018). More-than-human netnography. Journal of Marketing Management, 34(3\u20134), 287\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0267257X.2018.1431303","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"3575_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2024.2396457","volume":"62","author":"TL Marcantonio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marcantonio, T. L., Avery, G., Thrash, A., & Leone, R. M. (2024). Large language models in an App: Conducting a qualitative synthetic data analysis of how Snapchat\u2019s \u201cMy AI\u201d responds to questions about sexual consent, sexual refusals, sexual assault, and sexting. Journal of Sex Research, 62(9), 1905\u20131919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2024.2396457","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"3575_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2023.2254772","volume":"62","author":"TL Marcantonio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marcantonio, T. L., Nielsen, K. E., Haikalis, M., Leone, R. M., Woerner, J., Neilson, E. C., & Schipani-McLaughlin, A. M. (2025). Hey ChatGPT, let\u2019s talk about sexual consent. Journal of Sex Research, 62(4), 433\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2023.2254772","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"3575_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.66723","volume":"16","author":"NF Mohd Tohit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohd Tohit, N. F., & Haque, M. (2024). Forbidden conversations: A comprehensive exploration of taboos in sexual and reproductive health. Cureus, 16(8), Article e66723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.66723","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"3575_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200271","volume":"46","author":"T Nadarzynski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadarzynski, T., Bayley, J., Llewellyn, C., Kidsley, S., & Graham, C. A. (2020). Acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled chatbots, video consultations and live webchats as online platforms for sexual health advice. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, 46(3), 210\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200271","journal-title":"BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"3575_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231180777","volume":"34","author":"T Nadarzynski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nadarzynski, T., Lunt, A., Knights, N., Bayley, J., & Llewellyn, C. (2023). \u201cBut can chatbots understand sex?\u201d Attitudes towards artificial intelligence chatbots amongst sexual and reproductive health professionals: An exploratory mixed-methods study. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 34(11), 809\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624231180777","journal-title":"International Journal of STD & AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"3575_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1071\/SH21123","volume":"18","author":"T Nadarzynski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nadarzynski, T., Puentes, V., Pawlak, I., Mendes, T., Montgomery, I., Bayley, J., & Ridge, D. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to engagement with artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots for sexual and reproductive health advice: A qualitative analysis. Sexual Health, 18(5), 385\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SH21123","journal-title":"Sexual Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3575_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3138\/cjhs.2019-0049","volume":"29","author":"M Narushima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narushima, M., Wong, J. P. H., Li, A. T. W., Bhagat, D., Bisignano, A., Fung, K. P. L., & Poon, M. K. L. (2020). Youth perspectives on sexual health education: Voices from the YEP study in Toronto. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 29(1), 32\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjhs.2019-0049","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2015-102054","volume":"18","author":"H Noble","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(2), 34\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/eb-2015-102054","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Nursing"},{"key":"3575_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2022.103537","volume":"66","author":"S O'Connor","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, S. (2023). Open artificial intelligence platforms in nursing education: Tools for academic progress or abuse? Nurse Education in Practice, 66, Article 103537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2022.103537","journal-title":"Nurse Education in Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"3575_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1017\/jgc.2020.28","volume":"31","author":"S Pearson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pearson, S., & Hyde, C. (2021). Influences on adolescent help-seeking for mental health problems. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 31(1), 110\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jgc.2020.28","journal-title":"Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.34296\/05012006","volume":"5","author":"AL Pope","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pope, A. L., Parker, B. M., Augustine, B. R., Ausloos, C. D., & Lytle, J. J. (2024). Association for counseling sexology and sexual wellness: Exemplary practices for counseling sexology and sexual wellness. Journal of Counseling Sexology and Sexual Wellness, 5(2), 2\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34296\/05012006","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Sexology and Sexual Wellness"},{"issue":"4","key":"3575_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/15546128.2020.1832009","volume":"15","author":"M Rabbitte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rabbitte, M. (2020). Sex education in school, are gender and sexual minority youth included?: A decade in review. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 15(4), 530\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15546128.2020.1832009","journal-title":"American Journal of Sexuality Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01469-4","volume":"30","author":"J Radez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radez, J., Reardon, T., Creswell, C., Lawrence, P. J., Evdoka-Burton, G., & Waite, P. (2021). Why do children and adolescents (not) seek and access professional help for their mental health problems? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 183\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01469-4","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"3575_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ricon, T. (2024). How chatbots perceive sexting by adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2024.100068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2024.100068"},{"key":"3575_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03100-x","author":"T Ricon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ricon, T., & Dolev-Cohen, M. (2025). Parental and artificial intelligence perspectives on adolescent sexting: A comparative analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-025-03100-x","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"3575_CR4","unstructured":"Sex Information & Education Council of Canada (SIECCAN). (2019). Canadian guidelines for sexual health education. https:\/\/www.actioncanadashr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-06\/http___sieccan.org_wp-content_uploads_2019_06_SIECCAN-Canadian-Guidelines-for-Sexual-Health-Education.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"3575_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.60087\/jaigs.v3i1.119","volume":"3","author":"J Shuford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shuford, J. (2024). Examining ethical aspects of AI: Addressing bias and equity in the discipline. Journal of Artificial Intelligence General Science, 3(1), 262\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60087\/jaigs.v3i1.119","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence General Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"3575_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12222291","volume":"12","author":"S Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva, S., Rom\u00e3o, J., Ferreira, C. B., Figueiredo, P., Rami\u00e3o, E., & Barroso, R. (2024). Sources and types of sexual information used by adolescents: A systematic literature review. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 12(22), 2291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12222291","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"3575_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2013.781020","volume":"13","author":"S Stevens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevens, S., Thompson, E. M., Vinson, J., Greene, A., Powell, C., Licona, A. C., & Russell, S. (2013). Informing sexuality education through youth-generated anonymous questions. Sex Education, 13(sup1), S84\u2013S98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14681811.2013.781020","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"key":"3575_CR47","volume-title":"Qualitative research: Analysis types & tools","author":"R Tesch","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types & tools. Routledge."},{"issue":"8","key":"3575_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17158","volume":"22","author":"L Tudor Car","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tudor Car, L., Dhinagaran, D. A., Kyaw, B. M., Kowatsch, T., Joty, S., Theng, Y. L., & Atun, R. (2020). Conversational agents in health care: Scoping review and conceptual analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), Article e17158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/17158","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"3575_CR49","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2014). UNFPA operational guidance for comprehensive sexuality education: A focus on human rights and gender. https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/UNFPA%20Operational%20Guidance%20for%20CSE%20-Final%20WEB%20Version.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"3575_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.08.028","volume":"74","author":"GM Wetzel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wetzel, G. M., & Sanchez, D. T. (2024). \u201cWhat\u2019s something you\u2019ve heard about sex, but are unsure if it\u2019s true?\u201d: Assessing middle and high school students\u2019 sex education questions. Journal of Adolescent Health, 74(2), 327\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.08.028","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"3575_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03143-0","author":"J-L Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, J.-L., Jia, R., Shields, J., Wu, Y.-J., & Huang, W.-W. (2025). Romantic relationships with virtual agents and people\u2019s marriage intention in real life: An exploration of the mediation mechanisms. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-025-03143-0","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"3575_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/15546128.2022.2111012","volume":"18","author":"GL Zori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zori, G. L., Collins, S. L., & Walker, A. F. (2023). Online sexual health information seeking of adolescents: A content analysis. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 18(3), 378\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15546128.2022.2111012","journal-title":"American Journal of Sexuality Education"}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03575-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03575-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03575-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:26:39Z","timestamp":1792513599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03575-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["3575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03575-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The first author drafted the initial version of the paper, with all ideas originating from her and grounded in prior research. She used ChatGPT-4 to translate the French excerpts into English (using the\n prompt: \u201ctranslate to English: [text]\u201d). Sections of the draft were then submitted for readability improvements using the prompts: \u201csimplify: [text]\u201d or \u201crephrase: [text]\u201d). The first author reviewed and\n incorporated the AI-generated suggestions when appropriate. The revised manuscript was subsequently shared with the co-authors, who provided further corrections and\n contributions. The final version of the paper was approved by all authors, with no additional use of ChatGPT-4.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of Generative AI","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received ethical approval from the research ethics review committee of the Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al (#3158_e_2019). The committee waived the need for participants\u2019 consent for data collection, analysis, and publication, as adolescents\u2019 inquiries had already been anonymized before being provided to the research team. Additionally, no identifying information was available to contact the adolescents and solicit consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}