{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:03:23Z","timestamp":1789826603857,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed Microdevices"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-026-00852-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:36:03Z","timestamp":1789378563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microwell platform for single-cell applications and future integration with artificial intelligence (AI)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hoi Lam","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinh-Nguyen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"My Thi Tra","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc-Duy","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"852_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40764g","volume":"12","author":"JH Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"J.H. Choi et al., Micropatterning of neural stem cells and Purkinje neurons using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stencil. Lab. Chip. 12(23), 5045\u20135050 (2012)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"issue":"4","key":"852_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107574","volume":"31","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Zhou et al., Evaluation of Single-Cell Cytokine Secretion and Cell-Cell Interactions with a Hierarchical Loading Microwell Chip. Cell. Rep. 31(4), 107574 (2020)","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"852_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00133F","volume":"19","author":"SE Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"S.E. Kim, H. Kim, J. Doh, Single cell arrays of hematological cancer cells for assessment of lymphocyte cytotoxicity dynamics, serial killing, and extracellular molecules. Lab. Chip. 19(11), 2009\u20132018 (2019)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"852_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Abali et al., Measurement of the drug sensitivity of single prostate cancer cells. Cancers (Basel). 13(23) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13236083","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13236083"},{"issue":"5","key":"852_CR5","first-page":"1091","volume":"172","author":"X Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"X. Han et al., Mapping Mouse Cell. Atlas Microwell-Seq Cell. 172(5), 1091\u20131107e17 (2018)","journal-title":"Mapping Mouse Cell. Atlas Microwell-Seq Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"852_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2720","volume":"31","author":"J Gole","year":"2013","unstructured":"J. Gole et al., Massively parallel polymerase cloning and genome sequencing of single cells using nanoliter microwells. Nat. Biotechnol. 31(12), 1126\u20131132 (2013)","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"14","key":"852_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00304K","volume":"15","author":"JF Swennenhuis","year":"2015","unstructured":"J.F. Swennenhuis et al., Self-seeding microwell chip for the isolation and characterization of single cells. Lab. Chip. 15(14), 3039\u20133046 (2015)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"issue":"22","key":"852_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004056107","volume":"107","author":"DK Wood","year":"2010","unstructured":"D.K. Wood et al., Single cell trapping and DNA damage analysis using microwell arrays. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 107(22), 10008\u201310013 (2010)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"852_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4179","volume":"14","author":"TM Gierahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"T.M. Gierahn et al., Seq-Well: portable, low-cost RNA sequencing of single cells at high throughput. Nat. Methods. 14(4), 395\u2013398 (2017)","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"852_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0548-y","volume":"16","author":"S Vickovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. Vickovic et al., High-definition spatial transcriptomics for in situ tissue profiling. Nat. Methods. 16(10), 987\u2013990 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR11","first-page":"33883","volume":"6","author":"J Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Yuan, P.A. Sims, An Automated Microwell Platform for Large-Scale. Single Cell. RNA-Seq Scientific Rep. 6(1), 33883 (2016)","journal-title":"Single Cell. RNA-Seq Scientific Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2492","volume":"31","author":"BJ DeKosky","year":"2013","unstructured":"B.J. DeKosky et al., High-throughput sequencing of the paired human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain repertoire. Nat. Biotechnol. 31(2), 166\u2013169 (2013)","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"852_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Ansaryan et al., High-throughput spatiotemporal monitoring of single-cell secretions via plasmonic microwell arrays (Nat Biomed Eng, 2023)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01017-1"},{"issue":"24","key":"852_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10531","DOI":"10.1021\/ac302264q","volume":"84","author":"YJ Yamanaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Y.J. Yamanaka et al., Cellular barcodes for efficiently profiling single-cell secretory responses by microengraving. Anal. Chem. 84(24), 10531\u201310536 (2012)","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101276","volume":"4","author":"L Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"L. Huang et al., AI-aided high-throughput profiling of single-cell migration and proliferation on addressable dual-nested microwell arrays. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 4(2), 101276 (2023)","journal-title":"Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"852_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00478K","volume":"25","author":"P Deng","year":"2025","unstructured":"P. Deng et al., High-throughput single cell motility analysis using nanowell-in-microwells. Lab. Chip. 25(15), 3672\u20133681 (2025)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"issue":"11","key":"852_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1039\/b926849a","volume":"10","author":"Q Han","year":"2010","unstructured":"Q. Han et al., Multidimensional analysis of the frequencies and rates of cytokine secretion from single cells by quantitative microengraving. Lab. Chip. 10(11), 1391\u20131400 (2010)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"852_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114913","volume":"220","author":"R Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"R. Xie et al., Combinatorial perturbation sequencing on single cells using microwell-based droplet random pairing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 220, 114913 (2023)","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"10","key":"852_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ib20167d","volume":"4","author":"YJ Yamanaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Y.J. Yamanaka et al., Single-cell analysis of the dynamics and functional outcomes of interactions between human natural killer cells and target cells. Integr. Biol. (Camb). 4(10), 1175\u20131184 (2012)","journal-title":"Integr. Biol. (Camb)"},{"key":"852_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G.H. Lee et al., Deformable L-shaped microwell array for trapping pairs of heterogeneous cells. J. Micromech. Microeng. 25(3) (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0960-1317\/25\/3\/035005","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/25\/3\/035005"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2024.103558","volume":"6","author":"Z Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Z. Wei et al., Protocol for assessing immune-target cell interactions using a single-cell cytotoxicity assay. STAR. Protoc. 6(1), 103558 (2025)","journal-title":"STAR. Protoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2024-0467MA","volume":"73","author":"P Janssen","year":"2025","unstructured":"P. Janssen et al., Comparison of Droplet- and Microwell-based Methods to Analyze Cryopreserved Human BAL Cells by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Am. J. Respir Cell. Mol. Biol. 73(1), 16\u201325 (2025)","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"852_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Wang et al., Systematic Comparison of Droplet-Based and Microwell-Based Platforms for Comprehensive Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis in Clinical Samples. IET Nanobiotechnol, 2026,9314222","DOI":"10.1049\/nbt2\/9314222"},{"key":"852_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Ketpun et al., A potential application of triangular microwells to entrap single cancer cells: A canine cutaneous mast cell tumor model. Micromachines (Basel). 10(12) (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi10120841","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10120841"},{"issue":"17","key":"852_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0505977","volume":"77","author":"JR Rettig","year":"2005","unstructured":"J.R. Rettig, A. Folch, Large-Scale Single-Cell Trapping And Imaging Using Microwell Arrays. Anal. Chem. 77(17), 5628\u20135634 (2005)","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"852_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01369","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202501369","volume":"10","author":"P Deng","year":"2026","unstructured":"P. Deng et al., Regularized Single-Cell Imaging Enables Generalizable AI Models for Stain-Free Cell Viability Screening. Small Methods. 10(4), e01369 (2026)","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwae451","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwae451","volume":"12","author":"P Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"P. Zhang et al., A deep learning framework for in silico screening of anticancer drugs at the single-cell level. Natl. Sci. Rev. 12(2), nwae451 (2025)","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"852_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01197-7","volume":"54","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Li et al., Deep learning of cross-species single-cell landscapes identifies conserved regulatory programs underlying cell types. Nat. Genet. 54(11), 1711\u20131720 (2022)","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"24","key":"852_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12169","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03031","volume":"87","author":"L Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"L. Huang et al., Centrifugation-Assisted Single-Cell Trapping in a Truncated Cone-Shaped Microwell Array Chip for the Real-Time Observation of Cellular Apoptosis. Anal. Chem. 87(24), 12169\u201312176 (2015)","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"852_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1039\/b605937f","volume":"6","author":"D Di Carlo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Di D. Carlo, L.Y. Wu, L.P. Lee, Dynamic single cell culture array. Lab. Chip. 6(11), 1445\u20131449 (2006)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"issue":"3","key":"852_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031502","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0002866","volume":"14","author":"Q Luan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Q. Luan et al., Microfluidic systems for hydrodynamic trapping of cells and clusters. Biomicrofluidics. 14(3), 031502 (2020)","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"issue":"34","key":"852_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23891","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c06336","volume":"146","author":"AH Vu","year":"2024","unstructured":"A.H. Vu et al., Quantitative Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry Provides a Highly Resolved Analysis of Natural Product Biosynthesis Partitioning in Plants. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(34), 23891\u201323900 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"12","key":"852_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24660","volume":"101","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Yang et al., Implementing microwell slides for detection and isolation of single circulating tumor cells from complex cell suspensions. Cytometry Part. A 101(12), 1057\u20131067 (2022)","journal-title":"Cytometry Part. A"},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-018-2040-x","volume":"22","author":"N-T Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"N.-T. Huang, Y.-J. Hwong, R.L. Lai, A microfluidic microwell device for immunomagnetic single-cell trapping. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 22(2), 16 (2018)","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluid."},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-009-0503-9","volume":"8","author":"JY Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"J.Y. Park et al., Single cell trapping in larger microwells capable of supporting cell spreading and proliferation. Microfluid Nanofluidics. 8(2), 263\u2013268 (2010)","journal-title":"Microfluid Nanofluidics"},{"issue":"8","key":"852_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1039\/b603961h","volume":"6","author":"M Deutsch","year":"2006","unstructured":"M. Deutsch et al., A novel miniature cell retainer for correlative high-content analysis of individual untethered non-adherent cells. Lab. Chip. 6(8), 995\u20131000 (2006)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.11.062","volume":"482","author":"BJ van Meer","year":"2017","unstructured":"van B.J. Meer et al., Small molecule absorption by PDMS in the context of drug response bioassays. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 482(2), 323\u2013328 (2017)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"852_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Icha et al., Phototoxicity in live fluorescence microscopy, and how to avoid it. Bioessays. 39(8) (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.201700003","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201700003"},{"issue":"5","key":"852_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4826935","volume":"7","author":"M Tehranirokh","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. Tehranirokh et al., Microfluidic devices for cell cultivation and proliferation. Biomicrofluidics. 7(5), 51502 (2013)","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"852_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100603","volume":"19","author":"D Baptista","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Baptista et al., Polymer film-based microwell array platform for long-term culture and research of human bronchial organoids. Mater. Today Bio. 19, 100603 (2023)","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"issue":"14","key":"852_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20213h","volume":"11","author":"S Selimovi\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Selimovi\u0107 et al., Microfabricated polyester conical microwells for cell culture applications. Lab. Chip. 11(14), 2325\u20132332 (2011)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"852_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. ElGindi et al., Engineered microvessel for cell culture in simulated microgravity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22(12) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126331","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126331"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23591","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23591","volume":"6","author":"X Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"X. Huang et al., Monitoring the intracellular calcium response to a dynamic hypertonic environment. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 23591 (2016)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"852_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2011.0504","volume":"18","author":"AB Bernard","year":"2012","unstructured":"A.B. Bernard, C.C. Lin, K.S. Anseth, A microwell cell culture platform for the aggregation of pancreatic \u03b2-cells. Tissue Eng. Part. C Methods. 18(8), 583\u2013592 (2012)","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part. C Methods"},{"issue":"20","key":"852_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00628A","volume":"20","author":"A Desalvo","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. Desalvo et al., Time-resolved microwell cell-pairing array reveals multiple T cell activation profiles. Lab. Chip. 20(20), 3772\u20133783 (2020)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36902-5","volume":"14","author":"S Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Lin et al., Well-TEMP-seq as a microwell-based strategy for massively parallel profiling of single-cell temporal RNA dynamics. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 1272 (2023)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"852_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1210","volume":"24","author":"JC Love","year":"2006","unstructured":"J.C. Love et al., A microengraving method for rapid selection of single cells producing antigen-specific antibodies. Nat. Biotechnol. 24(6), 703\u2013707 (2006)","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"7057","key":"852_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03959","volume":"437","author":"M Margulies","year":"2005","unstructured":"M. Margulies et al., Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature. 437(7057), 376\u2013380 (2005)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"852_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2022.100256","volume":"2","author":"N Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"N. Sandstr\u00f6m et al., Miniaturized and multiplexed high-content screening of drug and immune sensitivity in a multichambered microwell chip. Cell. Rep. Methods. 2(7), 100256 (2022)","journal-title":"Cell. Rep. Methods"},{"key":"852_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113955","volume":"202","author":"Y-C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y.-C. Liu et al., Real-time monitoring of single-cell secretion with a high-throughput nanoplasmonic microarray. Biosens. Bioelectron. 202, 113955 (2022)","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-023-00642-z","volume":"10","author":"F Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"F. Ye et al., Fast and flexible profiling of chromatin accessibility and total RNA expression in single nuclei using Microwell-seq3. Cell. Discovery. 10(1), 33 (2024)","journal-title":"Cell. Discovery"},{"issue":"5","key":"852_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.40","volume":"4","author":"AO Ogunniyi","year":"2009","unstructured":"A.O. Ogunniyi et al., Screening individual hybridomas by microengraving to discover monoclonal antibodies. Nat. Protoc. 4(5), 767\u2013782 (2009)","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"852_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Verron et al., Isolation of individual natural killer cells from deep, high-aspect ratio microwell arrays - an evaluative study. bioRxiv, p. 2025.02.20.639369. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.02.20.639369","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.20.639369"},{"issue":"18","key":"852_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9866","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c00306","volume":"97","author":"Z Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Z. Yu et al., Effect of Cell-Cell Interaction on Single-Cell Behavior Revealed by a Deep Learning-Aided High-Throughput Addressable Single-Cell Coculture System. Anal. Chem. 97(18), 9866\u20139875 (2025)","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"852_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-024-00158-y","volume":"18","author":"D Moon","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. Moon et al., Deep Learning-Based Automated Analysis of NK Cell Cytotoxicity in Single Cancer Cell Arrays. Biochip J. 18(3), 453\u2013463 (2024)","journal-title":"Biochip J."},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-018-0567-9","volume":"10","author":"J Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Yuan et al., Single-cell transcriptome analysis of lineage diversity in high-grade glioma. Genome Med. 10(1), 57 (2018)","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"852_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/s44320-026-00212-x","volume":"22","author":"M Tolonen","year":"2026","unstructured":"M. Tolonen et al., Single-cell morphodynamics predict cell fate decisions during mucociliary epithelial differentiation. Mol. Syst. Biol. 22(7), 1040\u20131069 (2026)","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"852_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Le et al., Cell shapes decode molecular phenotypes in image-based spatial proteomics. Cell. Syst. 17(6) (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.05.13.653868","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.13.653868"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0792-2","volume":"35","author":"K Fousek","year":"2021","unstructured":"K. Fousek et al., CAR T-cells that target acute B-lineage leukemia irrespective of CD19 expression. Leukemia. 35(1), 75\u201389 (2021)","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"4","key":"852_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2022-0016","volume":"72","author":"M Fathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Fathi et al., Cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting a conserved SARS-CoV-2 spike epitope are efficient serial killers. Biotechniques. 72(4), 113\u2013120 (2022)","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061318-115055","volume":"12","author":"Z Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Z. Chen, J.J. Chen, R. Fan, Single-cell protein secretion detection and profiling. Annual Rev. Anal. Chem. 12(1), 431\u2013449 (2019)","journal-title":"Annual Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"852_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118588","volume":"195","author":"J Park","year":"2026","unstructured":"J. Park et al., Advances in single extracellular vesicle characterization and multiplexed profiling. TRAC Trends Anal. Chem. 195, 118588 (2026)","journal-title":"TRAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"852_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.7b00620","volume":"29","author":"H Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"H. Park, H. Kim, J. Doh, Multifunctional Microwell Arrays for Single Cell Level Functional Analysis of Lymphocytes. Bioconjug. Chem. 29(3), 672\u2013679 (2018)","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"852_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1966","volume":"15","author":"A Jin","year":"2009","unstructured":"A. Jin et al., A rapid and efficient single-cell manipulation method for screening antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells from human peripheral blood. Nat. Med. 15(9), 1088\u20131092 (2009)","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"852_CR65","unstructured":"Berkeley Lights. Technology- Optofluidic Technology is the Key to Faster Workflows and Deeper Data, 2023 20 July 2023]; Available from: https:\/\/www.berkeleylights.com\/technology\/"},{"key":"852_CR66","unstructured":"Cellply, Use of AI to automate the identification and characterization of diverse cells within a co-culture array. 2022 16 July 2023]; Available from: https:\/\/cellply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/CellPly_TN-002_AI.pdf"},{"key":"852_CR67","unstructured":"S. Cellply, r.l. Parallel screening of multiple Effector:Target (E:T) ratios for cell mediated cytotoxicity analysis. 2022 16 July 2023]; Available from: https:\/\/cellply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/CellPly_TN-003_Multi-ET.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"852_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","volume":"19","author":"G van Niel","year":"2018","unstructured":"van G. Niel, G. D\u2019Angelo, G. Raposo, Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19(4), 213\u2013228 (2018)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"issue":"27","key":"852_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600725","volume":"12","author":"YJ Chiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y.J. Chiu et al., A Single-Cell Assay for Time Lapse Studies of Exosome Secretion and Cell Behaviors. Small. 12(27), 3658\u20133666 (2016)","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-01092-1","volume":"11","author":"C Yamagata","year":"2025","unstructured":"C. Yamagata et al., Oil-sealed RGD-modified alginate hydrogel microwell array for analysis of single-cell-derived extracellular vesicles and particles. Microsystems Nanoengineering. 11(1), 238 (2025)","journal-title":"Microsystems Nanoengineering"},{"issue":"7","key":"852_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200341","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202200341","volume":"6","author":"K Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"K. Yin et al., Well-paired\u2010seq: a size\u2010exclusion and locally quasi\u2010static hydrodynamic microwell chip for single\u2010cell rna\u2010seq. Small Methods. 6(7), 2200341 (2022)","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16546-4","volume":"7","author":"H Hochgerner","year":"2017","unstructured":"H. Hochgerner et al., STRT-seq-2i: dual-index 5\u2019 single cell and nucleus RNA-seq on an addressable microwell array. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 16327 (2017)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"852_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200341","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202200341","volume":"6","author":"K Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"K. Yin et al., Well-Paired-Seq: A Size-Exclusion and Locally Quasi-Static Hydrodynamic Microwell Chip for Single-Cell RNA-Seq. Small Methods. 6(7), e2200341 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smtd.202200341","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"852_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.002","volume":"183","author":"D Kotliar","year":"2020","unstructured":"D. Kotliar et al., Single-Cell Profiling of Ebola Virus Disease In Vivo Reveals Viral and Host Dynamics. Cell. 183(5), 1383\u20131401e19 (2020)","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00333-7","volume":"7","author":"H Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Chen et al., High-throughput Microwell-seq 2.0 profiles massively multiplexed chemical perturbation. Cell. Discovery. 7(1), 107 (2021)","journal-title":"Cell. Discovery"},{"issue":"4","key":"852_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.09.015","volume":"53","author":"TK Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"T.K. Hughes et al., Second-Strand Synthesis-Based Massively Parallel scRNA-Seq Reveals Cellular States and Molecular Features of Human Inflammatory Skin Pathologies. Immunity. 53(4), 878\u2013894e7 (2020)","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76599-w","volume":"10","author":"Z Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z. Liu et al., Integrating single-cell RNA-seq and imaging with SCOPE-seq2. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 19482 (2020)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"852_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H.A. Segeren et al., Collection of cells for single-cell RNA sequencing using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. STAR. Protocols. 2(3) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100718"},{"key":"852_CR79","unstructured":"A. Basak et al., Single-Cell and Spatial Methods for Multimodal Functional Glycan Profiling in Tissues. bioRxiv ,707224(2026)"},{"issue":"25","key":"852_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.11.017","volume":"184","author":"S Raghavan","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Raghavan et al., Microenvironment drives cell state, plasticity, and drug response in pancreatic cancer. Cell. 184(25), 6119\u20136137e26 (2021)","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"19","key":"852_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.020","volume":"188","author":"X Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"X. Han et al., Modeling the vertebrate regulatory sequence landscape by UUATAC-seq and deep learning. Cell. 188(19), 5343\u20135362e29 (2025)","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"852_CR82","unstructured":"Singleron Biotechnologies. Core Technologies Overview, 2023 16 July 2023]; Available from: https:\/\/singleron.bio\/product\/detail-18.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"852_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01683-2","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Wang et al., A spatial transcriptome map of the developing maize ear. Nat. Plants. 10(5), 815\u2013827 (2024)","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"852_CR84","unstructured":"B.D. Biosciences, BD Rhapsody\u2122 HT Single-Cell Analysis System. 2023 16 July 2023]; Available from: https:\/\/www.bdbiosciences.com\/content\/dam\/bdb\/marketing-documents\/products-pdf-folder\/instruments\/ht-express\/BD-Rhapsody-HTSystem-Brochure.pdf"},{"issue":"6","key":"852_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-026-01957-1","volume":"28","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Z. Zhao et al., High-throughput generation of patient-derived cancer stem cells for precision medicine using a microwell-chip platform. Nat. Cell. Biol. 28(6), 1328\u20131342 (2026)","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"852_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc41224e","volume":"13","author":"ND Dinh","year":"2013","unstructured":"N.D. Dinh et al., Microfluidic construction of minimalistic neuronal co-cultures. Lab. Chip. 13(7), 1402\u20131412 (2013)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"852_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N.D. Dinh et al., Preparation of neuronal co-cultures with single cell precision. J. Vis. Exp. (87) (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/51389","DOI":"10.3791\/51389"},{"issue":"3","key":"852_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4983493","volume":"11","author":"R Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"R. Luo, N.D. Dinh, C.H. Chen, Fast-responsive hydrogel as an injectable pump for rapid on-demand fluidic flow control. Biomicrofluidics. 11(3), 034107 (2017)","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"issue":"47","key":"852_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7272","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201503434","volume":"25","author":"R Luo","year":"2015","unstructured":"R. Luo et al., Gradient Porous Elastic Hydrogels with Shape-Memory Property and Anisotropic Responses for Programmable Locomotion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(47), 7272\u20137279 (2015)","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"852_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N.D. Dinh et al., Effective light directed assembly of building blocks with microscale control. Small. 13(24) (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.201700684","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201700684"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00757-4","volume":"8","author":"H Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"H. Tan et al., Heterogeneous multi-compartmental hydrogel particles as synthetic cells for incompatible tandem reactions. Nat. Commun. 8(1), 663 (2017)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09345-0","volume":"10","author":"L Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"L. Liang et al., Upconversion amplification through dielectric superlensing modulation. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 1391 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"15","key":"852_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00296H","volume":"20","author":"ND Dinh","year":"2020","unstructured":"N.D. Dinh et al., Functional reservoir microcapsules generated via microfluidic fabrication for long-term cardiovascular therapeutics. Lab. Chip. 20(15), 2756\u20132764 (2020)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20284-z","volume":"12","author":"A Lashkaripour","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Lashkaripour et al., Machine learning enables design automation of microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generation. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 25 (2021)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44068-3","volume":"15","author":"A Lashkaripour","year":"2024","unstructured":"A. Lashkaripour et al., Design automation of microfluidic single and double emulsion droplets with machine learning. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 83 (2024)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"852_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468738","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1468738","volume":"12","author":"T Vanhoucke","year":"2024","unstructured":"T. Vanhoucke et al., Deep learning enabled label-free microfluidic droplet classification for single cell functional assays. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12, 1468738 (2024)","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11508-7","volume":"15","author":"M Khalghollah","year":"2025","unstructured":"M. Khalghollah et al., AI-CMCA: a deep learning-based segmentation framework for capillary microfluidic chip analysis. Sci. Rep. 15(1), 26415 (2025)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"39","key":"852_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45801","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c06253","volume":"10","author":"DN Nguyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"D.N. Nguyen, R. Kai-YuTong, N.D. Dinh, Autonomous Droplet Microfluidic Design Framework with Large Language Models. ACS Omega. 10(39), 45801\u201345814 (2025)","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"10","key":"852_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1039\/D5DD00306G","volume":"4","author":"D-N Nguyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"D.-N. Nguyen, R.K.-Y. Tong, N.-D. Dinh, DropMicroFluidAgents (DMFAs): autonomous droplet microfluidic research framework through large language model agents. Digit. Discovery. 4(10), 2827\u20132851 (2025)","journal-title":"Digit. Discovery"},{"key":"852_CR100","unstructured":"D.-N. Nguyen et al., Large Language Model Agents Enable Autonomous Design and Image Analysis of Microwell Microfluidics. arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.13883, 2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"852_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00908A","volume":"26","author":"S Damir","year":"2026","unstructured":"S. Damir et al., Autonomous microfluidic labs: progress and prospects. Lab. Chip. 26(5), 1014\u20131024 (2026)","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"852_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Vasina et al., CascadeMAP: Autonomous Closed-loop Optimization of Enzyme Cascades via Microfluidics, Machine Learning and Agentic AI. bioRxiv. (2026)","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.04.730034"},{"key":"852_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.-N. Nguyen et al., MicrowellMicrofluidicsMiner (M\u00b3): Leverage Large Language Model Agents for Knowledge Mining of Microwell Microfluidics. bioRxiv ,705953(2026)","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.14.705953"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Microdevices"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00852-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00852-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00852-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:03:09Z","timestamp":1789822989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00852-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10544-026-00852-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2176","1572-8781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2176","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8781","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"66"}}