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Pre\u2010and postnatal choline availability is important for neurodevelopment in rodents. Choline is oxidized to betaine that serves as an osmoregulator and is a substrate in the betaine\u2013homocysteine methyltransferase reaction, which links choline and betaine to the folate\u2010dependent one\u2010carbon metabolism. Choline and betaine are important sources of one\u2010carbon units, in particular, during folate deficiency. Choline or betaine supplementation in humans reduces concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy), and plasma betaine is a strong predictor of plasma tHcy in individuals with low plasma concentration of folate and other B vitamins (B\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , B\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in combination TT genotype of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C\u2010&gt;T polymorphism. The link to one\u2010carbon metabolism and the recent availability of food composition data have motivated studies on choline and betaine as risk factors of chronic diseases previously studied in relation to folate and homocysteine status. High intake and plasma level of choline in the mother seems to afford reduced risk of neural tube defects. Intake of choline and betaine shows no consistent relation to cancer or cardiovascular risk or risk factors, whereas an unfavorable cardiovascular risk factor profile was associated with high choline and low betaine concentrations in plasma. Thus, choline and betaine showed opposite relations with key components of metabolic syndrome, suggesting a disruption of mitochondrial choline oxidation to betaine as part of the mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9088-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,5]],"date-time":"2010-05-05T07:02:49Z","timestamp":1273042969000},"page":"3-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":523,"title":["Choline and betaine in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Per Magne","family":"Ueland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine University of Bergen Bergen 5021 Norway"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Haukeland University Hospital Bergen 5021 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