{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:56:28Z","timestamp":1785488188500,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,12]],"date-time":"2008-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1215820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Inher Metab Disea"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study describes risk factors associated with language impairment in children with classic galactosaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010three 4\u201316\u2010year\u2010old participants with classic galactosaemia and a history of speech sound disorders completed a battery of cognitive and language measures and their parents completed a family history questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine of the sixteen (56%) participants with typical cognitive development and 15 of the 17 (88%) with borderline\u2010low cognitive development had language impairments. Participants with typical cognitive development more often had an expressive language disorder, whereas those with borderline\u2010low cognitive development more often had a mixed receptive\u2010expressive language disorder. Participants with Q188R\/Q188R genotypes had increased risk for both cognitive and language impairments. The IQs of younger siblings who did not consume milk postnatally were 10\u201356 points higher than the IQs of their older siblings with galactosaemia who had consumed milk postnatally. However, 4 of 5 younger siblings who were lactose\u2010restricted from birth had language impairments. Typically\u2010reported risk factors for language disorder, including parental history of speech\/learning problems and low parental education level, were not significantly associated with cognitive or language impairments in the present sample of children with galactosaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with galactosaemia and speech disorders have a 4\u20136 times greater risk for language impairment than children with early speech disorders of unknown origin. Early dietary lactose may increase the risk for cognitive and language impairments; however, the lack of significant associations of language impairment with days of milk consumption, and other familial and educational risk factors, is consistent with prenatal causation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-008-0877-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,21]],"date-time":"2008-07-21T18:09:10Z","timestamp":1216663750000},"page":"524-532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Correlates of language impairment in children with galactosaemia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"N. L.","family":"Potter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences Washington State University\u2010Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"},{"name":"PO Box 1495 Spokane WA 99210\u20131495 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u2010A. C.","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences Washington State University\u2010Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. D.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center, Doernbecher Children's Hospital Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. D.","family":"Shriberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waisman Center University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association.(2007)Childhood Apraxia of Speech[Technical Report]. 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