{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T21:37:25Z","timestamp":1773351445002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biometals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-025-00743-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T17:34:30Z","timestamp":1757957670000},"page":"1991-2018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of citrulline seed priming on growth, photosynthesis, redox equilibrium, secondary metabolic enzymes, metal sequestration and nutrient acquisition in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under chromium toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Umer","family":"Farooq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Arslan","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rizwan","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2017.1385867","volume":"12","author":"P Ahmad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmad P, Ahanger MA, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Egamberdieva D, Bhardwaj R, Ashraf M (2017) Zinc application mitigates the adverse effects of NaCl stress on mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss) through modulating compatible organic solutes, antioxidant enzymes, and flavonoid content. J Plant Interact 12(1):429\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17429145.2017.1385867","journal-title":"J Plant Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98753-8","volume":"11","author":"P Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad P, Raja V, Ashraf M, Wijaya L, Bajguz A, Alyemeni MN (2021) Jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) mitigated Cd toxicity in chickpea plants through restricted Cd uptake and oxidative stress management. Sci Rep 11(1):19768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-98753-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13001","volume":"168","author":"R Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad R, Ali S, Rizwan M, Dawood M, Farid M, Hussain A, Wijaya L, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P (2020) Hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium stress on cauliflower by restricting its uptake and enhancing antioxidative system. Physiol Plant 168(2):289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppl.13001","journal-title":"Physiol Plant"},{"issue":"6","key":"743_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061569","volume":"26","author":"N Akhtar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akhtar N, Ilyas N, Yasmin H, Sayyed R, Hasnain Z, Elsayed EA, El Enshasy HA (2021) Role of Bacillus cereus in improving the growth and phytoextractability of Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch in chromium-contaminated soil. Molecules 26(6):1569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26061569","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"743_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722498","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.722498","volume":"12","author":"W Akram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akram W, Khan WU, Shah AA, Yasin NA, Li G (2021) Liquiritoside alleviated Pb-induced stress in Brassica rapa subsp. parachinensis: modulations in glucosinolate content and some physiochemical attributes. Front Plant Sci 12:722498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.722498","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"743_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-021-03276-4","volume":"43","author":"P Alam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alam P, Balawi TH, Altalayan FH, Hatamleh AA, Ashraf M, Ahmad P (2021) Silicon attenuates the negative effects of chromium stress in tomato plants by modifying antioxidant enzyme activities, ascorbate\u2013glutathione cycle, and glyoxalase system. Acta Physiol Plant 43(7):110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11738-021-03276-4","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Plant"},{"key":"743_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.131920","volume":"424","author":"R Alam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alam R, Rasheed R, Ashraf MA, Hussain I, Ali S (2023) Allantoin alleviates chromium phytotoxic effects on wheat by regulating osmolyte accumulation, secondary metabolism, ROS homeostasis, and nutrient acquisition. J Hazard Mater 424:131920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.131920","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"743_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-021-03276-4","volume":"155","author":"S Alamri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alamri S, Ali HM, Khan MIR, Singh VP, Siddiqui MH (2020) Exogenous nitric oxide requires endogenous hydrogen sulfide to induce resilience through sulfur assimilation in tomato seedlings under hexavalent chromium toxicity. Plant Physiol Biochem 155:20\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11738-021-03276-4","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"743_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030338","volume":"12","author":"HF Alharby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alharby HF, Ali S (2022) Combined role of Fe nanoparticles (Fe NPs) and Staphylococcus aureus L. in the alleviation of chromium stress in rice plants. Life 12(3):338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12030338","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"743_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2020.07.011","volume":"322","author":"AA Al-Huqail","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Huqail AA, Ali HM, Kushwaha BK, Al-Huqail AA, Singh VP, Siddiqui MH (2020) Ascorbic acid is essential for inducing chromium (VI) toxicity tolerance in tomato roots. J Biotechnol 322:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2020.07.011","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"743_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2005.02.003","volume":"12","author":"S Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali S, Mir RA, Tyagi A, Manzar N, Kashyap AS, Mushtaq M, Raina A, Park S, Sharma S, Mir ZA (2023) Chromium toxicity in plants: signaling, mitigation, and future perspectives. Plants 12(7):1502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2005.02.003","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"9","key":"743_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2005.02.003","volume":"17","author":"J Allen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Allen J, Rae J (1986) Time sequence of metal pollution, Severn Estuary, Southwestern UK. Mar Pollut Bull 17(9):427\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2005.02.003","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"743_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.04.036","volume":"186","author":"V Antoniadis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antoniadis V, Shaheen SM, Boersch J, Frohne T, Du Laing G, Rinklebe J (2017) Bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in garden edible vegetables and soils around a highly contaminated former mining area in Germany. J Environ Manage 186:192\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.04.036","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"5","key":"743_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11378","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24776-x","volume":"30","author":"MO Asare","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asare MO, Sz\u00e1kov\u00e1 J, Tlusto\u0161 P (2023) The fate of secondary metabolites in plants growing on Cd-, As-, and Pb-contaminated soils\u2014a comprehensive review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(5):11378\u201311398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24776-x","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"37","key":"743_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28471-3","volume":"30","author":"MA Ashraf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashraf MA, Ibrahim SM, Rasheed R, Rizwan M, Hussain I, Ali S (2023a) Effect of seed priming by taurine on growth and chromium (Cr) uptake in canola (Brassica napus L.) under Cr stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(37):87851\u201387865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-28471-3","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"30","key":"743_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19066-5","volume":"29","author":"MA Ashraf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Hussain I, Iqbal M, Farooq MU, Saleem MH, Ali S (2022) Taurine modulates dynamics of oxidative defense, secondary metabolism, and nutrient relation to mitigate boron and chromium toxicity in Triticum aestivum L. plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(30):45527\u201345548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-19066-5","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"743_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-023-03583-y","volume":"45","author":"MA Ashraf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Hussain I, Shad MI, Nazim W (2023b) Taurine protected Trifolium alexandrinum L. plants from damages of individual and interactive effects of chromium and drought stress. Acta Physiol Plant 45(9):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11738-023-03583-y","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Plant"},{"issue":"7","key":"743_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2020.1854171","volume":"23","author":"MA Ashraf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Zafar S, Iqbal M, Saqib ZA (2021) Menadione sodium bisulfite neutralizes chromium phytotoxic effects in okra by regulating cytosolutes, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant system, and metal uptake. Int J Phytoremediation 23(7):736\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15226514.2020.1854171","journal-title":"Int J Phytoremediation"},{"issue":"6","key":"743_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13060913","volume":"13","author":"DM Asiminicesei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asiminicesei DM, Fer\u0163u DI, Gavrilescu M (2024) Impact of heavy metal pollution in the environment on the metabolic profile of medicinal plants and their therapeutic potential. Plants 13(6):913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13060913","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"743_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13221-0","author":"SH Askari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Askari SH, Ashraf MA, Ali S, Rizwan M, Rasheed R (2021) Menadione sodium bisulfite alleviated chromium effects on wheat by regulating oxidative defense, chromium speciation, and ion homeostasis. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-13221-0","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"743_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-024-05721-6","author":"M Aslanzadeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aslanzadeh M, Saboora A, Moradlou O (2024) Phytoremediation potential of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) for hexavalent chromium removal in synthetic wastewater: unveiling physiological response and defense mechanisms against excessive heavy metal uptake. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-024-05721-6","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7892154","volume":"3","author":"MI Atta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atta MI, Malik SA, Zehra SS, Sarwar S, Abbas SN, Kaleem M, Aimen S, Sammad A, Mumtaz A (2023) Evaluation of chromium toxicity on growth physiological activity, and yield potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants; an emphasis on phytoremediation. GU J Phytosci 3(2):135\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7892154","journal-title":"GU J Phytosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"743_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9620413","volume":"15","author":"H Barrs","year":"1962","unstructured":"Barrs H, Weatherley P (1962) A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. Aust J Biol Sci 15(3):413\u2013428","journal-title":"Aust J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"743_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51638","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25901-0","volume":"30","author":"F Basit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Basit F, Tao J, An J, Song X, Sheteiwy MS, Holford P, Hu J, Jo\u015bko I, Guan Y (2023) Nitric oxide and brassinosteroids enhance chromium stress tolerance in Glycine max L. (Merr.) by modulating antioxidative defense and glyoxalase systems. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(18):51638\u201351653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-25901-0","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"743_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","volume":"85","author":"L Bates","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bates L, Waldren R, Tease I (1973) Rapid determination of the proline for stress studies. Plant Soil 85:107\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00018060","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","volume":"44","author":"C Beauchamp","year":"1971","unstructured":"Beauchamp C, Fridovich I (1971) Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 44(1):276\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"743_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72(1\u20132):248\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"743_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(55)02300-8","author":"B Chance","year":"1955","unstructured":"Chance B, Maehly AC (1955) Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0076-6879(55)02300-8","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology Academic Press"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-022-10584-7","volume":"42","author":"S Choudhary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choudhary S, Wani KI, Naeem M, Khan MMA, Aftab T (2023) Cellular responses, osmotic adjustments, and role of osmolytes in providing salt stress resilience in higher plants: polyamines and nitric oxide crosstalk. J Plant Growth Regul 42(2):539\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00344-022-10584-7","journal-title":"J Plant Growth Regul"},{"issue":"5","key":"743_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20212","volume":"21","author":"LP Dai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dai LP, Xiong ZT, Huang Y, Li MJ (2006) Cadmium-induced changes in pigments, total phenolics, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in fronds of Azolla imbricata. Environ Toxicol 21(5):505\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.20212","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"743_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng T, Hu S, Huang XA, Song J, Xu Q, Wang Y, Liu F (2019) A novel strategy for colorimetric detection of hydroxyl radicals based on a modified Griess test. Talanta 195:152\u2013157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.11.044"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4838(92)90429-H","volume":"1120","author":"A Doderer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Doderer A, Kokkelink I, van der Veen S, Valk BE, Schram A, Douma AC (1992) Purification and characterization of two lipoxygenase isoenzymes from germinating barley. Biochim Biophys Acta 1120(1):97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-4838(92)90429-H","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"743_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.016","volume":"145","author":"M Farid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farid M, Ali S, Rizwan M, Ali Q, Abbas F, Bukhari SAH, Saeed R, Wu L (2017) Citric acid assisted phytoextraction of chromium by sunflower; morpho-physiological and biochemical alterations in plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 145:90\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"743_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050925","volume":"11","author":"M Fujita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fujita M, Hasanuzzaman M (2022) Approaches to enhancing antioxidant defense in plants. Antioxidants 11(5):925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11050925","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"18","key":"743_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad252","volume":"74","author":"G Garab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garab G, Magyar M, Sipka G, Lambrev PH (2023) New foundations for the physical mechanism of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence. Quantum efficiency versus the light-adapted state of photosystem II. J Exp Bot 74(18):5458\u20135471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erad252","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"743_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0269-8463.2001.00563.x","author":"E Garnier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garnier E, Shipley B, Roumet C, Laurent G (2001) A standardized protocol for the determination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. Funct Ecol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0269-8463.2001.00563.x","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020164","volume":"9","author":"V Gautam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gautam V, Sharma P, Bakshi P, Arora S, Bhardwaj R, Paray BA, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P (2020) Effect of Rhododendron arboreum leaf extract on the antioxidant defense system against chromium (VI) stress in Vigna radiata plants. Plants 9(2):164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants9020164","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"743_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.06.029","volume":"120","author":"RA Gill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gill RA, Zang L, Ali B, Farooq MA, Cui P, Yang S, Ali S, Zhou W (2015) Chromium-induced physio-chemical and ultrastructural changes in four cultivars of Brassica napus L. Chemosphere 120:154\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.06.029","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02374789","volume":"70","author":"C Grieve","year":"1983","unstructured":"Grieve C, Grattan S (1983) Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant Soil 70(2):303\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02374789","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"743_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.05.054","volume":"377","author":"P Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta P, Kumar V, Usmani Z, Rani R, Chandra A, Gupta VK (2019) A comparative evaluation towards the potential of Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. in plant growth promotion, oxidative stress tolerance and chromium uptake in Helianthus annuus (L.). J Hazard Mater 377:391\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.05.054","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"5","key":"743_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3970-2","volume":"26","author":"U Habiba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Habiba U, Ali S, Rizwan M, Ibrahim M, Hussain A, Shahid MR, Alamri SA, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P (2019) Alleviative role of exogenously applied mannitol in maize cultivars differing in chromium stress tolerance. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(5):5111\u20135121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-018-3970-2","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/00103628109367127","volume":"12","author":"AA Hafez","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hafez AA, Mikkelsen DS (1981) Colorimetric determination of nitrogen for evaluating the nutritional status of rice. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 12(1):61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00103628109367127","journal-title":"Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal"},{"key":"743_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51268-0","volume":"150","author":"PB Hamilton","year":"1943","unstructured":"Hamilton PB, Van Slyke DD, Lemish S (1943) The gasometric determination of free amino acids in blood filtrates by the ninhydrin-carbon dioxide method. J Biol Chem 150:231\u2013250","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"743_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.11.009","volume":"161","author":"N Handa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Handa N, Kohli SK, Sharma A, Thukral AK, Bhardwaj R, Abd Allah EF, Alqarawi AA, Ahmad P (2019) Selenium modulates dynamics of antioxidative defence expression, photosynthetic attributes and secondary metabolites to mitigate chromium toxicity in Brassica juncea L. plants. Environ Exp Bot 161:180\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.11.009","journal-title":"Environ Exp Bot"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1087-4","volume":"8","author":"N Handa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Handa N, Kohli SK, Thukral AK, Bhardwaj R, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Ahmad P (2018) Protective role of selenium against chromium stress involving metabolites and essential elements in Brassica juncea L. seedlings. 3 Biotech 8(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-018-1087-4","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"743_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816-011-0189-9","volume":"5","author":"M Hasanuzzaman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Fujita M (2011) Nitric oxide modulates antioxidant defense and the methylglyoxal detoxification system and reduces salinity-induced damage of wheat seedlings. Plant Biotechnol Rep 5:353\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11816-011-0189-9","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol Rep"},{"key":"743_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.02.021","volume":"126","author":"M Hasanuzzaman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MM, Bhuyan MB, Oku H, Fujita M (2018) Exogenous nitric oxide pretreatment protects Brassica napus L. seedlings from paraquat toxicity through the modulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Plant Physiol Biochem 126:173\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.02.021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"743_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01061","volume":"8","author":"M Hasanuzzaman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Anee TI, Fujita M (2017a) Exogenous silicon attenuates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Brassica napus L. by modulating AsA\u2013GSH pathway and glyoxalase system. Front Plant Sci 8:1061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2017.01061","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"743_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00115","volume":"8","author":"M Hasanuzzaman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Gill SS, Alharby HF, Razafindrabe BHN, Fujita M (2017b) Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment mitigates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Brassica napus L.: an intrinsic study on antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Front Plant Sci 8:115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2017.00115","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","volume":"125","author":"RL Heath","year":"1968","unstructured":"Heath RL, Packer L (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 125(1):189\u2013198","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"743_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-006-0009-1","volume":"50","author":"MZ Hossain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hossain MZ, Hossain MD, Fujita M (2006) Induction of pumpkin glutathione S-transferases by different stresses and its possible mechanisms. Biol Plant 50:210\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10535-006-0009-1","journal-title":"Biol Plant"},{"key":"743_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-006-0009-1","volume":"37","author":"A Hussain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussain A, Ali S, Rizwan M, Zia ur Rehman M, Hameed A, Hafeez F, Alamri SA, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L (2018) Role of zinc\u2013lysine on growth and chromium uptake in rice plants under Cr stress. J of Plant Growth Regulation 37:1413\u20131422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10535-006-0009-1","journal-title":"J of Plant Growth Regulation"},{"key":"743_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108433","volume":"207","author":"M Hussain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussain M, Hafeez A, Al-Huqail AA, Alsudays IM, Alghanem SMS, Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Rizwan M, Abeed AH (2024) Effect of hesperidin on growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant systems and uptake of cadmium, copper, chromium and zinc by Celosia argentea plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 207:108433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108433","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"743_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.12.145","volume":"220","author":"AAG Ibarra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ibarra AAG, Wr\u00f3bel K, Barrientos EY, Escobosa ARC, Corona JFG, Donis IE, Wr\u00f3bel K (2018) Impact of Cr(VI) on the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Helianthus annuus roots studied by metabolomic tools. Chemosphere 220:442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.12.145","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"743_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802274","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.802274","volume":"13","author":"M Ishfaq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishfaq M, Wang Y, Yan M, Wang Z, Wu L, Li C, Li X (2022) Physiological essence of magnesium in plants and its widespread deficiency in the farming system of China. Front Plant Sci 13:802274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.802274","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"743_CR56","volume-title":"Soil chemical analysis-advanced course Soil chemical analysis-advanced course","author":"M Jackson","year":"1969","unstructured":"Jackson M (1969) Soil chemical analysis-advanced course Soil chemical analysis-advanced course. U of Wi sconsin Press, Madison"},{"key":"743_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2021.100040","volume":"2","author":"SJ Jaghdani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaghdani SJ, Jahns P, Tr\u00e4nkner M (2021) The impact of magnesium deficiency on photosynthesis and photoprotection in Spinacia oleracea. Plant Stress 2:100040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stress.2021.100040","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"743_CR58","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Handbook of phycological methods, physiological and biochemical methods","author":"A Jensen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Jensen A (1978) Chlorophylls and carotenoids. Handbook of phycological methods, physiological and biochemical methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 59\u201370"},{"issue":"5","key":"743_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03696-4","volume":"98","author":"K Jomova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jomova K, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M (2024) Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants. Arch Toxicol 98(5):1323\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03696-4","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"9","key":"743_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2468-4","volume":"49","author":"V Joshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joshi V, Fernie AR (2017) Citrulline metabolism in plants. Amino Acids 49(9):1543\u20131559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-017-2468-4","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00062a013","volume":"33","author":"R Julkunen-Tiitto","year":"1985","unstructured":"Julkunen-Tiitto R (1985) Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern willows: methods for the analysis of certain phenolics. J Agric Food Chem 33(2):213\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf00062a013","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"743_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00682","volume":"6","author":"C Kaur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaur C, Kushwaha HR, Mustafiz A, Pareek A, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL (2015) Analysis of global gene expression profile of rice in response to methylglyoxal indicates its possible role as a stress signal molecule. Front Plant Sci 6:682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2015.00682","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"743_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-016-0260-1","volume":"21","author":"C Kaur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaur C, Sharma S, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK (2016) Methylglyoxal detoxification in plants: role of glyoxalase pathway. Indian J Plant Physiol 21(4):377\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40502-016-0260-1","journal-title":"Indian J Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"743_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12030502","volume":"12","author":"C Kaya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaya C, U\u011furlar F, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Moustakas M, Ahmad P (2023) 5-aminolevulinic acid induces chromium [Cr(VI)] tolerance in tomatoes by alleviating oxidative damage and protecting photosystem II: a mechanistic approach. Plants 12(3):502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12030502","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.30848\/PJB2020-2(24)","volume":"52","author":"N Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan N, Ali S, Zandi P, Mehmood A, Ullah S, Ikram M, Ismail MAS, Babar M (2020) Role of sugars, amino acids and organic acids in improving plant abiotic stress tolerance. Pak J Bot 52(2):355\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30848\/PJB2020-2(24)","journal-title":"Pak J Bot"},{"key":"743_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253414","DOI":"10.30848\/PJB2020-2(24)","volume":"2013","author":"S Kusvuran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kusvuran S, Dasgan HY, Abak K (2013) Citrulline is an important biochemical indicator in tolerance to saline and drought stresses in melon. Sci World J 2013:253414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30848\/PJB2020-2(24)","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"issue":"9","key":"743_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090787","volume":"11","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li S, Xie Y, Jiang S, Yang M, Lei H, Cui W, Wang F (2023a) Biochar decreases Cr toxicity and accumulation in sunflower grown in Cr(VI)-polluted soil. Toxics 11(9):787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11090787","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"743_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164246","volume":"888","author":"T Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li T, He Y, Wang J, Xiang H, Xu X, Li C, Wu Z (2023b) Bioreduction of hexavalent chromium via Bacillus subtilis SL-44 enhanced by humic acid: an effective strategy for detoxification and immobilization of chromium. Sci Total Environ 888:164246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164246","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"743_CR69","volume-title":"Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes In Methods Enzymol","author":"HK Lichtenthaler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lichtenthaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes In Methods Enzymol. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5439-x","volume":"23","author":"J Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma J, Lv C, Xu M, Chen G, Lv C, Gao Z (2016) Photosynthesis performance, antioxidant enzymes, and ultrastructural analyses of rice seedlings under chromium stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(2):1768\u20131778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-015-5439-x","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"743_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973740","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.973740","volume":"13","author":"J Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma J, Saleem MH, Yasin G, Mumtaz S, Qureshi FF, Ali B, Er\u010b\u0131\u015fl\u0131 S, Alhag SK, Ahmed AE, Vodnar DC, Hussain I, Marc RA, Chen F (2022) Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Front Plant Sci 13:973740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.973740","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"743_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magray JA, Sharma D, Deva MA, Thoker SA (2023) Phenolics: accumulation and role in plants grown under heavy metal stress. In: Plant Phenolics in Abiotic Stress Management, pp 321\u2013351","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-6426-8_15"},{"issue":"4","key":"743_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1997.11040841.x","volume":"11","author":"S Mita","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mita S, Murano N, Akaike M, Nakamura K (1997) Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with pleiotropic effects on the expression of the gene for \u03b2-amylase and on the accumulation of anthocyanin that are inducible by sugars. Plant J 11(4):841\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1997.11040841.x","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"743_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.04.035","volume":"152","author":"SM Mohsin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohsin SM, Hasanuzzaman M, Parvin K, Fujita M (2020) Pretreatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings with 2,4-D improves tolerance to salinity-induced oxidative stress and methylglyoxal toxicity by modulating ion homeostasis, antioxidant defenses, and glyoxalase systems. Plant Physiol Biochem 152:221\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.04.035","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"743_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.04.035","volume":"22","author":"MG Mostofa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mostofa MG, Fujita M (2013) Salicylic acid alleviates copper toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by up-regulating antioxidative and glyoxalase systems. Ecotoxicology 22:959\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.04.035","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"743_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.12.026","volume":"126","author":"K Nahar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M, Alam MM, Rahman A, Suzuki T, Fujita M (2016) Polyamine and nitric oxide crosstalk: antagonistic effects on cadmium toxicity in mung bean plants through upregulating the metal detoxification, antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 126:245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.12.026","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"743_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232","volume":"22","author":"Y Nakano","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nakano Y, Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 22(5):867\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"743_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(77)90413-4","volume":"79","author":"AS Nashef","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nashef AS, Osuga DT, Feeney RE (1977) Determination of hydrogen sulfide with 5,5\u2032-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), N-ethylmaleimide, and parachloromercuribenzoate. Anal Biochem 79(1\u20132):394\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(77)90413-4","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"743_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-03743-4","volume":"81","author":"A Nath","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nath A, Sharma A, Singh SK, Sundaram S (2024) Assessing the impact of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) at varied concentrations on Spirulina platensis for growth, metal sorption, and photosynthetic responses. Curr Microbiol 81(8):231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-024-03743-4","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"743_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.12.022","volume":"159","author":"R Naz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naz R, Sarfraz A, Anwar Z, Yasmin H, Nosheen A, Keyani R, Roberts TH (2021) Combined ability of salicylic acid and spermidine to mitigate the individual and interactive effects of drought and chromium stress in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 159:285\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.12.022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71980-7","volume":"153","author":"N Nelson","year":"1944","unstructured":"Nelson N (1944) A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. J Biol Chem 153(2):375\u2013380","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1422-9","volume":"11","author":"O Olkhovych","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olkhovych O, Volkogon M, Taran N, Batsmanova L, Kravchenko I (2016) The effect of copper and zinc nanoparticles on the growth parameters, contents of ascorbic acid, and qualitative composition of amino acids and acylcarnitines in Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae). Nanoscale Res Lett 11(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res Lett"},{"key":"743_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122061","volume":"388","author":"C Ozfidan-Konakci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozfidan-Konakci C, Yildiztugay E, Elbasan F, Kucukoduk M, Turkan I (2020) Hydrogen sulfide (H\u2082S) and nitric oxide (NO) alleviate cobalt toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by modulating photosynthesis, chloroplastic redox and antioxidant capacity. J Hazard Mater 388:122061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122061","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"743_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123292","volume":"344","author":"W Pang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pang W, Yao J, Knudsen T\u0160, Cao Y, Ma B, Li H, Li M, Liu B (2024) Degradation of typical flotation reagents using lead-zinc smelting slag as mediator for persulfate activation: effect of gallic acid and Cr (VI) on the removal performance and fate of reactive oxygen species. Environ Pollut 344:123292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123292","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-7560(75)80007-X","volume":"15","author":"M Pendharkar","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pendharkar M, Nair P (1975) Induction of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in gamma irradiated potatoes. Radiat Bot 15(2):191\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0033-7560(75)80007-X","journal-title":"Radiat Bot"},{"key":"743_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2023.112494","volume":"323","author":"C Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin C, Lian H, Alqahtani FM, Ahanger MA (2024) Chromium mediated damaging effects on growth, nitrogen metabolism and chlorophyll synthesis in tomato can be alleviated by foliar application of melatonin and jasmonic acid priming. Sci Hortic 323:112494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scienta.2023.112494","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"issue":"5","key":"743_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11051562","volume":"11","author":"J Qin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qin J, Jiang X, Qin J, Zhao H, Dai M, Liu H, Chen X (2023) Effects of lead pollution on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of different populations of Miscanthus floridulus. Processes 11(5):1562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr11051562","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"743_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137061","volume":"716","author":"FF Qureshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qureshi FF, Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Ali S, Hussain I, Ahmed A, Iqbal M (2020) Organic chelates decrease phytotoxic effects and enhance chromium uptake by regulating chromium-speciation in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). Sci Total Environ 716:137061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137061","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"11","key":"743_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110515","volume":"8","author":"BK Ram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ram BK, Han Y, Yang G, Ling Q, Dong F (2019) Effect of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] on phytoremediation potential and biochemical response of hybrid napier grass with and without EDTA application. Plants 8(11):515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants8110515","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"743_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.01.015","volume":"196","author":"M Ramzan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramzan M, Naz G, Parveen M, Jamil M, Gill S, Sharif HMA (2023a) Synthesis of phytostabilized zinc oxide nanoparticles and their effects on physiological and anti-oxidative responses of Zea mays (L.) under chromium stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 196:130\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.01.015","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"743_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.02.037","volume":"196","author":"M Ramzan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramzan M, Zia A, Naz G, Shahid M, Shah AA, Farid G (2023b) Effect of nanobiochar (nBC) on morpho-physio-biochemical responses of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in Cr-spiked soil. Plant Physiol Biochem 196:859\u2013867","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"743_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003346173","volume-title":"Biology and biotechnology of environmental stress tolerance in plants sustainable approaches for enhancing environmental stress tolerance","author":"A Roychoudhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roychoudhury A (2023) Biology and biotechnology of environmental stress tolerance in plants sustainable approaches for enhancing environmental stress tolerance. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"743_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-73678-1_5","volume-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and plant acclimation to abiotic stresses","author":"A Roychoudhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roychoudhury A, Chakraborty S (2021) Effect of hydrogen sulfide on osmotic adjustment of plants under different abiotic stresses. Hydrogen sulfide and plant acclimation to abiotic stresses. Springer, New York, pp 73\u201385"},{"key":"743_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutts S, Kinet J, Bouharmont J (1995) Changes in plant response to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. J Exp Bot 46(12):1843\u20131852","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/46.12.1843"},{"issue":"3","key":"743_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030706","volume":"13","author":"U Salam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salam U, Ullah S, Tang ZH, Elateeq AA, Khan Y, Khan J, Khan A, Ali S (2023) Plant metabolomics: an overview of the role of primary and secondary metabolites against different environmental stress factors. Life 13(3):706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13030706","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34944-0","volume":"8","author":"U Sarker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarker U, Oba S (2018) Catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes confer drought tolerance of Amaranthus tricolor. Sci Rep 8(1):16496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-34944-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"743_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994785","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.994785","volume":"13","author":"S Saud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saud S, Wang D, Fahad S, Javed T, Jaremko M, Abdelsalam NR, Ghareeb RY (2022) The impact of chromium ion stress on plant growth, developmental physiology, and molecular regulation. Front Plant Sci 13:994785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.994785","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-022-00983-w","volume":"23","author":"MI Shad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shad MI, Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Hussain I, Ali S (2023) Exogenous coumarin decreases phytotoxic effects of manganese by regulating ascorbate\u2013glutathione cycle and glyoxalase system to improve photosynthesis and nutrient acquisition in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 23(1):251\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42729-022-00983-w","journal-title":"J Soil Sci Plant Nutr"},{"key":"743_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2022.100281","volume":"7","author":"MR Shaibur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaibur MR (2023) Heavy metals in chrome-tanned shaving of the tannery industry are a potential hazard to the environment of Bangladesh. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 7:100281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscee.2022.100281","journal-title":"Case Stud Chem Environ Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s42977-023-00198-9","volume":"75","author":"J Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma J, Kumar S, Singh P, Kumar V, Verma S, Khyalia P, Sharma A (2024) Emerging role of osmoprotectant glycine betaine to mitigate heavy metals toxicity in plants: a systematic review. Biol Futura 75(2):159\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42977-023-00198-9","journal-title":"Biol Futura"},{"key":"743_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802512","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.802512","volume":"13","author":"P Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma P, Chouhan R, Bakshi P, Gandhi SG, Kaur R, Sharma A, Bhardwaj R (2022) Amelioration of chromium-induced oxidative stress by combined treatment of selected plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and earthworms via modulating the expression of genes related to reactive oxygen species metabolism in Brassica juncea. Front Microbiol 13:802512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.802512","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"743_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121049","volume":"320","author":"P Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma P, Singh SP, Tripathi RD, Tong YW (2023) Chromium toxicity and tolerance mechanisms in plants through cross-talk of secondary messengers: an overview of pathways and mechanisms. Environ Pollut 320:121049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121049","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"743_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.107767","volume":"200","author":"D Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh D, Sharma NL, Singh D, Siddiqui MH, Taunk J, Sarkar SK, Rathore A, Singh CK, Al-Amri AA, Alansi S (2023) Exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium toxicity by modulating chromium, nutrients and reactive oxygen species accumulation, and antioxidant defence system in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 200:107767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.107767","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"743_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13002","volume":"168","author":"S Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh S, Kumar V, Kapoor D, Kumar S, Singh S, Dhanjal DS, Datta S, Samuel J, Dey P, Wang S (2020) Revealing on hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide signals co-ordination for plant growth under stress conditions. Physiol Plant 168(2):301\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppl.13002","journal-title":"Physiol Plant"},{"key":"743_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35895-x","volume":"13","author":"AL Smythers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smythers AL, Crislip JR, Slone DR, Flinn B, Chaffins JE, Camp KA, McFeeley EW, Kolling DRJ (2023) Excess manganese increases photosynthetic activity via enhanced reducing center and antenna plasticity in Chlorella vulgaris. Sci Rep 13:35895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-35895-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"743_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/00103628509367607","volume":"16","author":"PN Soltanpour","year":"1985","unstructured":"Soltanpour PN (1985) Use of ammonium bicarbonate DTPA soil test to evaluate elemental availability and toxicity. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 16(3):323\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00103628509367607","journal-title":"Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal"},{"key":"743_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00512","volume":"11","author":"Q Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song Q, Joshi M, DiPiazza J, Joshi V (2020) Functional relevance of citrulline in the vegetative tissues of watermelon during abiotic stresses. Front Plant Sci 11:512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2020.00512","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"743_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094629","volume":"13","author":"D Srivastava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srivastava D, Tiwari M, Dutta P, Singh P, Chawda K, Kumari M, Chakrabarty D (2021) Chromium stress in plants: toxicity, tolerance and phytoremediation. Sustainability 13(9):4629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13094629","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"743_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00452","volume":"9","author":"S Tiwari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tiwari S, Lata C (2018) Heavy metal stress, signaling, and tolerance due to plant-associated microbes: an overview. Front Plant Sci 9:452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2018.00452","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"743_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.052","volume":"161","author":"S Tiwari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tiwari S, Patel A, Prasad SM (2018) Kinetin alleviates chromium toxicity on growth and PS II photochemistry in Nostoc muscorum by regulating antioxidant system. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 161:296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.052","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"743_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165726","author":"S Ullah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullah S, Liu Q, Wang S, Jan AU, Sharif HMA, Ditta A, Wang G, Cheng H (2023) Sources, impacts, factors affecting Cr uptake in plants, and mechanisms behind phytoremediation of Cr-contaminated soils. Sci Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165726","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(99)00197-1","volume":"151","author":"V Velikova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A (2000) Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci 151(1):59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-9452(99)00197-1","journal-title":"Plant Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"743_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030728","volume":"21","author":"A Wakeel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wakeel A, Xu M, Gan Y (2020) Chromium-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation by altering the enzymatic antioxidant system and associated cytotoxic, genotoxic, ultrastructural, and photosynthetic changes in plants. Int J Mol Sci 21(3):728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21030728","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-020-2273-1","volume":"20","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Ge C, Xu S, Wu Y, Sahito ZA, Ma L, Pan F, Zhou Q, Huang L, Feng Y, Yang X (2020) The endophytic bacterium SphingomonasSaMR12 alleviates Cd stress in oilseed rape through regulation of the GSH-AsA cycle and antioxidative enzymes. BMC Plant Biol 20(1):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12870-020-2273-1","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"743_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24372","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05701-1","volume":"26","author":"W Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang W, Meng M, Li L (2019) Arsenic detoxification in Eucalyptus: subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and sulfhydryl substances. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:24372\u201324379","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05701-1","volume":"18","author":"B Xiao-Juan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xiao-Juan B, Li-Juan L, Zhang Ch, Ying G, Cheng Wd (2011) Effect of H\u2082O\u2082 pretreatment on Cd tolerance of different rice cultivars. Rice Sci 18(1):29\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-05701-1","journal-title":"Rice Sci"},{"key":"743_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.107701","volume":"198","author":"Z Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Z, Pan J, Ullah N, Duan Y, Hao R, Li J, Huang Q, Xu L (2023) 5-aminolevulinic acid mitigates the chromium-induced changes in Helianthus annuus L. as revealed by plant defense system enhancement. Plant Physiol Biochem 198:107701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.107701","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"743_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.125.1.199","volume":"125","author":"Y Yamamoto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi Y, Matsumoto H (2001) Lipid peroxidation is an early symptom triggered by aluminum, but not the primary cause of elongation inhibition in pea roots. Plant Physiol 125(1):199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1104\/pp.125.1.199","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"743_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131204","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.113120","volume":"11","author":"G Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan G, Gao Y, Xue K, Qi Y, Fan Y, Tian X, Wang J, Zhao R, Zhang P, Liu Y (2023) Toxicity mechanisms and remediation strategies for chromium exposure in the environment. Front Environ Sci 11:1131204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2023.113120","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"743_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443711040261","volume":"58","author":"H Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang H, Shi G, Qiao X, Tian X (2011) Exogenous spermidine and spermine enhance cadmium tolerance of Potamogeton malaianus. Russ J Plant Physiol 58(4):622\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S1021443711040261","journal-title":"Russ J Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"743_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0570508","volume":"57","author":"E Yemm","year":"1954","unstructured":"Yemm E, Willis A (1954) The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone. Biochem J 57(3):508\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj0570508","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"4","key":"743_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2","volume":"64","author":"J Zhishen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W (1999) The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 64(4):555\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"422","key":"743_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri319","volume":"56","author":"B Zhou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhou B, Guo Z, Xing J, Huang B (2005) Nitric oxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant activities in Stylosanthes guianensis. J Exp Bot 56(422):3223\u20133228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/eri319","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"743_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01006","volume":"11","author":"O Zsiros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zsiros O, Nagy G, Patai R, Solymosi K, Gasser U, Polg\u00e1r TF, Garab G, Kov\u00e1cs L, H\u00f6rcsik ZT (2020) Similarities and differences in the effects of toxic concentrations of cadmium and chromium on the structure and functions of thylakoid membranes in Chlorella variabilis. Front Plant Sci 11:1006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2020.01006","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"743_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081624","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1081624","volume":"13","author":"U Zulfiqar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zulfiqar U, Haider FU, Ahmad M, Hussain S, Maqsood MF, Ishfaq M, Shahzad B, Waqas MM, Ali B, Tayyab MN (2023) Chromium toxicity, speciation, and remediation strategies in soil\u2013plant interface: a critical review. Front Plant Sci 13:1081624","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"}],"container-title":["BioMetals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10534-025-00743-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10534-025-00743-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10534-025-00743-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:09:50Z","timestamp":1765184990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10534-025-00743-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10534-025-00743-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-0844","1572-8773"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-0844","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8773","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}