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The complexes were characterised by various spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray diffraction for compound\n                    <jats:bold>Pd2<\/jats:bold>\n                    . Kinetic reactivity of the complexes with the biologically relevant nucleophiles thiourea (\n                    <jats:bold>Tu<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), L-methionine (\n                    <jats:bold>L-Met<\/jats:bold>\n                    ) and guanosine 5\u2032-monophosphate sodium salt (\n                    <jats:bold>5\u2019-GMP<\/jats:bold>\n                    ) was in the order:\n                    <jats:bold>Pd1<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009\n                    <jats:bold>Pd2<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009\n                    <jats:bold>Pd3<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009\n                    <jats:bold>Pd4<\/jats:bold>\n                    , which was largely dependent on the electronic and ring size of the chelate ligands, consistent with Density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The interactions of the complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding titrations showed strong binding. Both the experimental and in silico data reveal CT-DNA intercalative binding mode.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-023-00507-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T11:10:48Z","timestamp":1684149048000},"page":"1109-1123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Electronic and ring size effects of N-heterocyclic carbenes on the kinetics of ligand substitution reactions and DNA\/protein interactions of their palladium(II) complexes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9858-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinner O.","family":"Omondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deogratius","family":"Jaganyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen O.","family":"Ojwach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"507_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2017.03.037","volume":"839","author":"S Akko\u00e7","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akko\u00e7 S, Kayser V, \u0130lhan \u0130\u00d6, Hibbs DE, G\u00f6k Y, Williams PA et al (2017) New compounds based on a benzimidazole nucleus: synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity against breast and colon cancer cell lines. 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