{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:32:48Z","timestamp":1786980768601,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biometals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    While endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) can be harmful and contribute to morbidity and mortality with Gram-negative sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants, non-toxic amounts are produced as part of the neonatal microbiome and may be present in enteral nutrition and medications administered. The United States Food and Drug Administration has given guidance for endotoxin concentration limits for intravenous medications and fluids of 5 endotoxin units\/kg\/hour (120 endotoxin units\/kg\/day), but no guidance for amounts of endotoxin in enteral products. To determine baseline exposure to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, we examined endotoxin content of enteral formulas and fortification used for preterm infants, as well as bovine lactoferrin products. We also examined endotoxin exposure and outcomes in very low birth weight infants. Endotoxin content was measured using kinetic chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate analysis. Daily endotoxin exposure from enteral formulas ranged between\u2009&lt;\u200975 to 7110 endotoxin units\/kg and from lactoferrin products from 7 to 3720 endotoxin units\/kg. In examining neonatal outcomes from a bovine lactoferrin product studied at three different escalating doses\u00a0(100, 200, and 300 mg\/kg\/day), we measured endotoxin in the lactoferrin product and daily exposure was 1089 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910), 2178 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910) and 3287 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911) endotoxin units\/kg, respectively. There were no cases of necrotizing enterocolitis or mortality and no lactoferrin-related adverse effects\u00a0in these patients. Enteral endotoxin daily exposures from lactoferrin products are similar to amounts in preterm enteral nutrition and appear safe and not associated with patient harm. Testing enteral products and establishing safety limits may improve care of high risk patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00487-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T03:03:07Z","timestamp":1674788587000},"page":"703-708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Endotoxin content in neonatal formulas, fortification, and lactoferrin products: association with outcomes and guidance on acceptable limits"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patti H.","family":"Perks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel G.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"487_CR1","first-page":"129","volume":"26","author":"LV Allen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Allen LV (2022) Sterile basics of compounding: methods of sterilization and depyrogenation. 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RGG has received support from industry for research services unrelated to the content of this work (\n                      \n                      ). Other authors have no financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}