{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:02:12Z","timestamp":1783666932736,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-2232940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2232940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-2232940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2232940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed Microdevices"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Differentiation and detection of live and dead cells are critical for assessing cell viability in biomedical research, evaluating drug efficacy, and monitoring cytotoxicity in therapeutic applications. We present a microfluidic sensor that consists of two successive resistive pulse sensing channels. An excitation signal composed of a low-frequency AC (75\u00a0kHz) component and a DC bias was used to measure four key parameters. Through the AC measurement, differences in cell impedance causes variations in phase angle and voltage peak. From the DC measurement, cell size can be inferred from the resistive pulse magnitude, and the cell\u2019s zeta potential is represented by the transit time difference. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used to demonstrate the device\u2019s utility. A soft margin support vector machine (SVM) was applied to define the decision boundary based on analysis of the four parameters. For both cell types, live and dead cells formed distinct clusters, achieving maximum classification accuracies of up to 100%. Additionally, HUVECs treated with either ethanol or staurosporine (STS) were classified with accuracies up to 100%. Compared to previous microfluidic resistive pulse sensor (RPS), this approach can determine cell viability without the need for complex labeling or modifications. Unlike impedance cytometry, it does not require high-frequency measurements, significantly reducing hardware requirements and data processing complexity, while still providing multiparametric measurements of cells. These measurements allow the use of soft SVM to classify cell groups with higher accuracy than single-parameter differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-026-00797-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T04:43:21Z","timestamp":1770957801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In situ detection of dead cells from live cells via a DC plus low frequency AC resistive pulse sensor"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Parker","family":"Lybrook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Barna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ketchum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"797_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201017666160808160513","volume":"17","author":"A Adan","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Adan, Y. Kiraz, Y. Baran, Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 17, 1213 (2016)","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"797_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.68","volume":"32","author":"A Aldahmash","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Aldahmash, W. Zaher, M. Al-Nbaheen, M. Kassem, Ann. Saudi Med. 32, 68 (2012)","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"797_CR3","unstructured":"\u00d6.S. Aslant\u00fcrk, in Genotoxicity - A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World (2018)"},{"key":"797_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-013-0758-y","volume":"64","author":"C Ayala-Torres","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. Ayala-Torres, N. Hern\u00e1ndez, A. Galeano, L. Novoa-Aponte, C.Y. Soto, Ann. Microbiol. 64, 1189 (2014)","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"797_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.05.011","volume":"158","author":"B Behl","year":"2006","unstructured":"B. Behl, M. Klos, M. Serr, U. Ebert, B. Janson, K. Drescher, G. Gross, H. Schoemaker, J. Neurosci. Methods. 158, 37 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"797_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026546219962","volume":"3","author":"ET Bishop","year":"1999","unstructured":"E.T. Bishop, G.T. Bell, S. Bloor, I.J. Broom, N.F.K. Hendry, D.N. Wheatley, Angiogenesis. 3, 335 (1999)","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"797_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O.V. Bondar, D.V. Saifullina, I.I. Shakhmaeva, I.I. Mavlyutova, T.I. Abdullin, Acta Naturae 4, 78 (2012)","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2012-4-1-78-81"},{"key":"797_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Cadena-Herrera, J.E. Esparza-De Lara, N.D. Ram\u00edrez-Iba\u00f1ez, C.A. L\u00f3pez-Morales, N.O. P\u00e9rez, L.F. Flores-Ortiz, and E. Medina-Rivero, Biotechnology Reports 7, 9 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2015.04.004"},{"key":"797_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2023.11.008","volume":"26","author":"Y Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Cai, M. Prochazkova, Y.S. Kim, C. Jiang, J. Ma, L. Moses, K. Martin, V. Pham, N. Zhang, S.L. Highfill, R.P. Somerville, D.F. Stroncek, P. Jin, Cytotherapy. 26, 201 (2024)","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"797_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1684724","volume":"41","author":"RW DeBlois","year":"1970","unstructured":"R.W. DeBlois, C.P. Bean, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 909 (1970)","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"797_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111613","volume":"9","author":"H Drescher","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Drescher, S. Weiskirchen, R. Weiskirchen, Biomedicines. 9, 1613 (2021)","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"797_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14020283","volume":"14","author":"J Eades","year":"2023","unstructured":"J. Eades, J.F. Audiffred, M. Fincher, J.W. Choi, S.A. Soper, W.T. Monroe, Micromachines (Basel). 14, 283 (2023)","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"797_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Fajdiga, \u0160. Zemlji\u010d, T. Kokalj, J. Derganc, Anal. Chim. Acta 1355, 343894 (2025) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2025.343894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.343894"},{"key":"797_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00043B","volume":"25","author":"A Favakeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"A. Favakeh, A. Mokhtare, M.J. Asadi, J.C.M. Hwang, A. Abbaspourrad, Lab. Chip. 25, 1744 (2025)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"797_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1039\/b103933b","volume":"1","author":"S Gawad","year":"2001","unstructured":"S. Gawad, L. Schild, P. Renaud, Lab. Chip. 1, 76 (2001)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"797_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1039\/b313761a","volume":"4","author":"S Gawad","year":"2004","unstructured":"S. Gawad, K. Cheung, U. Seger, A. Bertsch, P. Renaud, Lab. Chip. 4, 241 (2004)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"797_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12827","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312827","volume":"22","author":"M Ghasemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Ghasemi, T. Turnbull, S. Sebastian, I. Kempson, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 12827 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"797_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001711","volume":"4","author":"J Giri","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Giri, J. Galipeau, Blood Adv. 4, 1987 (2020)","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"797_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6040085","volume":"6","author":"JL Gordon","year":"2018","unstructured":"J.L. Gordon, M.A. Brown, M.M. Reynolds, Diseases. 6, 85 (2018)","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"797_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01207D","volume":"16","author":"Y Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y. Han, H. Wu, G. Cheng, J. Zhe, Lab. Chip. 16, 773 (2016)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"797_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2303077120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303077120","volume":"120","author":"IA Hatton","year":"2023","unstructured":"I.A. Hatton, E.D. Galbraith, N.S.C. Merleau, T.P. Miettinen, B.M.D. Smith, J.A. Shander, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 120, e2303077120 (2023)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"797_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72508-3","volume":"10","author":"S Hattori","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Hattori, R. Sekido, I.W. Leong, M. Tsutsui, A. Arima, M. Tanaka, K. Yokota, T. Washio, T. Kawai, M. Okochi, Sci. Rep. 10, 15525 (2020)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"797_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Heidmann, and M. Di Berardino, in Plant Germline Development: Methods and Protocols, edited by A. SchmidtSpringer New York, New York, NY, (2017), pp. 339\u2013354","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7286-9_25"},{"key":"797_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28214-x","volume":"13","author":"C Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"C. Hu, S. He, Y.J. Lee, Y. He, E.M. Kong, H. Li, M.A. Anastasio, G. Popescu, Nat. Commun. 13, 713 (2022)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"797_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zyae003","DOI":"10.1093\/intbio\/zyae003","volume":"16","author":"MP Hughes","year":"2024","unstructured":"M.P. Hughes, Integr. Biology. 16, zyae003 (2024)","journal-title":"Integr. Biology"},{"key":"797_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/16\/8\/013","volume":"16","author":"AV Jagtiani","year":"2006","unstructured":"A.V. Jagtiani, R. Sawant, J. Zhe, J. Micromech. Microeng. 16, 1530 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"797_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.44","volume":"1","author":"S Kamiloglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Kamiloglu, G. Sari, T. Ozdal, E. Capanoglu, Food Front. 1, 332 (2020)","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"797_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kato, K. Suzuki, T. Kenjo, J. Kato, Y. Aoi, Y. Nakashimada, MBio 12, e0309421 (2021)","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03094-21"},{"key":"797_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009314551791","volume":"64","author":"NV Klassen","year":"1993","unstructured":"N.V. Klassen, P.R. Walker, C.K. Ross, J. Cygler, B. Lach, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 64, 571 (1993)","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"797_CR30","first-page":"100589","volume":"23","author":"M Kokabi","year":"2025","unstructured":"M. Kokabi, G.M. Rather, M. Javanmard, Biosens. Bioelectron. X. 23, 100589 (2025)","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"key":"797_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.14712\/fb2010056020066","volume":"56","author":"R Konopka","year":"2010","unstructured":"R. Konopka, M. H\u00fd\u017e\u010falov\u00e1, L. Kubala, J. Pachern\u00edk, Folia Biol. (Praha). 56, 66 (2010)","journal-title":"Folia Biol. (Praha)"},{"key":"797_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Kumar, A. Nagarajan, P.D. Uchil, Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018, (2018)","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.top096222"},{"key":"797_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcoa.2024.100185","volume":"6","author":"BH Lapizco-Encinas","year":"2024","unstructured":"B.H. Lapizco-Encinas, J. Chromatogr. Open. 6, 100185 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Open."},{"key":"797_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.07.008","volume":"12","author":"WM Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"W.M. Li, L.L. Zhou, M. Zheng, J. Fang, Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids. 12, 707 (2018)","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"797_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b02716","volume":"88","author":"F Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"F. Liu, P. Kc, G. Zhang, J. Zhe, Anal. Chem. 88, 711 (2016)","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"797_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.08.163","volume":"255","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Liu, Y. Qiang, O. Alvarez, E. Du, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 255, 2392 (2018)","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"797_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11030249","volume":"11","author":"N Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"N. Liu, M. Leng, T. Yue, L. Dong, Y. Liu, Y. Peng, H. Pu, S. Xie, J. Luo, Micromachines (Basel). 11, 249 (2020)","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"797_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010220","volume":"26","author":"E Madorran","year":"2025","unstructured":"E. Madorran, M. Ambro\u017e, J. Knez, M. Sobo\u010dan, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26, 220 (2025)","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"797_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.12.033","volume":"1101","author":"JS McGrath","year":"2020","unstructured":"J.S. McGrath, C. Honrado, J.H. Moore, S.J. Adair, W.B. Varhue, A. Salahi, V. Farmehini, B.J. Goudreau, S. Nagdas, E.M. Blais, T.W. Bauer, N.S. Swami, Anal. Chim. Acta. 1101, 90 (2020)","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"797_CR40","first-page":"938","volume":"10","author":"DJ Medina-Leyte","year":"2020","unstructured":"D.J. Medina-Leyte, M. Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez, I. Mercado, M.T. Villarreal-Molina, L. Jacobo-Albavera, Appl. Sci. (Switzerland). 10, 938 (2020)","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. (Switzerland)"},{"key":"797_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10080255","volume":"10","author":"R Mirzayans","year":"2018","unstructured":"R. Mirzayans, B. Andrais, D. Murray, Cancers (Basel). 10, 255 (2018)","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"797_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.06.053","volume":"19","author":"A Mogilner","year":"2009","unstructured":"A. Mogilner, K. Keren, Curr. Biol. 19, R762 (2009)","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"797_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0179065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179065","volume":"12","author":"T Mohr","year":"2017","unstructured":"T. Mohr, V. Haudek-Prinz, A. Slany, J. Grillari, M. Micksche, C. Gerner, PLoS One. 12, e0179065 (2017)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"797_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/1\/S10","volume":"40","author":"H Morgan","year":"2007","unstructured":"H. Morgan, T. Sun, D. Holmes, S. Gawad, N.G. Green, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40, 61 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"797_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5694-1","volume":"19","author":"VS Murali","year":"2019","unstructured":"V.S. Murali, B.J. Chang, R. Fiolka, G. Danuser, M.C. Cobanoglu, E.S. Welf, BMC Cancer. 19, 502 (2019)","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"797_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b02411","volume":"5","author":"L Ni","year":"2020","unstructured":"L. Ni, R. Shaik, R. Xu, G. Zhang, J. Zhe, ACS Sens. 5, 527 (2020)","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"797_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0182-2","volume":"11","author":"D Onat","year":"2011","unstructured":"D. Onat, D. Brillon, P.C. Colombo, A.M. Schmidt, Curr. Diab Rep. 11, 193 (2011)","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"797_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061519","volume":"10","author":"L Ouyang","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. Ouyang, R. Shaik, R. Xu, G. Zhang, J. Zhe, Cells. 10, 1519 (2021)","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"797_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-017-0056-3","volume":"19","author":"F Piccinini","year":"2017","unstructured":"F. Piccinini, A. Tesei, C. Arienti, A. Bevilacqua, Biol. Proced. Online. 19, 8 (2017)","journal-title":"Biol. Proced. Online"},{"key":"797_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.I. Pinto, C.A.Z. Bassetto, F. Bezanilla, Biophys. Rev. 14, 569 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-022-00943-9"},{"key":"797_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090768","volume":"13","author":"K P\u0142uciennik","year":"2024","unstructured":"K. P\u0142uciennik, P. Sici\u0144ska, W. Misztal, B. Bukowska, Cells. 13, 768 (2024)","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"797_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-025-01452-y","volume":"24","author":"BJ Samuel","year":"2025","unstructured":"B.J. Samuel, Z. Jin, D.S. Brauer, G. Matziolis, V. Horbert, Biomed. Eng. Online. 24, 112 (2025)","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"797_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.T. Seaton, M.L. Heien, Anal. Bioanal Chem. 413, 6689 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03640-w"},{"key":"797_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016197108","volume":"108","author":"H Shi","year":"2011","unstructured":"H. Shi, X. He, K. Wang, X. Wu, X. Ye, Q. Guo, W. Tan, Z. Qing, X. Yang, B. Zhou, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 108, 3900 (2011)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"797_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18902-x","volume":"11","author":"DC Spencer","year":"2020","unstructured":"D.C. Spencer, T.F. Paton, K.T. Mulroney, T.J.J. Inglis, J.M. Sutton, H. Morgan, Nat. Commun. 11, 5328 (2020)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"797_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57541-6","volume":"10","author":"J Sui","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Sui, F. Foflonker, D. Bhattacharya, M. Javanmard, Sci. Rep. 10, 1251 (2020)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"797_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/1\/S01","volume":"40","author":"T Sun","year":"2007","unstructured":"T. Sun, S. Gawad, N.G. Green, H. Morgan, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40, 1 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"797_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201200507","volume":"25","author":"J Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"J. Sun, Y. Kang, E.M. Boczko, X. Jiang, Electroanalysis. 25, 1023 (2013)","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"797_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-019-0528-4","volume":"19","author":"SY Teow","year":"2019","unstructured":"S.Y. Teow, K. Liew, M.F. Che Mat, M. Marzuki, N. Abdul Aziz, T.L. Chu, M. Ahmad, A.S.B. Khoo, BMC Biotechnol. 19, 34 (2019)","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"797_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-080-5_20","volume":"731","author":"J Van Meerloo","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. Van Meerloo, G.J.L. Kaspers, J. Cloos, Methods Mol. Biol. 731, 237 (2011)","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"797_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112716","volume":"218","author":"Z Varga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z. Varga, M. Madai, G. Kemenesi, T. Beke-Somfai, F. Jakab, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces. 218, 112716 (2022)","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"797_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00147","volume":"7","author":"A Vembadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"A. Vembadi, A. Menachery, M.A. Qasaimeh, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 7, 147 (2019)","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"797_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Xavier, P. Rosendahl, M. Herbig, M. Kr\u00e4ter, D. Spencer, M. Bornh\u00e4user, R.O.C. Oreffo, H. Morgan, J. Guck, O. Otto, Integr. Biology (United Kingdom) 8, 616 (2016)","DOI":"10.1039\/C5IB00304K"},{"key":"797_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Ye, X. Geng, Q. Kong, X. Li, T. Zhi, L. Zhang, M. Li, C. Huang, Y. Zhao, H. Zhao, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 449, 139191 (2026) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2025.139191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.139191"},{"key":"797_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06195-x","volume":"23","author":"R Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"R. Yuan, H. Xu, M. Wang, L. Guo, Y. Yao, X. Zhang, X. Wang, J. Transl Med. 23, 170 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Transl Med."},{"key":"797_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhou, D. Yang, Y. Zhou, B. L. Khoo, J. Han, and Y. Ai, Anal. Chem. 90, 912 (2018)","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03859"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Microdevices"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00797-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00797-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00797-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T11:02:56Z","timestamp":1774522976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00797-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00797-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2176","1572-8781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2176","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8781","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}