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The surface characteristics of the alginate-EPS beads were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanisms of Pb removal was determined based on equilibrium and kinetic models. Packed-bed biosorption studies using Pb solutions (750\u00a0mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration) evaluated their efficacy for Pb uptake and removal, under the influence of initial pH of metal solution and the size of biosorbents. The reusability of the alginate-EPS beads was also tested by examining the column regeneration, exhaustion time and sorption\u2013desorption activities of the Pb-loaded beads. Results revealed that the alginate-EPS beads produced have uneven surface with various functional groups (hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl, phosphates) detected. Their Pb removal efficacy was highest in Pb solutions with pH 4, recording 51.52% Pb removal, followed by pH 6 (48.62%) and pH 8 (46.78%). For bead size, alginate-EPS beads measuring 3\u00a0mm diameter size was more efficient in Pb removal (51.52%), compared to 2\u00a0mm- (39.23%) and 5\u00a0mm-sized beads (28.52%). All alginate-EPS beads complied with the Langmuir isotherm (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.992) and pseudo-second order kinetic (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.995), suggesting monolayer adsorption is likely to have occurred on their homogenous surface. The alginate-EPS beads were successfully used for five adsorption cycles, with consistent Pb removal (41.40\u201350.59%). This study recommends the use of 3\u00a0mm bead size for Pb removal (pH 4 solutions) due to greater Pb removal (51.5%) and uptake (13.29\u00a0mg\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and reasonable exhaustion time (540\u00a0min). There is potential of applying alginate-EPS beads in packed-bed systems as a feasible and effective method for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10532-026-10280-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T13:08:31Z","timestamp":1773752911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Alginate-immobilized exopolymeric substances from bacteria for Lead (Pb) removal: biosorption and reusability studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8015-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeline Su Yien","family":"Ting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Hao","family":"Tiew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keang Peng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10280_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-019-0004-9","volume":"29","author":"EH Ablouh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ablouh EH, Hanani Z, Eladlani N, Rhazi M, Taourirte M (2019) Chitosan microspheres\/sodium alginate hybrid beads: an efficient green adsorbent for heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions. 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