{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1791584322522,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019559","name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Topogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Quantitative EEG (qEEG) provides objective, millisecond-resolution measures of brain dynamics. Despite decades of methodological advances, clinically relevant derived indices\u2014spectral power ratios, cognitive-emotional state markers, and physiological parameters\u2014are typically reported as raw values without the normative context required for individualized clinical inference. To develop the first systematic age-dependent normative models for this family of derived qEEG indices using a multinational database, enabling probabilistic Z-score interpretation at the individual level with potential applications in objective therapeutic monitoring. Normative modeling was applied to the HarMNqEEG database (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,564 neurologically healthy participants, ages 5\u201397, 9 countries, eyes-closed resting state). Electrode-level Spectral Normalization (ESN) removed inter-individual and inter-device amplitude variability while preserving the neurophysiological interpretability of each index. Age-dependent normative trajectories were estimated using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) with P-splines on log(age), allowing conditional mean and variance to vary non-linearly across the lifespan. GAMLSS modeling revealed significant non-linear age-dependent trajectories for all indices. Slow-wave-dominated ratios showed steep decreases from childhood to early adulthood, consistent with cortical maturation; alpha-dominated indices increased during adolescence before stabilizing. ESN normalization yielded well-calibrated normative residuals across the full age range for all indices, except Valence. For the Valence index, a quantile regression model is provided as the recommended normative reference due to its spike-and-slab marginal distribution. These normative models provide a principled, age-adjusted probabilistic framework for individual-level qEEG interpretation, based on eyes closed resting state recordings, laying the methodological groundwork for future clinical validation in diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring applications. The ESN strategy requires no knowledge of recording equipment, ensuring broad applicability across clinical and research settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-026-01240-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T07:25:11Z","timestamp":1785482711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Back to the Future of qEEG: Lifespan Normative Modeling of Spectral Ratios and Functional Indices with Potential Applications to Therapeutic Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7168-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Bosch-Bayard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Guerrero-Sauzameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. I.","family":"Bosch-Bayard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Elvira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bosch-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Resendiz-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ferrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Ferrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gal\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Valdes-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. A.","family":"Chiarenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Biscay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Morales-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12895","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12895","volume":"55","author":"JJB Allen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allen JJB, Coan JA, Nazarian M (2018) The role of frontal EEG asymmetry in emotion. Psychophysiology 55(1):e12895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12895","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1240_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712460087","volume":"17","author":"M Arns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arns M, Conners CK, Kraemer HC (2013) A decade of EEG theta\/beta ratio research in ADHD: A meta-analysis. J Atten Disord 17(5):374\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054712460087","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"1240_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.09.010","volume":"129","author":"RJ Barry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barry RJ, De Blasio FM (2017) EEG differences between eyes-closed and eyes-open resting remain in healthy ageing. Biol Psychol 129:293\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.09.010","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1240_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.07.028","volume":"118","author":"RJ Barry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ, Magee CA, Rushby JA (2007) EEG differences between eyes-closed and eyes-open resting conditions. Clin Neurophysiol 118(12):2765\u20132773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.07.028","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1240_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y","volume":"604","author":"RAI Bethlehem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR et al (2022) Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 604:525\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"1240_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26796","volume":"3","author":"MH Bonnet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonnet MH, Arand DL (2007) EEG arousal norms by age. J Clin Sleep Med 3(3):271\u2013274","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1240_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.003","volume":"44","author":"G Borghini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borghini G, Astolfi L, Vecchiato G, Mattia D, Babiloni F (2014) Measuring neurophysiological signals in aircraft pilots and car drivers for the assessment of mental workload, fatigue and drowsiness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 44:58\u201375","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1240_CR8","first-page":"47","volume":"32","author":"J Bosch-Bayard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bosch-Bayard J, Vald\u00e9s-Sosa P et al (2001) 3D statistical parametric mapping of EEG source spectra by means of VARETA. Clin EEG 32(2):47\u201361","journal-title":"Clin EEG"},{"key":"1240_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555119","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.555119","volume":"14","author":"J Bosch-Bayard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bosch-Bayard J, Vald\u00e9s-Sosa P, Virues-Alba T et al (2020) Resting state healthy EEG: The first wave of the Cuban normative database. Front NeuroSci 14:555119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.555119","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"key":"1240_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2026.106346","volume":"150","author":"J Bosch-Bayard","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bosch-Bayard J, Guerrero-Sauzameda J, Navarrete-Torres L, Bosch-Bayard R, Chiarenza GA, Aguilar-Fabre L, Rodr\u00edguez-Vald\u00e9s R (2026) Kinestesia: A neuroplasticity-based cognitive-motor intervention for brain health in aging\u2014proof-of-concept pilot evidence. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 150:106346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2026.106346","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"1240_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2023.12.002","volume":"9","author":"J Claassen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Claassen J, Velazquez A, Megjhani M et al (2024) Quantitative electroencephalography to assess post-stroke recovery. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 9:12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnp.2023.12.002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1240_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/10874200903543963","volume":"14","author":"TF Collura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collura TF, Guan J, Tarrant J, Bailey J, Starr F (2010) EEG biofeedback case studies using live Z-score training and a normative database. J Neurotherapy 14(1):22\u201346","journal-title":"J Neurotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1240_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/026999398379628","volume":"12","author":"RJ Davidson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davidson RJ (1998) Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cogn Emot 12(3):307\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/026999398379628","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"1240_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donoghue T, Haller M, Peterson EJ, Varma P, Sebastian P, Gao R, Noto T, Lara AH, Wallis JD, Knight RT, Shestyuk A, Voytek B. Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic and aperiodic components. Nat Neurosci. 2020 Dec;23(12):1655-1665. doi: 10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x"},{"issue":"24","key":"1240_CR14","first-page":"10740510","volume":"23","author":"SH Fairclough","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fairclough SH, Ewing K, Burns C (2024) EEG-based classification of mental workload during arithmetic tasks. Sensors 23(24):10740510","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"1240_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941104200209","volume":"42","author":"LC Fonseca","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fonseca LC, Tedrus GMAS, Letro GH, Bossoni AS (2011) EEG theta and alpha reactivity on opening the eyes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Clin EEG Neurosci 42(2):93\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/155005941104200209","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"1240_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcia Reyes R, Areces Gonzalez A, Wang Y, Jin Y, Yasir S, Bringas-Vega ML, Valdes-Sosa M, Luo C, Xu P, Jirsa V, Yao D, Minati L, Valdes-Sosa PA. Lifespan development of EEG alpha and aperiodic component sources is shaped by the connectome and axonal delays. Natl Sci Rev. 2026 Feb 6;13(7):nwag076. doi: 10.1093\/nsr\/nwag076. PMID: 42040156; PMCID: PMC13105192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwag076","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag076"},{"issue":"1","key":"1240_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0224-7","volume":"262","author":"U Hegerl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hegerl U, Sander C, Ulke C, B\u00f6ttger D (2012) Brain arousal regulation in ADHD, depressive disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin NeuroSci 262(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-011-0224-7","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin NeuroSci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1240_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3364499","volume":"28","author":"S Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu S, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wu X, Vald\u00e9s-Sosa PA (2024) \u03be-\u03c0: a nonparametric model for neural power spectra decomposition. IEEE J Biomed Health Inf 28(5):2624\u20132635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3364499","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inf"},{"key":"1240_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu S, Ruan J, Vald\u00e9s-Sosa PA, Lv Z (2025a) How do the resting EEG preprocessing states affect the outcomes of postprocessing? NeuroImage 310:121122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121122"},{"key":"1240_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559067","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1559067","volume":"17","author":"S Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu S, Xiang X, Huang X, Lu Y, Zhang X, Yao D, Vald\u00e9s-Sosa PA (2025b) Lifespan brain age prediction based on multiple EEG oscillatory features and sparse group lasso. Front Aging Neurosci 17:1559067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1559067","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1240_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu S, Sheng X, Hu Y, Ruan F, Hou J, Lv Z, Vald\u00e9s-Sosa PA (2026) GCAF-Net: Geometry-Informed Cross-Attention Fusion Graph Neural Network for EEG-Based Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. Proc IEEE Int Conf Acoust Speech Signal Process (ICASSP) 8132\u20138136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP55912.2026.11460877","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP55912.2026.11460877"},{"key":"1240_CR23","unstructured":"John ER (1977) Neurometrics: Clinical Applications of Quantitative Electrophysiology. Erlbaum"},{"issue":"4836","key":"1240_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3336779","volume":"239","author":"ER John","year":"1988","unstructured":"John ER, Prichep LS, Fridman J, Easton P (1988) Neurometrics: Computer-assisted differential diagnosis of brain dysfunctions. Science 239(4836):162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.3336779","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1240_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3","volume":"29","author":"W Klimesch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klimesch W (1999) EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Res Rev 29(2\u20133):169\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1240_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766781","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.766781","volume":"15","author":"J Ko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko J, Kassam-Adams N, Collins M et al (2021) Quantitative electroencephalogram standardization: A sex- and age-differentiated normative database. Front NeuroSci 15:766781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.766781","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1240_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1070","volume":"16","author":"T Koenig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koenig T, Prichep L, Lehmann D et al (2002) Millisecond by millisecond, year by year: Normative EEG microstates and developmental stages. NeuroImage 16(1):41\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.2002.1070","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1240_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koenker R (2005) Quantile Regression. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511754098","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754098"},{"key":"1240_CR29","volume-title":"Quantitative EEG, Event-Related Potentials and Neurotherapy","author":"JD Kropotov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kropotov JD (2009) Quantitative EEG, Event-Related Potentials and Neurotherapy. Academic, San Diego"},{"key":"1240_CR30","volume-title":"Functional Neuromarkers for Psychiatry: Applications for Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"JD Kropotov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kropotov JD (2016) Functional Neuromarkers for Psychiatry: Applications for Diagnosis and Treatment. Academic, San Diego"},{"issue":"3","key":"1240_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90025-3","volume":"67","author":"D Lehmann","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lehmann D, Ozaki H, Pal I (1987) EEG alpha map series: Brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 67(3):271\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90025-3","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1240_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li M, Wang Y, L\u00f3pez-Naranjo C et al (2022) Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119190. NeuroImage 256:119190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119190"},{"issue":"7","key":"1240_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.023","volume":"80","author":"AF Marquand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marquand AF, Rezek I, Buitelaar J, Beckmann CF (2016) Understanding heterogeneity in clinical cohorts using normative models. Biol Psychiatry 80(7):552\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1240_CR34","unstructured":"Matou\u0161ek M, Petersen I (1973) Frequency analysis of the EEG in normal children and adolescents. In: Kellaway P, Petersen I (eds) Automation of Clinical Electroencephalography. Raven"},{"key":"1240_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michel CM, Koenig T (2018) EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: A review. NeuroImage 180(Pt B 577\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062"},{"key":"1240_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00325","volume":"13","author":"CM Michel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michel CM, Murray MM, Lantz G et al (2019) EEG source imaging: A practical review of the analysis steps. Front NeuroSci 13:325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00325","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"key":"1240_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35316-9","volume":"16","author":"A Mlinar\u010di\u010d","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mlinar\u010di\u010d A, Pavlin T, Georgiev D et al (2026) Resting-state EEG discriminates Alzheimer\u2019s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and healthy controls. Sci Rep 16:4903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-35316-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1240_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.041","volume":"198","author":"G Ogrim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogrim G, Kropotov J, Hestad K (2012) The quantitative EEG theta\/beta ratio in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and normal controls. Psychiatry Res 198(3):482\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.041","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1240_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12270","volume":"24","author":"S Olbrich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olbrich S, Mulert C, Karch S et al (2015) EEG vigilance and the need for sleep. J Sleep Res 24(4):420\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12270","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1240_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.002","volume":"28","author":"J Onton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Onton J, Delorme A, Makeig S (2005) Information-based modeling of event-related brain dynamics during a working memory task using independent component analysis. NeuroImage 28(2):326\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"Suppl D","key":"1240_CR40","first-page":"5","volume":"24","author":"PRD Pascual-Marqui","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pascual-Marqui P RD (2002) Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): Technical details. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 24(Suppl D):5\u201312","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1240_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/00207458808985730","volume":"40","author":"RD Pascual-Marqui","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pascual-Marqui RD, Vald\u00e9s-Sosa PA, Alvarez-Amador A (1988) A parametric model for multichannel EEG spectra. Int J Neurosci 40(1\u20132):89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00207458808985730","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1240_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","volume":"72","author":"F Perrin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Perrin F, Pernier J, Bertrand O, Echallier JF (1989) Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 72(2):184\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1240_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","volume":"110","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH (1999) Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles. Clin Neurophysiol 110(11):1842\u20131857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1240_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05116-3","volume":"40","author":"AT Pope","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pope AT, Bogart EH, Bartolome DS (1995) Biocybernetic system evaluates indices of operator engagement in automated task. Biol Psychol 40(1\u20132):187\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05116-3","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1240_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940503600206","volume":"36","author":"LS Prichep","year":"2005","unstructured":"Prichep LS (2005) Use of normative databases and statistical methods in demonstrating clinical utility of QEEG. Clin EEG Neurosci 36(2):82\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/155005940503600206","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1240_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25333","volume":"42","author":"R Rajkumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajkumar R, Ripp I, Kramer D et al (2021) Comparison of EEG microstates with resting state fMRI and FDG-PET measures. Hum Brain Mapp 42(9):2959\u20132975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25333","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"1240_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2005.00510.x","volume":"54","author":"RA Rigby","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rigby RA, Stasinopoulos DM (2005) Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape. J Royal Stat Soc Ser C 54(3):507\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2005.00510.x","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc Ser C"},{"key":"1240_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00017","volume":"8","author":"EE Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith EE, Reznik SJ, Stewart JL, Allen JJB (2017) Frontal alpha asymmetry as an endophenotype for depression: Meta-analysis of existing data. Front Psychiatry 8:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1240_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v023.i07","volume":"23","author":"DM Stasinopoulos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stasinopoulos DM, Rigby RA (2007) Generalized additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS) in R. J Stat Softw 23(7):1\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v023.i07","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1240_CR51","volume-title":"Biofeedback for the Brain: How Neurotherapy Effectively Treats Depression, ADHD, Autism, and More","author":"PG Swingle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Swingle PG (2015) Biofeedback for the Brain: How Neurotherapy Effectively Treats Depression, ADHD, Autism, and More. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick"},{"issue":"2","key":"1240_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90188-0","volume":"73","author":"RW Thatcher","year":"1989","unstructured":"Thatcher RW, Walker RA, Gerson I, Geisler FH (1989) EEG discriminant analyses of mild head trauma. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 73(2):94\u2013106","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1240_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059420959232","volume":"52","author":"RP Turner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner RP (2021) Clinical application of combined EEG-qEEG functional neuroimaging. Clin EEG Neurosci 52(1):4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550059420959232","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"1240_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valdes-Sosa, P.A., Galan-Garcia, L., Bosch-Bayard, J. et al. The Cuban Human Brain Mapping Project, a young and middle age population-based EEG, MRI, and cognition dataset. Sci Data 8, 45 (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-021-00829-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00829-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"1240_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/22\/4\/305","volume":"22","author":"D Yao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yao D (2001) A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity. Physiol Meas 22(4):693\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/22\/4\/305","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"}],"container-title":["Brain Topography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01240-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01240-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01240-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:55:41Z","timestamp":1788371741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01240-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01240-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9333312\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0896-0267","1573-6792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-0267","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6792","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors used Claude (Anthropic, claude.ai) to assist with the following tasks during manuscript preparation: Python scripting for statistical analysis and figure generation, editing and revision of manuscript text for clarity and concision, and formatting of the reference list. All analytical decisions, interpretation of results, and final manuscript content were made by and remain the responsibility of the authors. The use of this tool was reviewed and approved by all co-authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial Intelligence","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The HarMNqEEG normative dataset was derived from retrospectively harmonized data collected under institutional ethics approvals at each contributing site (Li et al. 2022). The clinical case illustration (Sect. 3.4) was obtained with institutional approval and written informed consent from the participant\u2019s legal guardian. All procedures comply with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"87"}}