{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:14:22Z","timestamp":1789647262773,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,29]],"date-time":"2011-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-011-9448-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]],"date-time":"2011-01-28T13:24:24Z","timestamp":1296221064000},"page":"381-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Relationship Between Brain and Cognitive Processes in Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Deny","family":"Menghini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9448_CR1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"The signs of language revisited: an anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima","author":"A Abrahamsen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abrahamsen A (2000) Explorations of enhanced gestural input to children in the bimodal period. In: Lane H, Emmorey K (eds) The signs of language revisited: an anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp 357\u2013399"},{"issue":"11","key":"9448_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7270","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07270.1995","volume":"15","author":"JP Aggleton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aggleton JP, Neave N, Nagle S, Sahgal A (1995) A comparison of the effects of medial prefrontal, cingulate cortex, and cingulum bundle lesions on tests of spatial memory: evidence of a double dissociation between frontal and cingulum bundle contributions. J Neurosci 15(11):7270\u20137281","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.262","volume":"160","author":"G Allen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allen G, Courchesne E (2003) Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: an fMRI study of autism. Am J Psychiatry 160(2):262\u2013273","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210802077348","volume":"17","author":"E Antonova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Antonova E, Parslow D, Brammer M, Dawson GR, Jackson SH, Morris RG (2009) Age-related neural activity during allocentric spatial memory. Memory 17(2):125\u2013143","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"6","key":"9448_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582","volume":"11","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ashburner J, Friston KJ (2000) Voxel-based morphometry\u2014the methods. Neuroimage 11(6):805\u2013821","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"9448_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201000615","volume":"43","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Atkinson J, Anker S, Braddick O, Nokes L, Mason A, Braddick F (2001) Visual and visuospatial development in young children with Williams syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 43:330\u2013337","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"9448_CR7","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia in Down syndrome and intellectual disabilities","author":"F Beacher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beacher F, Murphy DGM (2006) Neuroimaging studies of individuals with Down syndrome. In: Prasher VP (ed) Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia in Down syndrome and intellectual disabilities. Radcliffe, Oxford, pp 157\u2013175"},{"key":"9448_CR8","unstructured":"Beery KE, Buktenica NA (2000) VMI, Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. In: Preda C (ed), Il Beery-Buktenica con i test supplementari di Percezione Visiva e Coordinazione Motoria, Manuale (The Beery-Buktenica with the supplementary tests of Visual Perception and Motor Coordination, Manual) Italian adaptation. O.S. Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561959","volume":"12","author":"U Bellugi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bellugi U, Lichtenberger L, Jones W, Lai Z, St George M (2000) The neurocognitive profile of Williams syndrome: a complex pattern of strengths and weaknesses. J Cogn Neurosci 12(1):7\u201329","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"9448_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1416.015","volume":"1145","author":"G Ben-Yehudah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ben-Yehudah G, Fiez JA (2008) Impact of cerebellar lesions on reading and phonological processing. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1145:260\u2013274","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"9448_CR11","unstructured":"Bozzo MT, Mansueto Zecca G (1993) Adattamento italiano della Scala d\u2019intelligenza Stanford-Binet Forma L-M, III revisione di Terman LM e Merril MA (Italian adaptation of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Form L-M, III revision of Terman LM and Merril MA). Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze"},{"key":"9448_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.101","volume":"1258","author":"LE Campbell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campbell LE, Daly E, Toal F, Stevens A, Azuma R, Karmiloff-Smith A, Murphy DG, Murphy KC (2009) Brain structural differences associated with the behavioural phenotype in children with Williams syndrome. Brain Res 1258:96\u2013107","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(96)00055-3","volume":"35","author":"GA Carlesimo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carlesimo GA, Marotta L, Vicari S (1997) Long-term memory in mental retardation: evidence for a specific impairment in subjects with Down\u2019s syndrome. Neuropsychologia 35(1):71\u201379","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"9448_CR14","volume-title":"Current approaches to Down syndrome","author":"J Carr","year":"1985","unstructured":"Carr J (1985) The development of intelligence. In: Lane D, Stratford B (eds) Current approaches to Down syndrome. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, London"},{"key":"9448_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4105.1125","volume":"41","author":"MC Caselli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Caselli MC, Vicari S, Longobardi E, Lami L, Pizzoli C, Stella G (1998) Gestures and words in early development of children with Down syndrome. J Speech Lang Hear Res 41:1125\u20131135","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"9448_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/aac.17.2.73.87","volume":"17","author":"J Chan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chan J, Iacono T (2001) Gesture and word production in children with Down syndrome. Altern Augment Commun 17:73\u201387","journal-title":"Altern Augment Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20007","volume":"118","author":"D Clark","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clark D, Wilson GN (2003) Behavioral assessment of children with Down syndrome using the Reiss psychopathology scale. Am J Med Genet A 118(3):210\u2013216","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"8","key":"9448_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701781557","volume":"24","author":"R Colom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colom R, Jung RE, Haier RJ (2007) General intelligence and memory span: evidence for a common neuroanatomic framework. Cogn Neuropsychol 24(8):867\u2013878","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"5355","key":"9448_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5355.1347","volume":"279","author":"SM Courtney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Courtney SM, Petit L, Maisog JM, Ungerleider LG, Haxby JV (1998) An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science 279(5355):1347\u20131351","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"9448_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-008-1562-5","volume":"150","author":"S Ribaupierre de","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Ribaupierre S, Ryser C, Villemure J-G, Clarke S (2008) Cerebellar lesions: is there a lateralisation effect on memory deficits? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 150(6):545\u2013550","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(00)00021-X","volume":"15","author":"G Dogil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dogil G, Ackermann H, Grodd W, Haider H, Kamp H, Mayer H, Riecker H, Wildgruber D (2002) The speaking brain: a tutorial introduction to fMRI experiments in the production of speech, prosody and syntax. J Neurolinguist 15(1):59\u201390","journal-title":"J Neurolinguist"},{"issue":"4","key":"9448_CR22","first-page":"418","volume":"100","author":"CL Dulaney","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dulaney CL, Raz N, Devine C (1996) Effortful and automatic processes associated with Down syndrome and nonspecific mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard 100(4):418\u2013423","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retard"},{"key":"9448_CR23","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2014revised","author":"LM Dunn","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dunn LM, Dunn LM (1981) Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2014revised. American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN"},{"issue":"10","key":"9448_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh244","volume":"127","author":"A Ellison","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ellison A, Schindler I, Pattison LL, Milner AD (2004) An exploration of the role of the superior temporal gyrus in visual search and spatial perception using TMS. Brain 127(10):2307\u20132315","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005603","volume":"113","author":"A Ennaceur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ennaceur A, Neave N, Aggleton JP (1997) Spontaneous object recognition and object location memory in rats: the effects of lesions in the cingulate cortices, the medial prefrontal cortex, the cingulum bundle and the fornix. Exp Brain Res 113(3):509\u2013519","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"9448_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581786.010","volume-title":"Down syndrome: a developmental perspective","author":"A Fowler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fowler A (1990) Language abilities in children with Down syndrome: evidence for a specific syntactic delay. In: Cicchetti D, Beeghly M, Cambridge UK (eds) Down syndrome: a developmental perspective. University Press, Cambridge, pp 302\u2013328"},{"issue":"13","key":"9448_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.023","volume":"42","author":"BK Gerton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gerton BK, Brown TT, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kohn P, Holt JL, Olsen RK, Berman KF (2004) Shared and distinct neurophysiological components of the digits forward and backward tasks as revealed by functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 42(13):1781\u20131787","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"9448_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg082","volume":"13","author":"MF Glabus","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glabus MF, Horwitz B, Holt JL, Kohn PD, Gerton BK, Callicott JH, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Berman KF (2003) Interindividual differences in functional interactions among prefrontal, parietal and parahippocampal regions during working memory. Cereb Cortex 13(12):1352\u20131361","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"9448_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0786","volume":"14","author":"CD Good","year":"2001","unstructured":"Good CD, Johnsrude IS, Ashburner J, Henson RN, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS (2001) A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage 14:21\u201336","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.11.019","volume":"25","author":"RJ Haier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haier RJ, Jung RE, Yeo RA, Head K, Alkire MT (2005) The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: sex matters. Neuroimage 25(1):320\u2013327","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.064","volume":"39","author":"RJ Haier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haier RJ, Head K, Head E, Lott IT (2008) Neuroimaging of individuals with Down\u2019s syndrome at-risk for dementia: evidence for possible compensatory events. Neuroimage 39(3):1324\u20131332","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"9448_CR32","volume-title":"Visual perception and visual-motor coordination test (Italian edition)","author":"DD Hammill","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hammill DD, Pearson NA, Voress JK (1994) TPV, Test di percezione visiva e integrazione visuo-motoria. In: Janes D (ed) Visual perception and visual-motor coordination test (Italian edition). Erickson, Trento"},{"issue":"4","key":"9448_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000057900","volume":"47","author":"M Ikeda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ikeda M, Arai Y (2002) Longitudinal changes in brain CT scans and development of dementia in Down\u2019s syndrome. Eur Neurol 47(4):205\u2013208","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"9448_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/1368282031000062891","volume":"38","author":"J Iverson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iverson J, Longobardi E, Caselli MC (2003) The relationship between gestures and words in children with Down syndrome and typically-developing children in the early stages of communicative development. Int J Lang Commun Disord 38:179\u2013197","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2009.00367.x","volume":"20","author":"A Jansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jansen A, Liuzzi G, Deppe M, Kanowski M, Olschl\u00e4ger C, Albers JM, Schlaug G, Knecht S (2010) Structural correlates of functional language dominance: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Neuroimaging 20(2):148\u2013156","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/135468097396351","volume":"2","author":"C Jarrold","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jarrold C, Baddeley AD (1997) Short-term memory for verbal and visuo-spatial information in Down\u2019s syndrome. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2(2):101\u2013122","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"9448_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963099005120","volume":"40","author":"C Jarrold","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jarrold C, Baddeley AD, Hewes AK (2000) Verbal short-term memory deficits in Down syndrome: a consequence of problems in rehearsal? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40:233\u2013244","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9448_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/042)","volume":"45","author":"C Jarrold","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jarrold C, Baddeley A, Phillips CE (2002) Verbal short-term memory in Down syndrome: a problem of memory, audition, or speech? J Speech Lang Hear Res 45:531\u2013544","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540020062019","volume":"50","author":"TL Jernigan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jernigan TL, Bellugi U, Sowell E, Doherty S, Hesselink JR (1993) Cerebral morphologic distinctions between Williams and Down syndromes. Arch Neurol 50(2):186\u2013191","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.01502009.x","volume":"15","author":"MK Johnson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson MK, Mitchell KJ, Raye CL, Greene EJ (2004) An age-related deficit in prefrontal cortical function associated with refreshing information. Psychol Sci 15(2):127\u2013132","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"9448_CR41","volume-title":"The Boston naming test","author":"E Kaplan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kaplan E, Goodglass H, Weintraub S (1983) The Boston naming test. L & Febiger, Philadelphia"},{"key":"9448_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/35082075","volume":"41","author":"H-O Karnath","year":"2001","unstructured":"Karnath H-O, Ferber S, Himmelbach M (2001) Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe. Nature 41:950\u2013953","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"9448_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.6.1039","volume":"44","author":"JP Kesslak","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kesslak JP, Nagata BS, Lott I, Nalcioglu O (1994) MRI analysis of age-related changes in the brains of individuals with DS. Neurology 44(6):1039\u20131045","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.74","volume":"159","author":"JS Krasuski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krasuski JS, Alexander GE, Horwitz B, Rapoport SI, Schapiro MB (2002) Relation of medial temporal lobe volumes to age and memory function in nondemented adults with Down\u2019s syndrome: implications for the prodromal phase of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am J Psychiatry 159(1):74\u201381","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9448_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1747","volume":"6","author":"ML Kringelbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kringelbach ML (2005) The orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:691\u2013702","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"9448_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2004)109<456:VAVWMD>2.0.CO;2","volume":"109","author":"S Lanfranchi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lanfranchi S, Cornoldi C, Vianello R (2004) Verbal and visuospatial working memory deficits in children with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard 109(6):456\u2013466","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retard"},{"issue":"4","key":"9448_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01262.x","volume":"54","author":"S Lanfranchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lanfranchi S, Jerman O, Dal Pont E, Alberti A, Vianello R (2010) Executive function in adolescents with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res 54(4):308\u2013319","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9448_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820410001681207","volume":"39","author":"G Laws","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laws G, Bishop DV (2004) Verbal deficits in Down\u2019s syndrome and specific language impairment: a comparison. Int J Lang Commun Disord 39(4):423\u2013451","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"9448_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260045882","volume":"14","author":"HC Leung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leung HC, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic PS (2002) Sustained mnemonic response in the human middle frontal gyrus during on-line storage of spatial memoranda. J Cogn Neurosci 14(4):659\u2013671","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"9448_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01819.x","volume":"14","author":"L Mandolesi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mandolesi L, Leggio MG, Graziano A, Neri P, Petrosini L (2001) Cerebellar contribution to spatial event processing: involvement in procedural and working memory components. Eur J Neurosci 14(12):2011\u20132022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR51","first-page":"96","volume":"101","author":"P Marien","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marien P, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP (2001) Cerebellar neurocognition: a new avenue. Acta Neurol Belg 101(2):96\u2013109","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"9448_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190143","volume":"58","author":"A Martin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martin A (2007) The representation of object concepts in the brain. Annu Rev Psychol 58:25\u201345","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183x.2004.00067.x","volume":"3","author":"LA Martin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martin LA, Escher T, Goldowitz D, Mittleman G (2004) A relationship between cerebellar Purkinje cells and spatial working memory demonstrated in a lurcher\/chimera mouse model system. Genes Brain Behav 3(3):158\u2013166","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0b013e3181a71fe1","volume":"29","author":"GE Martin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martin GE, Klusek J, Estigarribia B, Roberts JE (2009) Language characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome. Top Lang Disord 29(2):112\u2013132","journal-title":"Top Lang Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"9448_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.08.018","volume":"32","author":"M Matsui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matsui M, Suzuki M, Zhou SY, Takahashi T, Kawasaki Y, Yuuki H, Kato K, Kurachi M (2008) The relationship between prefrontal brain volume and characteristics of memory strategy in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(8):1854\u20131862","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5451","key":"9448_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5451.248","volume":"287","author":"JL McGaugh","year":"2000","unstructured":"McGaugh JL (2000) Memory\u2014a century of consolidation. Science 287(5451):248\u2013251","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9448_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menghini D, Di Paola M, Federico F, Vicari S, Petrosini L, Caltagirone C, Bozzali M (2010) Relationship between brain abnormalities and cognitive profile in Williams syndrome. Behav Genet. doi: 10.1007\/s10519-010-9419-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9419-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.09.018","volume":"139","author":"NG M\u00fcller","year":"2006","unstructured":"M\u00fcller NG, Knight RT (2006) The functional neuroanatomy of working memory: contributions of human brain lesion studies. Neuroscience 139(1):51\u201358","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"9448_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasupathy A (2006) Neural basis of shape representation in the primate brain. In: Martinez-Conde S, Macknik SL, Martinez LM, Alonso J-M, Tse PU (eds) Visual perception\u2014fundamentals of vision: low and mid-level processes in perception. Prog Brain Res 154(1):293\u2013313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)54016-6"},{"issue":"10","key":"9448_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1659","volume":"158","author":"JD Pinter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pinter JD, Eliez S, Schmitt JE, Capone GT, Reiss AL (2001a) Neuroanatomy of Down\u2019s syndrome: a high-resolution MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 158(10):1659\u20131665","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9448_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.7.972","volume":"56","author":"JD Pinter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pinter JD, Brown WE, Eliez S, Schmitt JE, Capone GT, Reiss AL (2001b) Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in children with Down syndrome: a high-resolution MRI study. Neurology 56:972\u2013974","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/001)","volume":"51","author":"JR Price","year":"2008","unstructured":"Price JR, Roberts JE, Hennon EA, Berni MC, Anderson KL, Sideris J (2008) Syntactic complexity during conversation of boys with fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome. J Speech Lang Hear Res 51(1):3\u201315","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR63","first-page":"147","volume":"24","author":"C Rigoldi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rigoldi C, Galli M, Condoluci C, Carducci F, Onorati P, Albertini G (2009) Gait analysis and cerebral volumes in Down\u2019s syndrome. Funct Neurol 24(3):147\u2013152","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"9448_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1999.2166","volume":"71","author":"D Riva","year":"2000","unstructured":"Riva D, Nichelli F, Devoti M (2000) Developmental aspects of verbal fluency and confrontation naming in children. Brain Lang 71:267\u2013284","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"9448_CR65","volume-title":"Exceptional language development in Down syndrome","author":"JA Rondal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rondal JA (1998) Exceptional language development in Down syndrome. University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"5471","key":"9448_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5471.1656","volume":"288","author":"JB Rowe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rowe JB, Toni I, Josephs O, Frackowiak RS, Passingham RE (2000) The prefrontal cortex: response selection or maintenance within working memory? Science 288(5471):1656\u20131660","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9448_CR67","unstructured":"Rustioni D. (1994). Prove di valutazione della comprensione linguistica (Linguistic comprehension evaluation tests). Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze"},{"issue":"10","key":"9448_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.10.1349","volume":"39","author":"MB Schapiro","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schapiro MB, Luxenberg JS, Kaye JA, Haxby JV, Friedland RP, Rapoport SI (1989) Serial quantitative CT analysis of brain morphometrics in adult Down\u2019s syndrome at different ages. Neurology 39(10):1349\u20131353","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9448_CR69","first-page":"181","volume":"9","author":"B Schmidt-Sidor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schmidt-Sidor B, Wisniewski KE, Shepard TH, Sersen EA (1990) Brain growth in Down syndrome subjects 15 to 22\u00a0weeks of gestational age and birth to 60\u00a0months. Clin Neuropathol 9(4):181\u2013190","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9448_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0745","volume":"124","author":"M Shin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shin M, Besser LM, Kucik JE, Lu C, Siffel C, Correa A (2009) Congenital anomaly multistate prevalence and survival collaborative prevalence of Down syndrome among children and adolescents in 10 regions of the United States. Pediatrics 124(6):1565\u20131571","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20156","volume":"13","author":"W Silverman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silverman W (2007) Down syndrome: cognitive phenotype. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 13(3):228\u2013236","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"9448_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649709540683","volume":"13","author":"NG Singer Harris","year":"1997","unstructured":"Singer Harris NG, Bellugi U, Bates E, Jones W, Rossen M (1997) Contrasting profiles of language development in children with Williams and Down syndromes. Dev Neuropsychol 13:345\u2013370","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.06.056","volume":"149","author":"HJ Spiers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spiers HJ, Maguire EA (2007) The neuroscience of remote spatial memory: a tale of two cities. Neuroscience 149(1):7\u201327","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(90)90145-7","volume":"39","author":"H Steinmetz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Steinmetz H, Rademacher J, J\u00e4ncke L, Huang YX, Thron A, Zilles K (1990) Total surface of temporoparietal intrasylvian cortex: diverging left-right asymmetries. Brain Lang 39(3):357\u2013372","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"9448_CR75","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised: adattamento Italiano e standardizzazione (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised: Italian adaptation and standardization)","author":"G Stella","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stella G, Pizzoli C, Tressoldi P (2000) Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised: adattamento Italiano e standardizzazione (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised: Italian adaptation and standardization). Omega Edizioni, Torino"},{"key":"9448_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606","volume":"32","author":"PL Strick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strick PL, Dum RP, Fiez JA (2009) Cerebellum and nonmotor function. Annu Rev Neurosci 32:413\u2013434","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9047-x","volume":"36","author":"SJ Teipel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Teipel SJ, Hampel H (2006) Neuroanatomy of Down syndrome in vivo: a model of preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Behav Genet 36(3):405\u2013415","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"9448_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh101","volume":"127","author":"SJ Teipel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Teipel SJ, Alexander GE, Schapiro MB, Mo\u00c8ller H, Rapoport SI, Hampel H (2004) Age-related cortical grey matter reductions in nondemented Down\u2019s syndrome adults determined by MRI with voxel-based morphometry. Brain 127:811\u2013824","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9448_CR79","unstructured":"Terman LM, Merrill MA (1960) Stanford\u2013Binet intelligence scale: manual for the third revision form L\u2013M with revised IQ tables by Samuel R. Pinneau. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA"},{"issue":"3","key":"9448_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(13)80254-7","volume":"29","author":"G Vallar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vallar G, Papagno C (1993) Preserved vocabulary acquisition in Down\u2019s syndrome: the role of phonological short-term memory. Cortex 29(3):467\u2013483","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"9448_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260045800","volume":"14","author":"R Vandenberghe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vandenberghe R, Nobre AC, Price CJ (2002) The response of left temporal cortex to sentences. J Cogn Neurosci 14:550\u2013560","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"9448_CR82","first-page":"819","volume":"243","author":"C Vender","year":"1981","unstructured":"Vender C, Borgia R, Bruno S, Freo P, Zardini G (1981) Un test di ripetizione di frasi. Analisi delle performances in bambini normali (A test of sentence repetition. Analysis of performance in normal children). Neuropsichiatria Infantile 243:819\u2013831","journal-title":"Neuropsichiatria Infantile"},{"key":"9448_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9057-8","volume":"36","author":"S Vicari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vicari S (2006) Motor development and neuropsychological patterns in persons with Down syndrome. Behav Genet 36:355\u2013364","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"9448_CR84","unstructured":"Vicari S (2007) Promea, Prove Di Memoria e Apprendimento per L\u2019et\u00e0 Evolutiva (Memory and learning tests in developmental age). Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze"},{"issue":"2","key":"9448_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-006-9008-4","volume":"16","author":"S Vicari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vicari S, Carlesimo GA (2006) Short-term memory deficits are not uniform in Down and Williams syndromes. Neuropsychol Rev 16(2):87\u201394","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"13","key":"9448_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00083-0","volume":"40","author":"S Vicari","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vicari S, Caselli MC, Gagliardi C, Tonucci F, Volterra V (2002) Language acquisition in special populations: a comparison between Down and Williams syndromes. Neuropsychologia 40(13):2461\u20132470","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"9448_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2004.00478.x","volume":"48","author":"S Vicari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vicari S, Marotta L, Carlesimo GA (2004) Verbal short-term memory in Down\u2019s syndrome: an articulatory loop deficit? J Intell Disabil Res 48:80\u201392","journal-title":"J Intell Disabil Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"9448_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000599","volume":"47","author":"S Vicari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vicari S, Bellucci S, Carlesimo GA (2005) Visual and spatial long-term memory: differential pattern of impairments in Williams and Down syndromes. Dev Med Child Neurol 47(5):305\u2013311","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"9448_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01003.x","volume":"51","author":"S Vicari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vicari S, Verucci L, Carlesimo GA (2007) Implicit memory is independent from IQ and age but not from etiology: evidence from Down and Williams syndromes. J Intell Disabil Res 51:932\u2013941","journal-title":"J Intell Disabil Res"},{"key":"9448_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1996)2:2<102::AID-MRDD8>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"2","author":"P Wang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wang P (1996) A neuropsychological profile of Down syndrome: cognitive skills and brain morphology. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2:102\u2013108","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9448_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00273-8","volume":"20","author":"NS White","year":"2003","unstructured":"White NS, Alkire MT, Haier RJ (2003) A voxel-based morphometric study of nondemented adults with Down syndrome. Neuroimage 20(1):393\u2013403","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"9448_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2005)110[378:ERBCWD]2.0.CO;2","volume":"110","author":"KR Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams KR, Wishart JG, Pitcairn TK, Willis DS (2005) Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: investigation of specific impairments and error patterns. Am J Ment Retard 110(5):378\u2013392","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retard"},{"issue":"12","key":"9448_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01007.x","volume":"51","author":"JG Wishart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wishart JG (2007) Socio-cognitive understanding: a strength or weakness in Down\u2019s syndrome? J Intellect Disabil 51(12):996\u20131005","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil"}],"container-title":["Behavior Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-011-9448-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10519-011-9448-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-011-9448-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]],"date-time":"2019-06-08T01:56:48Z","timestamp":1559959008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10519-011-9448-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,29]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-011-9448-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-8244","1573-3297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,29]]}}}