{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:24:06Z","timestamp":1788308646753,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012021","name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9221128205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9221128205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-021-10052-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T11:06:51Z","timestamp":1615547211000},"page":"385-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cigarette Smoking Behavior a Gateway to Opium Use Disorder: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Abdolhalim","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Shojaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Janani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Farjam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Baradaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedram","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Abbas","family":"Motevalian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"10052_CR1","unstructured":"Abuse, S. 2013. Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings. NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No.(SMA) 13\u20134795. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Rockville, MD."},{"key":"10052_CR2","unstructured":"ABUSE, S. & ADMINISTRATION, M. H. S. 2016. 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health."},{"key":"10052_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118726761.ch10","author":"Bahr, s. J. & Hoffmann, J. P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bahr, s. J. & Hoffmann, J. P. (2015) Social Scientific Theories of Drug Use, Abuse, and Addiction. The Handbook of Drugs and Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118726761.ch10","journal-title":"The Handbook of Drugs and Society"},{"key":"10052_CR4","first-page":"1776","volume":"105","author":"JA Boscarino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boscarino JA, Rukstalis M, Hoffman SN, Han JJ, Erlich PM, Gerhard GS, Stewart WFJA (2010) Risk factors for drug dependence among out-patients on opioid therapy in a large US health-care system 105:1776\u20131782","journal-title":"Risk factors for drug dependence among out-patients on opioid therapy in a large US health-care system"},{"key":"10052_CR5","first-page":"319","volume":"80","author":"LA Brick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brick LA, Micalizzi L, Knopik VS, Palmer RHJJOSOA (2019) & Drugs. Characterization of DSM-IV opioid dependence among individuals of European ancestry 80:319\u2013330","journal-title":"Characterization of DSM-IV opioid dependence among individuals of European ancestry"},{"key":"10052_CR6","first-page":"1880","volume":"35","author":"S Burgess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgess S, Dudbridge F, Thompson SGJSIM (2016) Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization: comparison of allele score and summarized data methods 35:1880\u20131906","journal-title":"Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization: comparison of allele score and summarized data methods"},{"key":"10052_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG, Collaboration CCG (2011) Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol 40:755\u2013764","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10052_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1244-9","volume":"18","author":"G Chaubey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chaubey G, Ayub Q, Rai N, Prakash S, Mushrif-Tripathy V, Mezzavilla M, Pathak AK, Tamang R, Firasat S, Reidla M (2017) \u201cLike sugar in milk\u201d: reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population. Genome Biol 18:110","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10052_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0240-4","volume":"8","author":"P Dargan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dargan P, Wood D (2012) Recreational drug use in the Asia Pacific region: improvement in our understanding of the problem through the UNODC programmes. J Med Toxicol 8:295\u2013299","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10052_CR10","first-page":"R89","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hemani GJHMG (2014) Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies 23:R89\u2013R98","journal-title":"Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies"},{"key":"10052_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.001","volume":"108","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Dierker L, Chiu WT, Medina-Mora ME, Neumark Y, Sampson N, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, Bruffaerts R (2010) Evaluating the drug use \u201cgateway\u201d theory using cross-national data: consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend 108:84\u201397","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10052_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0876-6","volume":"128","author":"PM Erlich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erlich PM, Hoffman SN, Rukstalis M, Han JJ, Chu X, Kao WL, Gerhard GS, Stewart WF, Boscarino JAJHG (2010) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes on chromosome 15q25. 1 are associated with nicotine and opioid dependence severity. Hum Genet 128:491\u2013499","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10052_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3760-z","volume":"16","author":"M Farjam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farjam M, Bahrami H, Bahramali E, Jamshidi J, Askari A, Zakeri H, Homayounfar R, Poustchi H, Malekzadeh R (2016) A cohort study protocol to analyze the predisposing factors to common chronic non-communicable diseases in rural areas: Fasa Cohort Study. BMC Public Health 16:1090","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10052_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.571","volume":"42","author":"H Furberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Furberg H, Kim Y, Dackor J, Boerwinkle E, Franceschini N, Ardissino D, Bernardinelli L, Mannucci PM, Mauri F, Merlini PA (2010) Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat Genet 42:441","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10052_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13099","volume":"111","author":"J Guydish","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guydish J, Passalacqua E, Pagano A, Mart\u00ednez C, Le T, Chun J, Tajima B, Docto L, Garina D, Delucchi K (2016) An international systematic review of smoking prevalence in addiction treatment. Addiction 111:220\u2013230","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10052_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1202","volume":"14","author":"S Haug","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haug S, Nunez CL, Becker J, Gmel G, Schaub MP (2014) Predictors of onset of cannabis and other drug use in male young adults: results from a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 14:1202","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10052_CR17","first-page":"965","volume":"103","author":"PC Haycock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haycock PC, Burgess S, Wade KH, Bowden J, Relton C, Davey Smith G (2016) Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: the design, analysis, and interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies. Am J ClinNutr 103:965\u2013978","journal-title":"Am J ClinNutr"},{"key":"10052_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2010.71.5","volume":"71","author":"AC Huizink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huizink AC, Lev\u00e4lahti E, Korhonen T, Dick DM, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, Kaprio J (2010) Tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drug use among Finnish adolescent twins: causal relationship or correlated liabilities? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 71:5\u201314","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10052_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188374","volume":"190","author":"D Kandel","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kandel D (1975) Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science 190:912\u2013914","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10052_CR20","first-page":"130","volume":"104","author":"D Kandel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kandel D, Kandel E (2015) The Gateway Hypothesis of substance abuse: developmental, biological and societal perspectives. ActaPaediatr 104:130\u2013137","journal-title":"ActaPaediatr"},{"key":"10052_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandel, D. B. & Jessor, R. 2002. The gateway hypothesis revisited. Stages and pathways of drug involvement. Examining the gateway hypothesis, 365\u2013373.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511499777.018"},{"key":"10052_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1992.53.447","volume":"53","author":"DB Kandel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kandel DB, Yamaguchi K, Chen K (1992) Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory. J Stud Alcohol 53:447\u2013457","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"10052_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1405092","volume":"2014","author":"ER Kandel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kandel ER, Kandel DB (2014) A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug. N Engl J Med 2014:932\u2013943","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10052_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003062","volume":"3","author":"A Levine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levine A, Huang Y, Drisaldi B, Griffin EA, Pollak DD, Xu S, Yin D, Schaffran C, Kandel DB, Kandel ER (2011) Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine. Science translational medicine 3:107\u2013109","journal-title":"Science translational medicine"},{"key":"10052_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.290","volume":"40","author":"D Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li D, Zhao H, Kranzler HR, Li MD, Jensen KP, Zayats T, Farrer LA, Gelernter JJN (2015) Genome-wide association study of copy number variations (CNVs) with opioid dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:1016\u20131026","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10052_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008385","volume":"15","author":"Z Mehrjoo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehrjoo Z, Fattahi Z, Beheshtian M, Mohseni M, Poustchi H, Ardalani F, Jalalvand K, Arzhangi S, Mohammadi Z, Khoshbakht S (2019) Distinct genetic variation and heterogeneity of the Iranian population. PLoS Genet 15:e1008385","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10052_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.013","volume":"39","author":"M Nazarzadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Carson KV (2014) The association between tramadol hydrochloride misuse and other substances use in an adolescent population: Phase I of a prospective survey. Addict Behav 39:333\u2013337","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10052_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e32833a2106","volume":"20","author":"DA Nielsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nielsen DA, Ji F, Yuferov V, Ho A, He C, Ott J, Kreek MJJPG (2010) Genome-wide association study identifies genes that may contribute to risk for developing heroin addiction. Psychisatr Genet 20:207\u2013214","journal-title":"Psychisatr Genet"},{"key":"10052_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2012.10.010","volume":"29","author":"AB Paaby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paaby AB, Rockman MVJTIG (2013) The many faces of pleiotropy. Trends Genet 29:66\u201373","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"10052_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015","volume":"123","author":"RH Palmer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Palmer RH, Button TM, Rhee SH, Corley RP, Young SE, Stallings MC, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK (2012) Genetic etiology of the common liability to drug dependence: evidence of common and specific mechanisms for DSM-IV dependence symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend 123:S24\u2013S32","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10052_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr026","volume":"173","author":"TM Palmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palmer TM, Sterne JA, Harbord RM, Lawlor DA, Sheehan NA, Meng S, Granell R, Smith GD, Didelez V (2011) Instrumental variable estimation of causal risk ratios and causal odds ratios in Mendelian randomization analyses. Am J Epidemiol 173:1392\u20131403","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10052_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn080","volume":"37","author":"TM Palmer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palmer TM, Thompson JR, Tobin MD, Sheehan NA, Burton PR (2008) Adjusting for bias and unmeasured confounding in Mendelian randomization studies with binary responses. Int J Epidemiol 37:1161\u20131168","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10052_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx314","volume":"187","author":"H Poustchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poustchi H, Eghtesad S, Kamangar F, Etemadi A, Keshtkar A-A, Hekmatdoost A, Mohammadi Z, Mahmoudi Z, Shayanrad A, Roozafzai F (2017) Prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (the PERSIAN Cohort Study): Rationale, objectives, and design. Am J Epidemiol 187:647\u2013655","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10052_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.043","volume":"92","author":"A Rajabi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rajabi A, Dehghani M, Shojaei A, Farjam M, Motevalian SA (2018a) Association between tobacco smoking and opioid use: A meta-analysis. Addict Behav 92:225\u2013235","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10052_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajabi, A., Dehghani, M., Shojaei, A., Farjam, M. & Motevalian, S. A. 2018b. Tobacco smoking and opioid use disorders: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.043"},{"key":"10052_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3052","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3052","volume":"20","author":"A Rajabi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rajabi A, Khosravi P, Motevalian SA, Farjam M, Shojaei A (2018) The association between polymorphism of BDNF gene and cigarette smoking in the Iranian population. J Gene Med 20:e3052","journal-title":"J Gene Med"},{"key":"10052_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.257","volume":"22","author":"AH Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith AH, Jensen KP, Li J, Nunez Y, Farrer LA, Hakonarson H, Cook-Sather SD, Kranzler HR, Gelernter JJMP (2017) Genome-wide association study of therapeutic opioid dosing identifies a novel locus upstream of OPRM1. Mol Psychiatry 22:346\u2013352","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10052_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7499.1076","volume":"330","author":"GD Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith GD, Ebrahim S (2005) What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures? BMJ 330:1076","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10052_CR39","first-page":"4627","volume":"36","author":"JR Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson JR, Minelli C, Bowden J, Del Greco FM, Gill D, Jones EM, Shapland CY, Sheehan NAJSIM (2017) Mendelian randomization incorporating uncertainty about pleiotropy 36:4627\u20134645","journal-title":"Mendelian randomization incorporating uncertainty about pleiotropy"},{"key":"10052_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.05.008","volume":"48","author":"AP Van Leeuwen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Leeuwen AP, Verhulst FC, Reijneveld SA, Vollebergh WA, Ormel J, Huizink AC (2011) Can the gateway hypothesis, the common liability model and\/or, the route of administration model predict initiation of cannabis use during adolescence? A survival analysis\u2014the TRAILS study. J Adolesc Health 48:73\u201378","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10052_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.018","volume":"123","author":"MM Vanyukov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirillova GP, Kirisci L, Reynolds MD, Kreek MJ, Conway KP, Maher BS, Iacono WG, Bierut L (2012) Common liability to addiction and \u201cgateway hypothesis\u201d: theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective. Drug Alcohol Depend 123:S3\u2013S17","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10052_CR42","first-page":"4294","volume":"20","author":"S-C Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S-C, Chen Y-C, Lee C-H, Cheng C-MJIJOMS (2019) Opioid addiction, genetic susceptibility, and medical treatments: a review. Int J MolSci 20:4294","journal-title":"Int J MolSci"},{"key":"10052_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.636","volume":"156","author":"AH Weinberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weinberger AH, Platt J, Galea S, Goodwin R (2015) Cigarette smoking and risk of substance use and substance use disorder relapse among adults in recovery. Drug Alcohol Depend 156:e236","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10052_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu227","volume":"17","author":"EL Zale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zale EL, Dorfman ML, Hooten WM, Warner DO, Zvolensky MJ, Ditre JW (2015) Tobacco smoking, nicotine dependence, and patterns of prescription opioid misuse: results from a nationally representative sample. Nicotine Tob Res 17:1096\u20131103","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"}],"container-title":["Behavior Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-021-10052-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10519-021-10052-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-021-10052-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T07:12:22Z","timestamp":1624518742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10519-021-10052-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-021-10052-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-8244","1573-3297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Complaince with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Abdolhalim Rajabi, Azadeh Shojaei, Leila Janani, Mojtaba Farjam, Hamid Reza Baradaran, Pedram Khosravi and Seyed Abbas Motevalian declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study has been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed consent"}}]}}