{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:58:00Z","timestamp":1777867080506,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH020030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH020030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA054313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA054313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The inclusion of polygenic scores (PGS) from genetically correlated traits such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) may improve the prediction of these outcomes and their comorbidity. Despite the importance of this work, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of this possibility. The current study evaluates the use of MDD and AUD PGS individually and together to improve the prediction of MDD, AUD, and comorbid MDD-AUD using a sample of European, African, or Admixed American Ancestry participants from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097,965). Cross-ancestry MDD and AUD PGS were created using PRS-CSx. The best fitting model of comorbid MDD-AUD in the whole sample included PGS for MDD and AUD (PGS\n                    <jats:sub>MDD<\/jats:sub>\n                    OR: 1.26, 95% CI 1.16\u20131.35,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.69\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20096<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; PGS\n                    <jats:sub>AUD<\/jats:sub>\n                    OR: 1.77, 95% CI 1.66\u20131.87,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.49\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u200928<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), explaining an additional 4.88% of variance compared to a model only including sociodemographic covariates. For MDD, the best fitting model included the MDD PGS (OR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.33,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.05\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20098<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), explaining an additional 0.65% of variance. For AUD, the best fitting model included the AUD PGS (OR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.32\u20131.43,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.25\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u221228<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), which explained an additional 1.52% of variance. Inclusion of both PGS did not significantly improve the prediction of individual MDD or AUD. Inclusion of PGS for MDD and AUD significantly improved prediction for comorbid MDD-AUD, but not in MDD or AUD. These results help clarify the role of utilizing genetically correlated PGS in improving prediction of MDD, AUD, and comorbid MDD-AUD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-026-10263-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:15:10Z","timestamp":1775812510000},"page":"80-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Contributions of Multiple Polygenic Scores in Predicting Liability for Major Depressive Disorder and Its Comorbidity with Alcohol Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0247-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill A.","family":"Rabinowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9809-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brion S.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6425-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Gentry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4862-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B.","family":"Burch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9230-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Prom-Wormley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10263_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.14.22279940","author":"C Albi\u00f1ana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albi\u00f1ana C, Zhu Z, Schork AJ, Ingason A, Aschard H, Brikell I, Bulik CM, Petersen LV, Agerbo E, Grove J, Nordentoft M, Hougaard DM, Werge T, B\u00f8rglum AD, Mortensen PB, McGrath JJ, Neale BM, Priv\u00e9 F, Vilhj\u00e1lmsson BJ (2022) Multi-PGS enhances polygenic prediction: weighting 937 polygenic scores. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.09.14.22279940","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10263_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.24.22279149","author":"TD Als","year":"2022","unstructured":"Als TD, Kurki M, Grove J, Voloudakis G, Therrien K et al (2022) Identification of 64 new risk loci for major depression, refinement of the genetic architecture and risk prediction of recurrence and comorbidities. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.08.24.22279149","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10263_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7311","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09298","volume":"467","author":"DM Altshuler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, Schaffner SF, Yu F et al (2010) Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations. Nat 2010 467:7311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature09298","journal-title":"Nat 2010"},{"key":"10263_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/APPI.BOOKS.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/APPI.BOOKS.9780890425596"},{"key":"10263_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2017.2269","volume":"74","author":"AM Andersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andersen AM, Pietrzak RH, Kranzler HR, Ma L, Zhou H et al (2017) Polygenic Scores for Major Depressive Disorder and Risk of Alcohol Dependence. JAMA Psychiatry 74:1153\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2017.2269","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7571","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","volume":"526","author":"A Auton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Auton A, Abecasis GR, Altshuler DM, Durbin RM, Bentley DR et al (2015) A global reference for human genetic variation. Nat 2015 526:7571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15393","journal-title":"Nat 2015"},{"key":"10263_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/ADD.16670","volume":"120","author":"AJ Bailey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bailey AJ, Quinn PD, McHugh RK (2025) Implications of the shift to DSM-5 for alcohol use disorder prevalence estimates in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Addiction 120:184\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ADD.16670","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10263_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00865-8","volume":"10","author":"PB Barr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barr PB, Ksinan A, Su J, Johnson EC, Meyers JL, Wetherill L, Latvala A, Aliev F, Chan G, Kuperman S, Nurnberger J, Kamarajan C, Anokhin A, Agrawal A, Rose RJ, Edenberg HJ, Schuckit M, Kaprio J, Dick DM (2020) Using polygenic scores for identifying individuals at increased risk of substance use disorders in clinical and population samples. Transl Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41398-020-00865-8","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JADOHEALTH.2023.01.028","volume":"73","author":"C Benny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benny C, Patte KA, Veugelers PJ, Senthilselvan A, Leatherdale ST, Pabayo R (2023) A Longitudinal Study of Income Inequality and Mental Health Among Canadian Secondary School Students: Results From the Cannabis, Obesity, Mental Health, Physical Activity, Alcohol, Smoking, and Sedentary Behavior Study (2016\u20132019). J Adolesc Health 73:70\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JADOHEALTH.2023.01.028","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10263_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10M06673","volume":"73","author":"C Blanco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blanco C, Alegr\u00eda AA, Liu SM, Secades-Villa R, Sugaya L, Davies C, Nunes EV (2012) Differences among major depressive disorder with and without co-occurring substance use disorders and substance-induced depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 73:865\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.10M06673","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1 14","key":"10263_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02866-3","volume":"14","author":"VR Bourque","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bourque VR, Poulain C, Proulx C, Moreau CA, Joober R, Forgeot d\u2019Arc B, Huguet G, Jacquemont S (2024) Genetic and phenotypic similarity across major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and quantitative assessment. Translational Psychiatry 2024 14(1 14):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-024-02866-3","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry 2024"},{"key":"10263_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braudt DB, Harris KM (2020) Polygenic Scores (PGSs) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) \u2013 Release 2. Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17615\/9g92-vc17","DOI":"10.17615\/9g92-vc17"},{"key":"10263_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPPSYCH.2013.10.007","volume":"55","author":"FN Bri\u00e8re","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bri\u00e8re FN, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Klein D, Lewinsohn PM (2014) Comorbidity between major depression and alcohol use disorder from adolescence to adulthood. Compr Psychiatry 55:526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPPSYCH.2013.10.007","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SOCSCIMED.2011.07.025","volume":"73","author":"M Cerd\u00e1","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1 M, Johnson-Lawrence VD, Galea S (2011) Lifetime income patterns and alcohol consumption: Investigating the association between long- and short-term income trajectories and drinking. Soc Sci Med 73:1178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SOCSCIMED.2011.07.025","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10263_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.10.536252","author":"TF Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan TF, Rui X, Conti DV, Fornage M, Graff M, Haessler J, Haiman C, Highland HM, Jung SY, Kenny E, Kooperberg C, Marchland L, Le, North KE, Tao R, Wojcik G, Gignoux CR, Consortium P, Chiang CWK, Mancuso N (2023) Estimating heritability explained by local ancestry and evaluating stratification bias in admixture mapping from summary statistics. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.04.10.536252","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10263_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/S13742-015-0047-8","volume":"4","author":"CC Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LCAM, Vattikuti S, Purcell SM, Lee JJ (2015) Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience 4:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13742-015-0047-8","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"10263_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iyab159","DOI":"10.1093\/GENETICS\/IYAB159","volume":"219","author":"J Chebib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chebib J, Guillaume F (2021) Pleiotropy or linkage? Their relative contributions to the genetic correlation of quantitative traits and detection by multitrait GWA studies. Genetics 219:iyab159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/GENETICS\/IYAB159","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10263_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/S00439-017-1854-Z","volume":"137","author":"K Chesmore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chesmore K, Bartlett J, Williams SM (2018) The ubiquity of pleiotropy in human disease. Hum Genet 137:39\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00439-017-1854-Z","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10263_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/PCD17.200098","author":"AK Cohen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen AK, Nussbaum J, Weintraub MLR, Nichols CR, Yen IH (2020) Association of adult depression with educational attainment, aspirations, and expectations. Prev Chronic Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/PCD17.200098","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10263_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v38.1.11","volume":"38","author":"SE Collins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collins SE (2016) Associations between socioeconomic factors and alcohol outcomes. Alcohol Res 38:83","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"10263_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.15288\/JSAD.2014.75.567","volume":"75","author":"KR Conner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Conner KR, Gamble SA, Bagge CL, He H, Swogger MT, Watts A, Houston RJ (2014) Substance-induced depression and independent depression in proximal risk for suicidal behavior. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 75:567\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/JSAD.2014.75.567","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10263_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102491","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JANXDIS.2021.102491","volume":"85","author":"MR Davies","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davies MR, Buckman JEJ, Adey BN, Armour C, Bradley JR et al (2022) Comparison of symptom-based versus self-reported diagnostic measures of anxiety and depression disorders in the GLAD and COPING cohorts. J Anxiety Disord 85:102491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JANXDIS.2021.102491","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"10263_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0B013E3282F32408","volume":"21","author":"L Davis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Davis L, Uezato A, Newell JM, Frazier E (2008) Major depression and comorbid substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 21:14\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0B013E3282F32408","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2009.10.003","volume":"107","author":"LL Davis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davis LL, Wisniewski SR, Howland RH, Trivedi MH, Husain MM, Fava M, McGrath PJ, Balasubramani GK, Warden D, Rush AJ (2010) Does comorbid substance use disorder impair recovery from major depression with SSRI treatment? An analysis of the STAR*D level one treatment outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 107:161\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2009.10.003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10263_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1530-0277.2012.01930.X","author":"DA Dawson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Grant BF (2013) Differences in the profiles of DSM-IV and DSM-5 alcohol use disorders: implications for clinicians. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1530-0277.2012.01930.X","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10263_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001525","volume":"46","author":"JM Ellingson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellingson JM, Richmond-Rakerd LS, Statham DJ, Martin NG, Slutske WS (2016) Most of the genetic covariation between major depressive and alcohol use disorders is explained by trait measures of negative emotionality and behavioral control. Psychol Med 46:2919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716001525","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10263_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AJHG.2024.07.014","volume":"111","author":"CA Ellis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ellis CA, Oliver KL, Harris RV, Ottman R, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC, Epstein MP, Berkovic SF, Bahlo M (2024) Inflation of polygenic risk scores caused by sample overlap and relatedness: Examples of a major risk of bias. Am J Hum Genet 111:1805\u20131809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AJHG.2024.07.014","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10263_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1093\/BIOINFORMATICS\/BTU848","volume":"31","author":"J Euesden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Euesden J, Lewis CM, O\u2019Reilly PF (2014) PRSice: Polygenic Risk Score software. Bioinformatics 31:1466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/BIOINFORMATICS\/BTU848","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10263_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(70)90054-8","volume":"23","author":"AR Feinstein","year":"1970","unstructured":"Feinstein AR (1970) THE PRE-THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF CO-MORBIDITY IN CHRONIC DISEASE. J Chronic Dis 23:455\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(70)90054-8","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10263_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000086093","volume":"38","author":"MB First","year":"2005","unstructured":"First MB (2005) Mutually exclusive versus co-occurring diagnostic categories: the challenge of diagnostic comorbidity. Psychopathology 38:206\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000086093","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10263_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2015.0584","volume":"72","author":"BF Grant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, Patricia Chou S, Jung J, Zhang H, Pickering RP, June Ruan W, Smith SM, Huang B, Hasin DS (2015) Epidemiology of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry 72:757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2015.0584","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/S40273-021-01019-4","volume":"39","author":"PE Greenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Simes M, Berman R, Koenigsberg SH, Kessler RC (2021) The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018). PharmacoEconomics 39:653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40273-021-01019-4","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"10263_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.02.587682","author":"KE Grinde","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grinde KE, Browning BL, Reiner AP, Thornton TA, Browning SR (2024) Adjusting for principal components can induce spurious associations in genome-wide association studies in admixed populations. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.02.587682","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10263_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/S40142-020-00185-9","volume":"8","author":"I Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta I, Dandavate R, Gupta P, Agrawal V, Kapoor M (2020) Recent advances in genetic studies of alcohol use disorders. Curr Genet Med Rep 8:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40142-020-00185-9","journal-title":"Curr Genet Med Rep"},{"key":"10263_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYZ115","volume":"48","author":"KM Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris KM, Halpern CT, Whitsel EA, Hussey JM, Killeya-Jones LA, Tabor J, Dean SC (2019) Cohort profile: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Int J Epidemiol 48:1415\u20131415k. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/IJE\/DYZ115","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10263_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHPSYC.59.4.375","volume":"59","author":"D Hasin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hasin D, Liu X, Nunes E, McCloud S, Samet S, Endicott J (2002) Effects of major depression on remission and relapse of substance dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:375\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHPSYC.59.4.375","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2017.4602","volume":"75","author":"DS Hasin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hasin DS, Sarvet AL, Meyers JL, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, Stohl M, Grant BF (2018) Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 75:336\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2017.4602","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hosmer D, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX (2013) Applied logistic regression, 3rd ed, Wiley, Chichester. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118548387","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"issue":"1 9","key":"10263_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03819-3","volume":"9","author":"DM Howard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Howard DM, Adams MJ, Shirali M, Clarke TK, Marioni RE, Davies G, Coleman JRI, Alloza C, Shen X, Barbu MC, Wigmore EM, Gibson J, Hagenaars SP, Lewis CM, Ward J, Smith DJ, Sullivan PF, Haley CS, Breen G, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM (2018) Genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK Biobank identifies variants in excitatory synaptic pathways. Nat Commun 2018 9(1 9):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-03819-3","journal-title":"Nat Commun 2018"},{"key":"10263_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/JCPP.13370","volume":"62","author":"AG Jansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jansen AG, Jansen PR, Savage JE, Kraft J, Skarabis N, Polderman TJC, Dieleman GC (2021) The predictive capacity of psychiatric and psychological polygenic risk scores for distinguishing cases in a child and adolescent psychiatric sample from controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 62:1079\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JCPP.13370","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-025-00908-0","volume":"2025","author":"YH Jee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jee YH, He Y, Lu W, Shi Y, Lazarev D, Daly MJ, Reeve MP, Martin AR (2025) Dissecting pleiotropy to gain mechanistic insights into human disease. Nat Rev Genet 2025:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-025-00908-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10263_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/G3.118.200925","author":"Y Jin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jin Y, Schaffer AA, Feolo M, Holmes JB, Kattman BL (2019) GRAF-pop: a fast distance-based method to infer subject ancestry from multiple genotype datasets without principal components analysis. G3 (Bethesda). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1534\/G3.118.200925","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"10263_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109753","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2022.109753","volume":"243","author":"VM Karpyak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karpyak VM, Coombes BJ, Geske JR, Pazdernik VM, Schneekloth T, Kolla BP, Oesterle T, Loukianova LL, Skime MK, Ho AMC, Ngo Q, Skillon C, Ho MF, Weinshilboum R, Biernacka JM (2023) Genetic predisposition to major depressive disorder differentially impacts alcohol consumption and high-risk drinking situations in men and women with alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 243:109753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2022.109753","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10263_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHPSYC.1993.01820210024003","volume":"50","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Heath AC, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Eaves LJ (1993) Alcoholism and major depression in women. A twin study of the causes of comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:690\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHPSYC.1993.01820210024003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1192\/BJP.170.6.541","volume":"170","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Davis CG, Kessler RC (1997) The familial aggregation of common psychiatric and substance use disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey: a family history study. Br J Psychiatry 170:541\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/BJP.170.6.541","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.15288\/JSAD.2020.81.446","volume":"81","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Fagan AA, Lichtenstein P, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2020) Nature of the causal relationship between academic achievement and the risk for alcohol use disorder. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 81:446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/JSAD.2020.81.446","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10263_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000025","volume":"42","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, McLaughlin KA, Green JG, Lakoma MD, Petukhova M, Pine DS, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Merikangas KR (2012) Lifetime co-morbidity of DSM-IV disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Psychol Med 42:1997\u20132010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291712000025","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1 10","key":"10263_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09480-8","volume":"10","author":"HR Kranzler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kranzler HR, Zhou H, Kember RL, Vickers Smith R, Justice AC, Damrauer S, Tsao PS, Klarin D, Baras A, Reid J, Overton J, Rader DJ, Cheng Z, Tate JP, Becker WC, Concato J, Xu K, Polimanti R, Zhao H, Gelernter J (2019) Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and use disorder in 274,424 individuals from multiple populations. Nat Commun 2019 10(1 10):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09480-8","journal-title":"Nat Commun 2019"},{"key":"10263_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/AJE\/KWF182","volume":"157","author":"V Lorant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lorant V, Deli\u00e8ge D, Eaton W, Robert A, Philippot P, Ansseau M (2003) Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 157:98\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/AJE\/KWF182","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10263_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000083164","volume":"74","author":"M Maj","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maj M (2005) The aftermath of the concept of psychiatric comorbidity. Psychother Psychosom 74:67\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000083164","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"10263_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.35946\/ARCR.V40.1.01","volume":"40","author":"KR McHugh","year":"2019","unstructured":"McHugh KR, Weiss RD (2019) Alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders. Alcohol Res 40:e1\u2013e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35946\/ARCR.V40.1.01","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10263_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01596-4","volume":"56","author":"X Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng X, Navoly G, Giannakopoulou O, Levey DF, Koller D et al (2024) Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of major depression aids locus discovery, fine mapping, gene prioritization and causal inference. Nat Genet 2024 56(2):222\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-023-01596-4","journal-title":"Nat Genet 2024"},{"key":"10263_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2021.1988","volume":"78","author":"BL Mitchell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mitchell BL, Thorp JG, Wu Y, Campos AI, Nyholt DR, Gordon SD, Whiteman DC, Olsen CM, Hickie IB, Martin NG, Medland SE, Wray NR, Byrne EM (2021) Polygenic risk scores derived from varying definitions of depression and risk of depression. JAMA Psychiatry 78:1152\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2021.1988","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112712","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYCHRES.2019.112712","volume":"285","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Vetrella AB, Preisig M, Castelao E, Lasserre A, Rodgers S, R\u00f6ssler W, Vetter S, Seifritz E, Vandeleur C (2020) Subtypes of alcohol use disorder in the general population: A latent class analysis. Psychiatry Res 285:112712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYCHRES.2019.112712","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10263_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murphy A, Schilder B, Skene N (2025) MungeSumstats: Standardise summary statistics from GWAS. R package version 1.16.0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18129\/B9.bioc.MungeSumstats","DOI":"10.18129\/B9.bioc.MungeSumstats"},{"key":"10263_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717003415","volume":"48","author":"LB Navrady","year":"2018","unstructured":"Navrady LB, Adams MJ, Chan SWY, Ritchie SJ, Mcintosh AM (2018) Genetic risk of major depressive disorder: the moderating and mediating effects of neuroticism and psychological resilience on clinical and self-reported depression. Psychol Med 48:1890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717003415","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10263_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5902","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001605","volume":"53","author":"J Nordgaard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nordgaard J, Nielsen KM, Rasmussen AR, Henriksen MG (2023) Psychiatric comorbidity: a concept in need of a theory. Psychol Med 53:5902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291723001605","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10263_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13010-019-0073-8","author":"AC De Palk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palk AC, Dalvie S, De Vries J, Martin AR, Stein DJ (2019) Potential use of clinical polygenic risk scores in psychiatry - ethical implications and communicating high polygenic risk. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13010-019-0073-8","journal-title":"Philos Ethics Humanit Med"},{"key":"10263_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/MP.2015.50","volume":"20","author":"WJ Peyrot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peyrot WJ, Lee SH, Milaneschi Y, Abdellaoui A, Byrne EM et al (2015) The association between lower educational attainment and depression owing to shared genetic effects? Results in ~\u200925,000 subjects. Mol Psychiatry 20:735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/MP.2015.50","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHPSYC.57.8.803","volume":"57","author":"CA Prescott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prescott CA, Aggen SH, Kendler KS (2000) Sex-specific genetic influences on the comorbidity of alcoholism and major depression in a population-based sample of US twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHPSYC.57.8.803","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100028","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JADR.2020.100028","volume":"2","author":"JA Rabinowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rabinowitz JA, Campos AI, Benjet C, Su J, Macias-Kauffer L, M\u00e9ndez E, Martinez-Levy GA, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Renter\u00eda ME (2020) Depression polygenic scores are associated with major depressive disorder diagnosis and depressive episode in Mexican adolescents. J Affect Disord Rep 2:100028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JADR.2020.100028","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"key":"10263_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60746-7","volume":"373","author":"J Rehm","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J (2009) Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 373:2223\u20132233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60746-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10263_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105313","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2023.105313","volume":"153","author":"M Ribas\u00e9s","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ribas\u00e9s M, Mitjans M, Hartman CA, Soler Artigas M, Demontis D, Larsson H, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Kuntsi J, Faraone SV, B\u00f8rglum AD, Reif A, Franke B, Cormand B (2023) Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 153:105313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2023.105313","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10263_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/S41380-019-0535-9","volume":"26","author":"DB Rosoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosoff DB, Clarke TK, Adams MJ, McIntosh AM, Davey Smith G, Jung J, Lohoff FW (2021) Educational attainment impacts drinking behaviors and risk for alcohol dependence: results from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study with ~\u2009780,000 participants. Mol Psychiatry 26:1119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41380-019-0535-9","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/S41588-022-01054-7","volume":"54","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan Y, Lin YF, Feng YCA, Chen CY, Lam M et al (2022) Improving polygenic prediction in ancestrally diverse populations. Nat Genet 54:573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41588-022-01054-7","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10263_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1176\/APPI.AJP.2018.18040369","volume":"176","author":"S Sanchez-Roige","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanchez-Roige S, Palmer AA, Fontanillas P, Elson SL, Adams MJ et al (2019) Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) in two population-based cohorts. Am J Psychiatry 176:107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/APPI.AJP.2018.18040369","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-43","volume":"8","author":"A Sanchez-Villegas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanchez-Villegas A, Schlatter J, Ortuno F, Lahortiga F, Pla J, Benito S, Martinez-Gonzalez MA (2008) Validity of a self-reported diagnosis of depression among participants in a cohort study using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). BMC Psychiatry 8:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-8-43","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2018.09.012","volume":"194","author":"JR Seeley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seeley JR, Farmer RF, Kosty DB, Gau JM (2019) Prevalence, incidence, recovery, and recurrence of alcohol use disorders from childhood to age 30. Drug Alcohol Depend 194:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2018.09.012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10263_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.308","volume":"29","author":"ST Sherry","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sherry ST, Ward MH, Kholodov M, Baker J, Phan L, Smigielski EM, Sirotkin K (2001) DbSNP: The NCBI database of genetic variation. Nucleic Acids Res 29:308\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/29.1.308","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10263_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32951","DOI":"10.1002\/AJMG.B.32951","volume":"195","author":"Y Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi Y, Sprooten E, Mulders P, Vrijsen J, Bralten J, Demontis D, B\u00f8rglum AD, Walters GB, Stefansson K, van Eijndhoven P, Tendolkar I, Franke B, Mota NR (2023) Multi-polygenic scores in psychiatry: From disorder specific to transdiagnostic perspectives. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 195:e32951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/AJMG.B.32951","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"10263_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AJHG.2011.10.004","volume":"89","author":"S Sivakumaran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sivakumaran S, Agakov F, Theodoratou E, Prendergast JG, Zgaga L, Manolio T, Rudan I, McKeigue P, Wilson JF, Campbell H (2011) Abundant pleiotropy in human complex diseases and traits. Am J Hum Genet 89:607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AJHG.2011.10.004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10263_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1600-0447.2011.01744.X","volume":"124","author":"SD \u00d8stergaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard SD, Jensen SOW, Bech P (2011) The heterogeneity of the depressive syndrome: when numbers get serious. Acta Psychiatr Scand 124:495\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1600-0447.2011.01744.X","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10263_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711624","DOI":"10.3389\/FGENE.2021.711624\/FULL","volume":"12","author":"NI Strom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strom NI, Grove J, Meier SM, B\u00e6kvad-Hansen M, Becker Nissen J, Damm Als T, Halvorsen M, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Mors O, B\u00f8rglum AD, Crowley JJ, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Mattheisen M (2021) Polygenic heterogeneity across obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups defined by a comorbid diagnosis. Front Genet 12:711624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FGENE.2021.711624\/FULL","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10263_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPPSYCH.2013.12.019","volume":"55","author":"AL Stuart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stuart AL, Pasco JA, Jacka FN, Brennan SL, Berk M, Williams LJ (2014) Comparison of self-report and structured clinical interview in the identification of depression. Compr Psychiatry 55:866\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPPSYCH.2013.12.019","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10263_CR14","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2023) Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP23-07-01-006, NSDUH Series H-58). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"},{"key":"10263_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1176\/APPI.AJP.157.10.1552","volume":"157","author":"PF Sullivan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS (2000) Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 157:1552\u20131562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/APPI.AJP.157.10.1552","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1 15","key":"10263_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03325-3","volume":"15","author":"F Tabrizi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tabrizi F, Ros\u00e9n J, Gr\u00f6nvall H, William-Olsson VR, Arner E, Magnusson PKE, Palm C, Larsson H, Viktorin A, Bernhardsson J, Bj\u00f6rkdahl J, Jansson B, Sundin \u00d6, Zhou X, Speed D, \u00c5hs F (2025) Heritability and polygenic load for comorbid anxiety and depression. Transl Psychiatry 2025 15(1 15):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03325-3","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry 2025"},{"key":"10263_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13722-017-0082-0\/TABLES\/3","volume":"12","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Lapham G, Chavez LJ, Lee AK, Williams EC, Richards JE, Greenberg D, Rubinsky A, Berger D, Hawkins EJ, Merrill JO, Bradley KA (2017) Comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorders in VA primary care patients with frequent heavy drinking enrolled in a trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract 12:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13722-017-0082-0\/TABLES\/3","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10263_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03286-7","volume":"15","author":"L Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang L, Tang R, Zheng J, Zhao P, Zhu R, Tang Y, Zhang X, Gong X, Wang F (2025) Dissecting biological heterogeneity in major depressive disorder based on neuroimaging subtypes with multi-omics data. Transl Psychiatry 15(1):72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03286-7","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry 2025"},{"key":"10263_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1037\/ABN0000280","volume":"126","author":"FA Torvik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torvik FA, Ystrom E, R\u00f8ysamb E, Czajkowski N, Knudsen GP, Rosenstr\u00f6m TH, Tambs K, Gillespie N, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (2017) Stability and change in Etiological factors for Alcohol use disorder and major depression. J Abnorm Psychol 126:812\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ABN0000280","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10263_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7302076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03057-9","volume":"30","author":"L Tozzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tozzi L, Zhang X, Pines A, Olmsted AM, Zhai ES, Anene ET, Chesnut M, Holt-Gosselin B, Chang S, Stetz PC, Ramirez CA, Hack LM, Korgaonkar MS, Wintermark M, Gotlib IH, Ma J, Williams LM (2024) Personalized brain circuit scores identify clinically distinct biotypes in depression and anxiety. Nat Med 2024 30:7302076\u20137302087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03057-9","journal-title":"Nat Med 2024"},{"key":"10263_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1370\/AFM.983","volume":"7","author":"JM Valderas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valderas JM, Starfield B, Sibbald B, Salisbury C, Roland M (2009) Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med 7:357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/AFM.983","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"10263_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/JSS.V045.I03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K (2011) mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Softw 45:1\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/JSS.V045.I03","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10263_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002165","volume":"45","author":"B Verhulst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verhulst B, Neale MC, Kendler KS (2015) The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Med 45:1061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291714002165","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10263_CR85","volume-title":"Symptoms of depression among adults: United States, 2019. NCHS Data Brief, no 379 Hyattsville","author":"MA Villarroel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villarroel MA, Terlizzi EP (2020) Symptoms of depression among adults: United States, 2019. NCHS Data Brief, no 379. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville"},{"key":"10263_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/S41593-018-0275-1","volume":"21","author":"RK Walters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walters RK, Polimanti R, Johnson EC, McClintick JN, Adams MJ et al (2018) Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 21:1656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41593-018-0275-1","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10263_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.XGEN.2023.100408","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kanai M, Tan T, Kamariza M, Tsuo K, Yuan K, Zhou W, Okada Y, Huang H, Turley P, Atkinson EG, Martin AR (2023) Polygenic prediction across populations is influenced by ancestry, genetic architecture, and methodology. Cell Genomics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.XGEN.2023.100408","journal-title":"Cell Genomics"},{"key":"10263_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247054702092484","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547020924844","volume":"4","author":"FR Wendt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Tylee DS, Goswami A, Polimanti R (2020) Heterogeneity and polygenicity in psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide perspective. Chronic Stress 4:2470547020924844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2470547020924844","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"issue":"5","key":"10263_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3","volume":"50","author":"NR Wray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM et al (2018) Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat Genet 2018 50(5):668\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3","journal-title":"Nat Genet 2018"},{"key":"10263_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/AJAD.12219","volume":"24","author":"G Yoon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoon G, Petrakis IL, Rosenheck RA (2015) Correlates of major depressive disorder with and without comorbid alcohol use disorder nationally in the veterans health administration. Am J Addict 24:419\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/AJAD.12219","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10263_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH19106227","volume":"19","author":"H Zare","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zare H, Meyerson NS, Nwankwo CA, Thorpe RJ (2022) How income and income inequality drive depressive symptoms in U.S. adults, does sex matter: 2005\u20132016. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:2005\u20132016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH19106227","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10263_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/S41593-020-0643-5","volume":"23","author":"H Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou H, Sealock JM, Sanchez-Roige S, Clarke TK, Levey DF, Cheng Z, Li B, Polimanti R, Kember RL, Smith RV, Thygesen JH, Morgan MY, Atkinson SR, Thursz MR, Nyegaard M, Mattheisen M, B\u00f8rglum AD, Johnson EC, Justice AC, Palmer AA, McQuillin A, Davis LK, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J (2020) Genome-wide meta-analysis of problematic alcohol use in 435,563 individuals yields insights into biology and relationships with other traits. Nat Neurosci 23:809\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41593-020-0643-5","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10263_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02653-5","volume":"29","author":"H Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou H, Kember RL, Deak JD, Xu H, Toikumo S et al (2023) Multi-ancestry study of the genetics of problematic alcohol use in over 1 million individuals. Nat Med 2023 29(12):3184\u20133192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02653-5","journal-title":"Nat Med 2023"},{"key":"10263_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01983-1","volume":"12","author":"T Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu T, Becquey C, Chen Y, Lejuez CW, Li CSR, Bi J (2022) Identifying alcohol misuse biotypes from neural connectivity markers and concurrent genetic associations. Transl Psychiatry 12:253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-01983-1","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Behavior Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-026-10263-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10519-026-10263-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10519-026-10263-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:48:28Z","timestamp":1777542508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10519-026-10263-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-026-10263-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-8244","1573-3297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"AEG is employed by and holds stock in BeOne. However, AEG has contributed in a personal capacity, not as a representative of BeOne; the contents within this manuscript in no way reflect the beliefs or opinions of BeOne Medicines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All individuals included in the Add Health study gave informed consent in the original study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"All studies included that involved human participants are in compliance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human and Animal Rights"}}]}}