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A comprehensive characterization of site-specific degraders at contaminated sites can help determine if in situ bioremediation processes are sufficient. This study aimed to identify differences in benzene and toluene degradation rates and the microbial communities enriched under aerobic conditions when different concentrations of Cd and Pb are introduced. Microcosms were used to study the degradation of 0.23\u00a0mM benzene or 0.19\u00a0mM toluene under various concentrations of Pb (up to 240\u00a0\u00b5M) and Cd (up to 440\u00a0\u00b5M). Soil collected from a stormwater retention basin receiving runoff from a large parking lot was utilized to seed the microcosms. The hydrocarbon degradation time and rates were measured. After further rounds of amendment and degradation of benzene and toluene, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR were used to ascertain the microbial communities enriched under the various concentrations of the heavy metals. The initial degradation time for toluene and benzene was 7 to 9\u00a0days and 10 to 13\u00a0days, respectively. Degradation rates were similar for each hydrocarbon despite the concentration and presence of metal co-contaminant, however, the enriched microbial communities under each condition differed. Microcosms without metal co-contaminant contained a diversity of putative benzene and toluene degrading bacteria. Cd strongly reduced the richness of the microbial communities. With higher levels of heavy metals, genera such as\n                    <jats:italic>Ralstonia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cupriavidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Azoarcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    became more dominant under various conditions. The study finds that highly efficient benzene- and toluene-degrading consortia can develop under variations of heavy metal co-contamination, but the consortia are dependent on the heavy metal type and concentrations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10532-023-10021-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T01:02:28Z","timestamp":1677286948000},"page":"357-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Lead or cadmium co-contamination alters benzene and toluene degrading bacterial communities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniko","family":"Konya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice A.","family":"Fiddler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Bunch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendra Z.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cade","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7695-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Krzmarzick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10021_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.061","volume":"563\u2013564","author":"AC Agnello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agnello AC, Bagard M, van Hullebusch ED, Esposito G, Huguenot D (2016) Comparative bioremediation of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons co-contaminated soil by natural attenuation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation and bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation. 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