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Using UK Biobank (UKB) spouse pairs (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200982,398), full siblings (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200916,273), and large unrelated samples from the UKB (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009333,491) and All of Us Research Program (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009228,875), we examined phenotypic and genetic assortment for eight behavioral, anthropometric, and socioeconomic traits. Spousal phenotypic correlations were substantial, particularly for educational attainment (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>spouse<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.45), drinks per week (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>spouse<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.42), smoking cessation (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>spouse<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.33), and BMI (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>spouse<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.26), and revealed two broad cross-trait clusters reflecting lifestyle and health\/socioeconomic profiles. Spousal polygenic score (PGS) correlations were smaller but robust, with the largest effects for educational attainment (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>spousePGS<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.16), height (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>spousePGS<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.08), and smoking initiation (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>spousePGS<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.06). Sibling PGS correlations exceeded the expected 0.50 for all traits except age at smoking initiation and cigarettes per day, indicating genetic assortment in the parental generation. Even-odd chromosome PGS correlations (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), measuring within-person cross-chromosome covariance induced by assortative mating, showed consistent genome-wide signatures of AM across cohorts, with\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.07 for educational attainment,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04 for height and smoking initiation, and smaller cross-trait\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                    values that mirrored phenotypic clustering. Birth\u2010year analyses revealed cohort-specific changes: in the UKB,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased only for smoking cessation (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01), whereas in All of Us we observed increasing\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                    across birth years for smoking cessation (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.014), smoking initiation (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.017), and educational attainment (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02). Educational attainment\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                    remained stable (~\u20090.07) across 1930\u20131970 UKB cohorts but rose from 0.04 in the 1930s to 0.09 by 2000 in All of Us. These findings indicate that genetic AM is pervasive, trait-specific, and, especially for education and some smoking behaviors, increasing across recent U.S. birth cohorts, with implications for how social and genetic variation becomes structured across generations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-026-10285-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:32:03Z","timestamp":1790487123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changing Patterns of Assortative Mating for Educational, Substance Use, and Anthropometric Traits"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5972-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen R. 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