{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:01:35Z","timestamp":1775077295830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-015-9765-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T07:17:04Z","timestamp":1446621424000},"page":"193-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Danish Twin Study of Schizophrenia Liability: Investigation from Interviewed Twins for Genetic Links to Affective Psychoses and for Cross-Cohort Comparisons"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Ulla","family":"Kl\u00e4ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Trumbetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irving I.","family":"Gottesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Skytthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten O.","family":"Kyvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aksel","family":"Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9765_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359","volume":"52","author":"H Akaike","year":"1987","unstructured":"Akaike H (1987) Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika 52:317\u2013332","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"9765_CR2","volume-title":"Behavior Genetics Principles: Perspectives in Development, Personality, and Psychoapthology","author":"A Bertelsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bertelsen A (2004) Contributions of Danish registers to understanding psychopathology: Thirty years of collaboration with Irving I. Gottesman. In: Dilalla LF (ed) Behavior Genetics Principles: Perspectives in Development, Personality, and Psychoapthology. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC"},{"key":"9765_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.1.67","volume":"55","author":"TD Cannon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cannon TD, Kaprio J, L\u00f6nnqvist J, Huttunen M, Koskenvuo M (1998) The genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia in a Finnish twin cohort. A population -based mode1ing study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:67\u201374","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR4","unstructured":"Cardno AG (2000) The quantitative genetics of clinical variation in psychotic illnesses. Unpub. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales"},{"key":"9765_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(200021)97:1<12::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"97","author":"AG Cardno","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cardno AG, Gottesman II (2000) Twin studies of schizophrenia: From bow-and-arrow concordances to star wars Mx and functional genomics. Am J Medical Genet 97:12\u201317","journal-title":"Am J Medical Genet"},{"key":"9765_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu016","volume":"40","author":"AG Cardno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cardno AG, Owen MJ (2014) Genetic relationships between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Bull 40:504\u2013515","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"9765_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.2.162","volume":"56","author":"AG Cardno","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cardno AG, Marshall EJ, Coid B, Macdonald AM, Ribchester TR, Davies NJ, Venturi P, Jones LA, Lewis SW, Sham PC, Gottesman II, Farmer AE, McGuffin P, Reveley AM, Murray RM (1999) Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:162\u2013168","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32011","volume":"159B","author":"AG Cardno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cardno AG, Rijsdijk FV, West RM, Gottesman II, Craddock N, Murray RM, McGuffin P (2012) A twin study of schizoaffective-mania, schizoaffective-depression, and other psychotic syndromes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 159B:172\u2013182","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"9765_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clementz BA, Grove WM, Iacono WG, Sweeney JA (1992) Smooth-pursuit eye movement dysfunction and liability for schizophrenia: Implications for genetic modeling. J Abn Psychology 101(1), 117\u2013129. www.scopus.com","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.101.1.117"},{"key":"9765_CR10","volume-title":"Population development and health conditions\u00a01901\u20131960","author":"Copenhagen Statistical Department","year":"1967","unstructured":"Copenhagen Statistical Department (1967) Population development and health conditions\u00a01901\u20131960. Statistical Department, Copenhagen"},{"key":"9765_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuthbert BN, Insel TR (2013) Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med 11, 126. http:\/\/www.bimoedcentral.com\/1741-7015\/11\/126","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-126"},{"key":"9765_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4525","volume":"71","author":"B D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio B, Rickert ME, Frans E et al (2014) Paternal age at childbearing and offspring psychiatric and academic morbidity. JAMA Psychiatry 71:432\u2013438","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800190054009","volume":"44","author":"AE Farmer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Farmer AE, McGuffin P, Gottesman II (1987) Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia: scrutinizing the validity of the definition. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:634\u2013641","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"238","author":"M Fischer","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fischer M (1973) Genetic and environmental factors in schizophrenia: A study of schizophrenic twins and their families. Acta Psychiatr Scand Supp1 238:1\u2013158","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Supp1"},{"key":"9765_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.76","volume":"155","author":"E Franzek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Franzek E, Beckmann H (1998) Different genetic background of schizophrenia spectrum psychoses: a twin study. Am J Psychiatry 155:76\u201383","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033389","volume":"25","author":"JR Geddes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Geddes JR, Verdoux H, Takei N et al (1999) Schizophrenia and complications of pregnancy and labor: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 25:413\u2013423","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"9765_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8954","volume":"349","author":"DH Geschwind","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geschwind DH, Flint J (2015) Genetics and genomics of psychiatric disease. Science 349:1489\u20131494","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9765_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32221","volume":"165B","author":"DC Glahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glahn DC, Knowles EEM, McKay DR et al (2014) Arguments for the sake of endophenotypes: examining common misconceptions about the use of endophenotypes in psychiatric genetics. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 165B:122\u2013130","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"9765_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.636","volume":"160","author":"II Gottesman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160:636\u2013645","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR20","volume-title":"Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of clinical psychology","author":"II Gottesman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gottesman II, McGue M (2014) Endophenotype. In: Cautin RL, Lilienfeld SO (eds) Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of clinical psychology. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"9765_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottesman II, Shields J (1967) A polygenic theory of schizophrenia. Science 156,53\u2013538. (Abstract) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58, 199\u2013205. [Reprinted in Int J Ment Health 1972,1,107\u2013115]","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.58.1.199"},{"key":"9765_CR22","volume-title":"Schizophrenia and Genetics, a Twin Vantage Point","author":"II Gottesman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gottesman II, Shields J (1972) Schizophrenia and Genetics, a Twin Vantage Point. Academic Press, New York, London"},{"key":"9765_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.1","volume":"67","author":"II Gottesman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gottesman II, Laursen TM, Bertelsen A, Mortensen PB (2010) Severe mental disorders in offspring with 2 psychiatrically ill parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:252\u2013257","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S1120962300012749","volume":"17","author":"M Hauge","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hauge M, Harvald B, Fischer M et al (1968) The Danish twin register. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 17(2):315\u2013332","journal-title":"Acta Genet Med Gemellol"},{"key":"9765_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.10.008","volume":"66","author":"TR Insel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Insel TR, Cuthbert BN (2009) Endophenotypes: bridging genomic complexity and disorder heterogeneity. Biol Psychiatry 66:988\u2013989","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","volume":"167","author":"T Insel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K, Sanislow C, Wang P (2010) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 167:748\u2013751","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001844","volume":"41","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Zachar P, Craver C (2011) What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders? Psychol Med 41:1143\u20131150","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"9765_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.133","volume":"10","author":"G Kirov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kirov G (2010) The role of copy number variation in schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurotherapeutics 10:25\u201332","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"9765_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp043","volume":"18","author":"G Kirov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirov G, Grozeva D, Norton N, Ivanov D, Mantripragada KK, Holmans P, Craddock N, Owen MJ, O\u2019Donovan MC (2009) Support for the involvement of large copy number variants in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 18(8):1497\u20131503","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"9765_CR31","unstructured":"Kl\u00e4ning, U. (1996). Schizophrenia in twins: Incidence and risk factors. Unpub.Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"key":"9765_CR32","volume-title":"Heredity and Environment in the Functional Psychoses. An Epidemiological - Clinical Twin Study","author":"E Kringlen","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kringlen E (1967) Heredity and Environment in the Functional Psychoses. An Epidemiological - Clinical Twin Study. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo"},{"key":"9765_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.3.589","volume":"24","author":"KO Kyvik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kyvik KO, Green A, Nielsen HB (1995) The New Danish Twin Register: establishment and analysis of twinning rates. Int J Epidemiol 24:589\u2013596","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"9765_CR34","first-page":"467","volume":"43","author":"KO Kyvik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kyvik KO, Christensen K, Skytthe A et al (1996) The Danish Twin Register. Dan Med Bull 43:467\u2013470","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"9765_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1108","volume":"44","author":"SH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee SH, Decandia TR, Ripke S, Yang J, Sullivan PF, Goddard ME, Keller MC, Visscher PM, Wray NR (2012) Estimating the proportion of variation in susceptibility to schizophrenia captured by common SNPs. Nat Genet 44:247\u2013250","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"9765_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2711","volume":"45","author":"SH Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Faraone SV, Purcell SM, Perlis RH et al (2013) Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet 45(9):984\u2013994","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"9765_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3739","volume":"4","author":"T Lencz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lencz T, Liu C, Rosenfeld J, Mukherjee S, DeRosse P et al (2013) Genome-wide association study implicates NDST3 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nat Commun 4:2739. doi: 10.1038\/ncomms3739","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"9765_CR38","volume-title":"Schizotypy and schizophrenia-the view from experimental psychopathology","author":"MF Lenzenweger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenzenweger MF (2010) Schizotypy and schizophrenia-the view from experimental psychopathology. Guilford, New York"},{"issue":"9659","key":"9765_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60072-6","volume":"373","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bj\u00f6rk C et al (2009) Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 373(9659):234\u2013239","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9765_CR40","volume-title":"Personality disorder examination","author":"AM Loranger","year":"1988","unstructured":"Loranger AM (1988) Personality disorder examination. Yonkers, New York"},{"key":"9765_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.020","volume":"133","author":"SL Matheson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matheson SL, Shepherd AM, Laurens KR, Carr VJ (2011) A systematic meta-review grading the evidence for non-genetic risk factors and putative antecedents of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 133:133\u2013142","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"9765_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.6","volume":"67","author":"J McGrath","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGrath J, Welham J, Scott J, Varghese D, Degenhardt L, Hayatbakhsh MR et al (2010) Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:440\u2013447","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/18.2.171","volume":"18","author":"M McGue","year":"1992","unstructured":"McGue M (1992) When assessing twin concordance, use the probandwise and not the pairwise rate. Schizophr Bull 18:171\u2013176","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"9765_CR44","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin Study Vantage Point","author":"PE Meehl","year":"1972","unstructured":"Meehl PE (1972) A critical afterword. In: Gottesman II, Shields J (eds) Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin Study Vantage Point. Academic Press, New York, London, pp 367\u2013415"},{"key":"9765_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395825","volume":"39","author":"O Mors","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mors O, Perto GP, Mortensen PB (2011) The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. Scand J Pub Health 39:54\u201357","journal-title":"Scand J Pub Health"},{"key":"9765_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02738.x","volume":"23","author":"P Munk-Jorgensen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Munk-Jorgensen P (1986) Decreasing first-admission rates of schizophrenia among males in Denmark from 1970 to 1984. Acta Psychiatr Scand 23:645\u2013650","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"9765_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb06257.x","volume":"74","author":"P Munk-Jorgensen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Munk-Jorgensen P, Jorgensen P (1986) Decreasing rates of first-admission diagnoses of schizophrenia among females in Denmark from 1970 to 1984. Acta Psychiatr Scand 74:379\u2013383","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"9765_CR48","first-page":"82","volume":"44","author":"P Munk-Jorgensen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Munk-Jorgensen P, Mortensen PB (1997) The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Dan Med Bull 44:82\u201384","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"9765_CR49","volume-title":"The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murray RM, Jones PB, Susser E, Van Os J, Cannon M (eds) (2003) The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9765_CR50","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health (2014) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research-priorities\/rdoc\/index.shtml"},{"key":"9765_CR51","unstructured":"Neale MC (2004) Mx Statistical Modeling. 6th Edition. http:\/\/www.vipbg.vcu.edu\/~vipbg\/software\/mxmanual.pdf"},{"key":"9765_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-134","volume":"7","author":"R O\u2019Reilly","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly R, Torrey EF, Rao J, Singh S (2013) Monozygotic twins with early-onset schizophrenia and late-onset bipolar disorder: a case report. J Med Case Reports 7:134","journal-title":"J Med Case Reports"},{"key":"9765_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05563.x","volume":"83","author":"S Onstad","year":"1991","unstructured":"Onstad S, Skre I, Torgersen S, Kringlen E (1991) Twin concordance for DSM-III-R schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83:395\u2013401","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR54","first-page":"441","volume":"53","author":"CB Pedersen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pedersen CB, G\u00f8tzsche H, M\u00f8ller J\u00d8, Mortensen PB (2006) The Danish civil registration system. Dan Med Bull 53(4):441\u2013449","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"9765_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.16","volume":"71","author":"CB Pedersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pedersen CB, Mors O, Bertelsen A, Lindum Waltoft B, Agerbo E, McGrath JJ, Mortensen PB, Eaton W (2014) A comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 71:573\u2013581","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09230","volume":"465","author":"A Petronis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petronis A (2010) Twin studies in schizophrenia with special emphasis on concordance figures. Nature 465:721\u2013727","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9765_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prata DP, Mechelli A, Fu CHY, Picchioni M, Toulopoulou T, Bramon E, Walshe M, Murray RM, Collier DA, McGuire P (2009) Epistasis between the DAT 3\u2032 UTR VNTR and the COMT Val158Met SNP on cortical function in healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(32), 13600\u201313605. www.scopus.com","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903007106"},{"key":"9765_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08185","volume":"460","author":"SM Purcell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O\u2019Donovan MC, Sullivan PF et al (2009) Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460:748\u2013752","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9765_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/3.2.119","volume":"3","author":"FV Rijsdijk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rijsdijk FV, Sham PC (2002) Analytic approaches to twin data using structural equation models. Brief Bioform 3:119\u2013133","journal-title":"Brief Bioform"},{"key":"9765_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9464-4_1","volume-title":"The handbook of neuropsychiatric biomarkers, endophenotypes, and genes, neuropsychological endophenotypes and biomarkers","author":"MS Ritsner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ritsner MS, Gottesman II (2009) Where do we stand in the quest for neuropsychiatric biomarkers and endophenotypes and what next? In: Ritsner MS (ed) The handbook of neuropsychiatric biomarkers, endophenotypes, and genes, neuropsychological endophenotypes and biomarkers, vol 1. Springer, New York, pp 3\u201322"},{"key":"9765_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0837-2_1","volume-title":"Handbook of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, conceptual issues and neurobiological advances","author":"MS Ritsner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ritsner MS, Gottesman II (2011) The schizophrenia construct after 100 years of challenges. In: Ritsner MS (ed) Handbook of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, conceptual issues and neurobiological advances, vol 1. Springer, New York, pp 1\u201344"},{"key":"9765_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt055","volume":"40","author":"M Russo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russo M, Levine SZ, Demjaha A, DiForti M, Bonaccorso S, Fearon P et al (2014) Association between symptom dimensions and categorical diagnoses of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Schizophr Bull 40:111\u2013119","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007","volume":"31","author":"VD Schmittmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmittmann VD, Cramer AOJ, Waldorp LJ, Epskamp S, Kievit RA, Borsboom D (2013) Deconstructing the construct: a network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas Psychol 31(1):43\u201353","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol"},{"key":"9765_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.12.1187","volume":"60","author":"PF Sullivan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC (2003) Schizophrenia as a complex trait, Evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:1187\u20131192","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3240","volume":"13","author":"PF Sullivan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sullivan PF, Daly MJ, O\u2019Donovan M (2012) Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders. The emerging picture and its implications. Nat Rev Genet 13:537\u2013551","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"9765_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830010027005","volume":"53","author":"E Susser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Susser E, Neugebauer R, Hoek HW, Brown AS, Lin S, Labovitz D, Gorman JM (1996) Schizophrenia after prenatal famine: further evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:25\u201331","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR67","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Studies of Schizophrenia","author":"P Tienari","year":"1975","unstructured":"Tienari P (1975) Schizophrenia in Finnish male twins. In: Lader MH (ed) Studies of Schizophrenia. Kent, Ashford, pp 29\u201335"},{"key":"9765_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x","volume":"14","author":"E Turkheimer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turkheimer E, Haley A, Waldron M, D\u2019Onofrio B, Gottesman II (2003) Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychol Sci 14:623\u2013628","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"9765_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00134.x","volume":"9","author":"S Vallgarda","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vallgarda S (1995) Trends in perinatal death rates in Denmark and Sweden, 1915\u20131990. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 9:201\u2013218","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"9765_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3243","volume":"13","author":"J VanDongen","year":"2013","unstructured":"VanDongen J, Slagboom PE, Draisma HHM, Martin NG, Boomsma DJ (2013) The continuing value of twin studies in the omics era. Nat Rev Genet 13:640\u2013653","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"9765_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/21.3.483","volume":"21","author":"R Warner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Warner R (1995) Time trends in schizophrenia: changes in obstetric risk factors with industrialization. Schizophr Bull 21:483\u2013500","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"9765_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810180089012","volume":"47","author":"JK Wing","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wing JK, Babor T, Brugha T, Burke J, Cooper JE, Giel R, Jablenski A, Regier D, Sartorius N (1990) SCAN. Schedules for Clinical assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:589\u2013593","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR73","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1967) Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. based on the recommendations of the eighth revision conference, 1965, and adopted by the nineteenth world health assembly, World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"9765_CR74","volume-title":"Glossary of mental disorders and guide to their c1assification for use in conjunction with the International Classification of Diseases, 8th Revision","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1974","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1974) Glossary of mental disorders and guide to their c1assification for use in conjunction with the International Classification of Diseases, 8th Revision. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"9765_CR75","volume-title":"The lCD-10 c1assification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992) The lCD-10 c1assification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"9765_CR76","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"9765_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wray NR, Gottesman II (2012). Using summary data from the Danish National Registers to estimate heritabilities for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Front Genet, 3, Article 118","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00118"},{"key":"9765_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.11.011","volume":"88","author":"J Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang J, Lee SH, Goddard ME, Visscher PM (2011) GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. Am J Hum Genet 88:76\u201382","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"}],"container-title":["Behavior Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-015-9765-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10519-015-9765-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-015-9765-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T07:18:51Z","timestamp":1567322331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10519-015-9765-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-015-9765-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-8244","1573-3297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}}}