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The basal ganglia, particularly the\n                    <jats:italic>globus pallidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , represent a hotspot for iron deposition, yet the precise structural forms and their implications remain incompletely understood. Here, a multimodal approach was applied combining Raman microspectroscopy, light microscopy, transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM\u2013EDX) to characterise iron-rich deposits in post-mortem human\n                    <jats:italic>globus pallidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Tissue samples from six individuals without neurological disease were examined. Perls\u2019 staining revealed iron-positive, spherical inclusions 10\u201320\u00a0\u00b5m in diameter. Raman spectroscopy revealed bands at 268\u2013278, 490, 526, and 603\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , as well as broader signals at 1259\u20131349\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , consistent with magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and ferritin-like structures. Additional vibrations in the 682\u20131532\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    range indicated interactions with organic matrices, such as protein or lipid components. SEM\u2013EDX identified both regular and irregular iron-rich particles with multielemental composition, including C, O, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Cr, and Ni, in addition to Fe. TEM examination showed the micrometre-sized particles of hematite and aggregation of ferrihydrite. These findings suggest that iron deposits in the\n                    <jats:italic>globus pallidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    comprise heterogeneous mixtures of oxides and hydroxides with variable crystallinity. Depending on their crystallinity and surface reactivity, such phases may represent a potential pool of redox-active iron; however, the present study did not assess markers of oxidative stress, and their physiological versus pathological significance remains to be established.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-026-00860-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:18:06Z","timestamp":1784783886000},"page":"2159-2175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal microscopic and spectroscopic characterisation of heterogeneous iron oxyhydroxides in the human globus pallidus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Kop\u00e1ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kosn\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavol","family":"Gemeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Hlinkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavol","family":"Janega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9976-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"P\u00e1nik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160tefan","family":"Pol\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chua-anusorn W, Webb J, J. 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