{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:20:13Z","timestamp":1790709613508,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Inher Metab Disea"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pyrroline\u20105\u2010carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) catalyzes the last step in proline synthesis. Deficiency of PYCR1, caused by a defect in <jats:italic>PYCR1<\/jats:italic>, was recently described in patients with cutis laxa, intrauterine growth retardation, developmental dysplasia of the hips and mental retardation. In this paper, we describe additional six patients (ages ranging from 4 months to 55 years) from four Iranian families with clinical manifestations of a wrinkly skin disorder. All patients have distinct facial features comprising triangular face, loss of adipose tissue and thin pointed nose. Additional features are short stature, wrinkling over dorsum of hand and feet, visible veins over the chest and hyperextensible joints. Three of the patients from a large consanguineous family do not have mental retardation, while the remaining three patients from three unrelated families have mental and developmental delay. Mutation analysis revealed the presence of disease\u2010causing variants in <jats:italic>PYCR1<\/jats:italic>, including a novel deletion of the entire <jats:italic>PYCR1<\/jats:italic> gene in one family, and in each of the other patients the homozygous missense mutations c.616G\u2009&gt;\u2009A (p.Gly206Arg), c.89T\u2009&gt;\u2009A (p.Ile30Lys) and c.572G\u2009&gt;\u2009A (p.Gly191Glu) respectively, the latter two of which are novel. Light\u2010 and electron microscopy investigations of skin biopsies showed smaller and fragmented elastic fibres, abnormal morphology of the mitochondria and their cristae, and slightly abnormal collagen fibril diameters with irregular outline and variable size. In conclusion, this study adds information on the natural course of PYCR1 deficiency and sheds light on the pathophysiology of this disorder. However, the exact pathogenesis of this new disorder and the role of proline in the development of the clinical phenotype remain to be fully explained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-011-9319-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,12]],"date-time":"2011-04-12T10:37:46Z","timestamp":1302604666000},"page":"731-739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Defect in proline synthesis: pyrroline\u20105\u2010carboxylate reductase 1 deficiency leads to a complex clinical phenotype with collagen and elastin abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Kretz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolism, Kinderspital Zurich Pediatric Research Centre (PRC) Steinwiesstrasse 75 Zurich 8032 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bita","family":"Bozorgmehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kariminejad Najmabadi Pathology and Genetic Center 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