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Ethical approval was not required for the use of these cells in our experiments, as they are de-identified and sourced from commercial vendors, thereby not involving direct identifiable human material or requiring informed consent. The research was conducted in accordance with internationally recognized ethical guidelines for the use of cell lines in scientific research. This study did not involve any human samples, animal experiments, or biological materials requiring ethical review. The MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line used in this study was commercially purchased from Shanghai ZhongqiaoXinzhou Company, a widely recognized bone biology cell line. According to the ethical guidelines of international scientific research and our institution\u2019s policies, using such commercialized, established cell lines for in vitro research does not require additional ethical review or approval. 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