{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:50:12Z","timestamp":1785250212006,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed Microdevices"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-025-00755-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T09:57:13Z","timestamp":1749808633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chlorhexidine loaded nanomaterials for dental plaque control: enhanced antibacterial activity and biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aram","family":"Rostami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Molabashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Ganji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Parvaneh","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Koushki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Fathi-karkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kianoosh","family":"Ghaderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Shahgolzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jil.2024.100117","volume":"4","author":"A Abbaszadegan","year":"2024","unstructured":"A. Abbaszadegan, E. Tayebikhorami, A. Gholami et al., Synergistic bactericidal activity of chlorhexidine loaded on positively charged ionic liquid-protected silver nanoparticles as a root canal disinfectant against enterococcus faecalis: an ex vivo study. J. Ionic Liq. 4(2), 100117 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Ionic Liq."},{"issue":"5","key":"755_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050798","volume":"12","author":"HM Abbood","year":"2023","unstructured":"H.M. Abbood, K. Hijazi, I.M. Gould, Chlorhexidine resistance or cross-resistance, that is the question. Antibiotics 12(5), 798 (2023)","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR3","first-page":"31","volume":"1","author":"R Abdelmonem","year":"2024","unstructured":"R. Abdelmonem, M.K. Younis, D. Hussein et al., Tailoring of Sodium hypochlorite Lipid-free nanoemulsion: Ex-Vivo comparative study with chlorhexidine HCl nanoemulsion as an antibacterial root canal irrigant. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Manufacturing-Misr Univ. Sci. Technol. 1(1), 31\u201339 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Manufacturing-Misr Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR4","first-page":"75","volume":"6","author":"M Abid","year":"2025","unstructured":"M. Abid, R. Rauf, A. Siddiq et al., Comparison of the side effects of chlorhexidine and honey mouthwash among dental patients: A randomized controlled trial: side effects of chlorhexidine and honey. Pak. J. Health Sci. 6(1), 75\u201379 (2025)","journal-title":"Pak. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"755_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Ahuja, J. Sangeetha, A. Torvi et al., Chapter 13 - Microbes and agricultural waste: A safe resource for the production of bionanomaterials, in Agri-Waste and Microbes for Production of Sustainable Nanomaterials, eds. by K.A. Abd-Elsalam, R. Periakaruppan, S. Rajeshkumar (Elsevier, 2022) pp 301\u2013322","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823575-1.00015-9"},{"key":"755_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.05.069","volume":"566","author":"YN Albayaty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y.N. Albayaty, N. Thomas, M. Jambhrunkar et al., Enzyme responsive copolymer micelles enhance the anti-biofilm efficacy of the antiseptic chlorhexidine. Int. J. Pharm. 566, 329\u2013341 (2019)","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"755_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.125143","volume":"670","author":"E AldeenSalaymeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"E. AldeenSalaymeh, D. Steinberg, A. Abu Ammar, Chlorhexidine-loaded microneedles for treatment of oral diseases. Int. J. Pharm. 670, 125143 (2025)","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"9","key":"755_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091389","volume":"13","author":"SSM Al-Obaidy","year":"2021","unstructured":"S.S.M. Al-Obaidy, G.M. Greenway, V.N. Paunov, Enhanced antimicrobial action of chlorhexidine loaded in shellac nanoparticles with cationic surface functionality. Pharmaceutics 13(9), 1389 (2021)","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"755_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103453","volume":"101","author":"HC Araujo","year":"2020","unstructured":"H.C. Araujo, A.C.G. da Silva, L.I. Pai\u00e3o et al., Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects of a colloidal nanocarrier composed by chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine. J. Dent. 101, 103453 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"issue":"5","key":"755_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14050957","volume":"14","author":"J Bako","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Bako, F. Toth, J. Gall et al., Combined release of antiseptic and antibiotic drugs from visible light polymerized biodegradable nanocomposite hydrogels for periodontitis treatment. Pharmaceutics. 14(5), 957 (2022)","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics."},{"issue":"5","key":"755_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00088","volume":"3","author":"L Bardon\u030cov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"L. Bardon\u030cov\u00e1, K. Mamulov\u00e1Kutl\u00e1kov\u00e1, A. Kotzianov\u00e1 et al., Electrospinning of fibrous layers containing an antibacterial Chlorhexidine\/Kaolinite composite. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 3(5), 3028\u20133038 (2020)","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs4020081","volume":"4","author":"T Barot","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Barot, D. Rawtani, P. Kulkarni, Development of chlorhexidine loaded halloysite nanotube based experimental resin composite with enhanced physico-mechanical and biological properties for dental applications. J. Compos. Sci. 4(2), 81 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Compos. Sci."},{"issue":"25","key":"755_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20868","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00297","volume":"4","author":"R Ben-KnazWakshlak","year":"2019","unstructured":"R. Ben-KnazWakshlak, R. Pedahzur, D. Avnir, Antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine-killed bacteria: The zombie cell effect. ACS Omega 4(25), 20868\u201320872 (2019)","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"6","key":"755_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.03.004","volume":"35","author":"LCC Boaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"L.C.C. Boaro, L.M. Campos, G.H.C. Varca et al., Antibacterial resin-based composite containing chlorhexidine for dental applications. Dent. Mater. 35(6), 909\u2013918 (2019)","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"755_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8687","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08824","volume":"9","author":"CL Brito","year":"2024","unstructured":"C.L. Brito, J.V. Silva, R.V. Gonzaga et al., A review on carbon nanotubes family of nanomaterials and their health field. ACS Omega 9(8), 8687\u20138708 (2024)","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"5","key":"755_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.04.009","volume":"38","author":"X Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Cai, X. Wang, Chlorhexidine-loaded poly (amido amine) dendrimer and a dental adhesive containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanofillers for enhancing bonding durability. Dent. Mater. 38(5), 824\u2013834 (2022)","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"755_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Chaudhari, M. Chaudhari, S. Prasad, Preparation and evaluation of niosomal formulation for solubility enhancement of anti-fungal agent for the treatment of Oral Candidiasis. (2024)","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.0735.v1"},{"key":"755_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104625","volume":"121","author":"L Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. Chen, W. Chen, Y. Yu et al., Effect of chlorhexidine-loaded poly(amido amine) dendrimer on matrix metalloproteinase activities and remineralization in etched human dentin in vitro. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 121, 104625 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"755_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040280","volume":"13","author":"Z-J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z.-J. Chen, J.-C. Lv, Z.-G. Wang et al., Polycaprolactone electrospun nanofiber membrane with sustained chlorohexidine release capability against oral pathogens. J Funct. Biomater. 13(4), 280 (2022)","journal-title":"J Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"6","key":"755_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.2c00432","volume":"4","author":"L Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Cheng, Z. Xu, Y. Liu et al., 3D-Printed Drug-Loaded Composite Scaffolds to Promote Osteogenesis and Antibacterial Activity. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 4(6), 4476\u20134485 (2022)","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"755_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517154","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1517154","volume":"15","author":"Z Cui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Z. Cui, P. Wang, W. Gao, Microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis and peri-implantitis: pathogenesis, immune responses, and therapeutic. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 15, 1517154 (2025)","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"755_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091414","volume":"12","author":"LD de Carvalho","year":"2023","unstructured":"L.D. de Carvalho, B.U. Peres, Y. Shen et al., Chlorhexidine-Containing Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibers for Dental Applications: An In Vitro Study. Antibiotics. 12(9), 1414 (2023)","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"755_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.216298","volume":"523","author":"TD Doan","year":"2025","unstructured":"T.D. Doan, N.-N. Vu, T.L.G. Hoang et al., Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials for photocatalytic antibacterial applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 523, 216298 (2025)","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"755_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030589","volume":"12","author":"D-J Drews","year":"2023","unstructured":"D.-J. Drews, A.D. Nguyen, A. Diederich et al., The interaction of two widely used endodontic irrigants, chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite, and its impact on the disinfection protocol during root canal treatment. Antibiotics. 12(3), 589 (2023)","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"issue":"8","key":"755_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084547","volume":"25","author":"MA Esteso","year":"2024","unstructured":"M.A. Esteso, C.M. Romero, Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25(8), 4547 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361403","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2024.2361403","volume":"16","author":"L Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"L. Fang, Z. Yishuang, C. Long et al., Silica nanoparticles containing nano-silver and chlorhexidine to suppress Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm and modulate multispecies biofilms toward healthy tendency. J. Oral Microbiol. 16(1), 2361403 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"755_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Fayed, Nanoparticles in the battle against Candida auris biofilms: current advances and future prospects. Drug Deliv. Trans. Res. (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01749-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05035-6","volume":"24","author":"T Ghaffari","year":"2024","unstructured":"T. Ghaffari, P. Daneshfar, A. Mosayebzadeh et al., Inhibitory effects of chlorhexidine-loaded calcium carbonate nanoparticles against dental implant infections. BMC Oral Health 24(1), 1236 (2024)","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6405772","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6405772","volume":"2022","author":"A Gholami","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Gholami, K. Ghezelbash, B. Asheghi et al., An in vitro study on the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine-loaded positively charged silver nanoparticles on enterococcus faecalis. J. Nanomater. 2022(1), 6405772 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"issue":"03","key":"755_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs22163626","volume":"16","author":"SM Hasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"S.M. Hasan, A.F. Alhuwaizi, Antibiofilm and antimicrobial effectiveness of chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate nanoparticles as a coating for orthodontic miniscrews. Pak. J. Med. Health Sci. 16(03), 626\u2013626 (2022)","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"755_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9060452","volume":"9","author":"R Haseeb","year":"2016","unstructured":"R. Haseeb, M. Lau, M. Sheah et al., Synthesis and characterization of new chlorhexidine-containing nanoparticles for root canal disinfection. Materials 9(6), 452 (2016)","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"755_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112318","volume":"211","author":"D He","year":"2022","unstructured":"D. He, X. Zhang, X. Yao et al., In vitro and in vivo highly effective antibacterial activity of carbon dots-modified TiO2 nanorod arrays on titanium. Colloids Surf., B 211, 112318 (2022)","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"755_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117939","volume":"262","author":"LM Hemmingsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"L.M. Hemmingsen, B. Giordani, A.K. Pettersen et al., Liposomes-in-chitosan hydrogel boosts potential of chlorhexidine in biofilm eradication in vitro. Carbohyd. Polym. 262, 117939 (2021)","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"755_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106271","volume":"101","author":"S Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Hong, S.-J. Kim, J. Jung, Fabrication and evaluation of a biodegradable electrospun chip loaded with chlorhexidine for periodontal disease. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 101, 106271 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobab.2022.01.002","volume":"7","author":"T Huq","year":"2022","unstructured":"T. Huq, A. Khan, D. Brown et al., Sources, production and commercial applications of fungal chitosan: a review. J Bioresources Bioprod. 7(2), 85\u201398 (2022)","journal-title":"J Bioresources Bioprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2012.02.003","volume":"48","author":"S Imazato","year":"2012","unstructured":"S. Imazato, J.-H. Chen, S. Ma et al., Antibacterial resin monomers based on quaternary ammonium and their benefits in restorative dentistry. Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev. 48(2), 115\u2013125 (2012)","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"755_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092298","volume":"15","author":"N Ivanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"N. Ivanova, N. Ermenlieva, L. Simeonova et al., Chlorhexidine-silver nanoparticle conjugation leading to antimicrobial synergism but enhanced cytotoxicity. Pharmaceutics 15(9), 2298 (2023a)","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"755_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Ivanova, N. Ermenlieva, L. Simeonova et al., Chlorhexidine-silver nanoparticles conjugation leading to antimicrobial synergism but highly increased cytotoxicity. (2023b)","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.1493.v1"},{"issue":"15","key":"755_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17289","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c01748","volume":"13","author":"Y Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Ji, Z. Han, H. Ding et al., Enhanced eradication of bacterial\/fungi biofilms by glucose oxidase-modified magnetic nanoparticles as a potential treatment for persistent endodontic infections. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(15), 17289\u201317299 (2021)","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"755_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251309","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1251309","volume":"13","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Jiang, C. Yin, J. Mo et al., Recent progress in carbon dots for anti-pathogen applications in oral cavity. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 13, 1251309 (2023)","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"755_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-022-05518-z","volume":"24","author":"EE Khine","year":"2022","unstructured":"E.E. Khine, D. Koncz-Horvath, F. Kristaly et al., Synthesis and characterization of calcium oxide nanoparticles for CO2 capture. J Nanoparticle Res. 24(7), 139 (2022)","journal-title":"J Nanoparticle Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"755_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.03.005","volume":"39","author":"P Larissa","year":"2023","unstructured":"P. Larissa, B. Gambrill, R.D.P. de Carvalho et al., Development, characterization and antimicrobial activity of multilayer silica nanoparticles with chlorhexidine incorporated into dental composites. Dent. Mater. 39(5), 469\u2013477 (2023)","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"755_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379941","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2024.1379941","volume":"11","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Li, L. Qi, Z. Liu, Antimicrobial properties and bonding durability of pH-responsive dentin adhesives with chlorhexidine-load mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Front. Mater. 11, 1379941 (2024)","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"755_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Liang, Y. He, X. Chen, M. Wu, K. Li, Effect of different concentrations of chlorhexidineon anti-plaque in oral care practice: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Int J Dent Hyg. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/idh.12878","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12878"},{"issue":"33","key":"755_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43156","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c09536","volume":"16","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"C. Liu, C. Tian, J. Guo et al., Research progress of metal-organic frameworks as drug delivery systems. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(33), 43156\u201343170 (2024)","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"755_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S133846","volume":"12","author":"MM Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"M.M. Lu, Q.J. Wang, Z.M. Chang et al., Synergistic bactericidal activity of chlorhexidine-loaded, silver-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 12, 3577\u20133589 (2017)","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"755_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106467","volume":"104","author":"S Moayeri-Jolandan","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Moayeri-Jolandan, M. Ebrahimnia, M. Torshabi et al., Niosome-embedded in situ gels for root canal irrigation: preparation and optimization of a composite system for chlorhexidine delivery. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 104, 106467 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"755_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1039\/D4PM00032C","volume":"1","author":"SK Mondal","year":"2024","unstructured":"S.K. Mondal, S. Chakraborty, S. Manna et al., Antimicrobial nanoparticles: current landscape and future challenges. RSC Pharm. 1(3), 388\u2013402 (2024)","journal-title":"RSC Pharm."},{"issue":"12","key":"755_CR49","first-page":"050","volume":"14","author":"SU Mukthamath","year":"2024","unstructured":"S.U. Mukthamath, R. Raychaudhuri, M. Ballal et al., Novel nano-cubosomal chlorhexidine for endodontic irrigation: development, characterization, and performance evaluation against E. faecalis and streptococcal biofilms in human extracted teeth. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 14(12), 050\u2013059 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050464.70382.D6","volume":"31","author":"MS Niederman","year":"2003","unstructured":"M.S. Niederman, Appropriate use of antimicrobial agents: Challenges and strategies for improvement. Crit. Care Med. 31(2), 608\u2013616 (2003)","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"755_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124046","volume":"655","author":"VK Panthi","year":"2024","unstructured":"V.K. Panthi, K.E. Fairfull-Smith, N. Islam, Liposomal drug delivery strategies to eradicate bacterial biofilms: challenges, recent advances, and future perspectives. Int. J. Pharm. 655, 124046 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"755_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.01.046","volume":"117","author":"DR Perinelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"D.R. Perinelli, L. Fagioli, R. Campana et al., Chitosan-based nanosystems and their exploited antimicrobial activity. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 117, 8\u201320 (2018)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9020029","volume":"9","author":"G Quiram","year":"2018","unstructured":"G. Quiram, F. Montagner, K.L. Palmer et al., Novel chlorhexidine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for root canal treatment. J Funct. Biomater. 9(2), 29 (2018)","journal-title":"J Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"14","key":"755_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16006","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b22964","volume":"12","author":"JS Ribeiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"J.S. Ribeiro, E.A.F. Bordini, J.A. Ferreira et al., injectable mmp-responsive nanotube-modified gelatin hydrogel for dental infection ablation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(14), 16006\u201316017 (2020)","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"755_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102752","volume":"76","author":"L Rojo","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Rojo, L. Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.R. Aguilar et al., Antimicrobial polymeric biomaterials based on synthetic, nanotechnology, and biotechnological approaches. Curr Opin. Biotechnol. 76, 102752 (2022)","journal-title":"Curr Opin. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"755_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19287","volume":"9","author":"P Saha","year":"2023","unstructured":"P. Saha, M.R. Rafe, Cyclodextrin: a prospective nanocarrier for the delivery of antibacterial agents against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Heliyon 9(9), e19287 (2023)","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"755_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e912","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.912","volume":"10","author":"F Sarkisova","year":"2024","unstructured":"F. Sarkisova, Z. Morse, K. Lee et al., Oral irrigation devices: A scoping review. Clin. Exp. Dent. Res. 10(3), e912 (2024)","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"755_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1021\/acspolymersau.4c00049","volume":"4","author":"B Savdenbekova","year":"2024","unstructured":"B. Savdenbekova, A. Seidulayeva, A. Sailau et al., Investigation of Antibacterial Coatings Based on Chitosan\/Polyacrylic Acid\/Chlorhexidine for Orthopedic Implants. ACS Polymers Au 4(6), 498\u2013511 (2024)","journal-title":"ACS Polymers Au"},{"issue":"4","key":"755_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2022-0068","volume":"14","author":"AC Schoeffel","year":"2023","unstructured":"A.C. Schoeffel, F.S. Morikava, A.M. Urban et al., Characterization and antifungal activity of chlorhexidine: \u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Ther. Deliv. 14(4), 295\u2013309 (2023)","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"755_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6589","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S468848","volume":"19","author":"S Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Shi, W. Shi, B. Zhou et al., Research and application of chitosan nanoparticles in orthopedic infections. Int. J. Nanomed. 19, 6589\u20136602 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"19","key":"755_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12193372","volume":"12","author":"KS Shirur","year":"2022","unstructured":"K.S. Shirur, B.S. Padya, A. Pandey et al., Development of lipidic nanoplatform for intra-oral delivery of chlorhexidine: characterization, biocompatibility, and assessment of depth of penetration in extracted human teeth. Nanomaterials 12(19), 3372 (2022)","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-021-01912-5","volume":"27","author":"S Soltani","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Soltani, K. Akhbari, Cu-BTC metal\u2013organic framework as a biocompatible nanoporous carrier for chlorhexidine antibacterial agent. JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 27(1), 81\u201387 (2022)","journal-title":"JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"755_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S339046","volume":"17","author":"KP Steckiewicz","year":"2022","unstructured":"K.P. Steckiewicz, P. Cieci\u00f3rski, E. Barci\u0144ska et al., Silver nanoparticles as chlorhexidine and metronidazole drug delivery platforms: their potential use in treating periodontitis. Int. J. Nanomed. 17, 495\u2013517 (2022)","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"6","key":"755_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02600-0","volume":"24","author":"P Suriyaamporn","year":"2023","unstructured":"P. Suriyaamporn, N. Sahatsapan, P. Patrojanasophon et al., Optimization of in situ gel-forming chlorhexidine-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles using design of experiment for periodontitis. AAPS PharmSciTech 24(6), 161 (2023)","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.12.003","volume":"40","author":"ICG Timb\u00f3","year":"2024","unstructured":"I.C.G. Timb\u00f3, M.S.C.S. Oliveira, R.A. Lima et al., Microbiological, physicomechanical, and surface evaluation of an experimental self-curing acrylic resin containing halloysite nanotubes doped with chlorhexidine. Dent. Mater. 40(2), 348\u2013358 (2024)","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05398-0","volume":"28","author":"VM Tognetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"V.M. Tognetti, Ed.S. Toledo, T.M. Alves et al., Effect of two irrigating solutions on antimicrobial activity and clinical and radiographic success after endodontic treatment in primary teeth: a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Oral Investig. 28(1), 81 (2024)","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR67","first-page":"325","volume":"31","author":"I UlHaq","year":"2024","unstructured":"I. UlHaq, P.V. Rafael, L.W. Gustavo et al., Antimicrobial polymers: elucidating the role of functional groups on antimicrobial activity. Arab J. Basic Appl. Sci. 31(1), 325\u2013344 (2024)","journal-title":"Arab J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"755_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.11.006","volume":"40","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Wang, L. Fang, H. Zhou et al., Silica nanoparticles containing nano-silver and chlorhexidine respond to pH to suppress biofilm acids and modulate biofilms toward a non-cariogenic composition. Dent. Mater. 40(2), 179\u2013189 (2024)","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2024.11.004","volume":"51","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Wang, L. Fang, P. Wang et al., Antibacterial effects of silica nanoparticles loading nano-silver and chlorhexidine in root canals infected by enterococcus faecalis. J. Endod. 51(1), 54\u201363 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02862-x","volume":"23","author":"M Wassel","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Wassel, M. Radwan, R. Elghazawy, Direct and residual antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine gel, double antibiotic paste and chitosan- chlorhexidine nanoparticles as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in primary molars: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 23(1), 296 (2023)","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"755_CR71","first-page":"e79874","volume":"17","author":"S Zubair","year":"2025","unstructured":"S. Zubair, Targeted use of antimicrobials in periodontal therapy. Cureus. 17(3), e79874 (2025)","journal-title":"Cureus."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Microdevices"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10544-025-00755-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10544-025-00755-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10544-025-00755-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T16:03:08Z","timestamp":1751904188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10544-025-00755-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10544-025-00755-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2176","1572-8781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2176","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8781","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}