{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:48:41Z","timestamp":1791679721839,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222641018 - SFB\/TRR 135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LOEWE Center DYNAMIC","award":[": LOEWE1\/16\/519\/03\/09.001[0009]\/98"],"award-info":[{"award-number":[": LOEWE1\/16\/519\/03\/09.001[0009]\/98"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Topogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In everyday life, we constantly select and perceive relevant information while suppressing irrelevant sensory input. This selection process is governed by the interaction between bottom-up and top-down attention mechanisms. Recent studies also highlighted the influence of reward on attention, with monetary rewards shown to enhance task performance and modulate stimulus salience. Schizotypy, conceptualized as a continuum ranging from healthy states to schizophrenia symptoms, provides a framework for the investigation of these mechanisms in non-clinical populations. This study investigated the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of visual attention and reward processing, and their relationship with schizotypy traits. Thirty-six healthy participants were divided into two groups which performed a visual attention task with salient distractors and rewarded (target reward group, TR) or not rewarded (no reward group, NR) target stimuli while EEG was recorded. Additionally, schizotypy was assessed using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). The results showed that salient, but task-irrelevant distractors increased response times compared to target-only trials irrespective of reward. On the neurophysiological level, distractors decreased target prioritization in the NR group. Furthermore, participants with higher scores on the negative schizotypy dimension showed stronger target prioritization, especially in the absence of salient distractors. These findings suggest that monetary rewards can modulate attentional control mechanisms and that negative schizotypy traits are linked to altered attentional prioritization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-026-01260-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:32:36Z","timestamp":1791667956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurophysiological Correlates of Target-Related Visual Attention Processes as a Function of Reward in Connection with Schizotypy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9554-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Lockhofen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Mulert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.12.021","volume":"153","author":"EM Alvarez-Moya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alvarez-Moya EM, Barrantes-Vidal N, Navarro JB, Subira S, Obiols JE (2007) Exophenotypical profile of adolescents with sustained attention deficit: A 10-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 153(2):119\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.12.021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1260_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00262","volume":"7","author":"BA Anderson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anderson BA, Laurent PA, Yantis S (2013) Reward predictions bias attentional selection. Front Hum Neurosci 7:262","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.1\/iamado","volume":"8","author":"I Arnado","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arnado I,and, Oli\u00e9 J-P (2006) Effects of disorganization on choice reaction time and visual orientation in untreated schizophrenics. Dialog Clin Neurosci 8(1):53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.1\/iamado","journal-title":"Dialog Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1260_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.06.010","volume":"16","author":"E Awh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Awh E, Belopolsky AV, Theeuwes J (2012) Top-down versus bottom-up attentional control: A failed theoretical dichotomy. Trends Cogn Sci 16(8):437\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2012.06.010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.015","volume":"16","author":"DM Barch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barch DM, Ceaser A (2012) Cognition in schizophrenia: Core psychological and neural mechanisms. Trends Cogn Sci 16(1):27\u201334","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"suppl2","key":"1260_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S408","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu191","volume":"41","author":"N Barrantes-Vidal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barrantes-Vidal N, Grant P, Kwapil TR (2015) The role of schizotypy in the study of the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Bull 41(suppl2):S408\u2013S416","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1260_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bellebaum C, Thoma P, Daum I (2012) Visuell-r\u00e4umliche Aufmerksamkeit \u2013 selektieren und fokussieren. In: Bellebaum C, Thoma P, Daum I (eds) Neuropsychologie. VS Verlag f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften, pp 47\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-531-94108-0_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-94108-0_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2015.1085366","volume":"31","author":"A Bourgeois","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourgeois A, Neveu R, Bayle DJ, Vuilleumier P (2017) How does reward compete with goal-directed and stimulus-driven shifts of attention? Cogn Emot 31(1):109\u2013118","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"1260_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00643","volume":"9","author":"M Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown M, Kuperberg GR (2015) A Hierarchical Generative Framework of Language Processing: Linking Language Perception, Interpretation, and Production Abnormalities in Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 9:643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00643","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.023","volume":"64","author":"PD Butler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Butler PD, Silverstein SM, Dakin SC (2008) Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 64(1):40\u201347","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1260_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.12.005","volume":"85","author":"L Chelazzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chelazzi L, Perlato A, Santandrea E, Libera D, C (2013) Rewards teach visual selective attention. Vision Res 85:58\u201372","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-8628(200021)97:1<52::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-6","volume":"97","author":"WJ Chen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen WJ, Faraone SV (2000) Sustained attention deficits as markers of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 97(1):52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1096-8628(200021)97:1%3C52::aid-ajmg7%3E3.0.co;2-6","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","volume":"3","author":"M Corbetta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corbetta M, Shulman GL (2002) Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 3(3):201\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn755","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"suppl2","key":"1260_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S396","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu176","volume":"41","author":"M Debban\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Debban\u00e9 M, Eliez S, Badoud D, Conus P, Fl\u00fcckiger R, Schultze-Lutter F (2015) Developing psychosis and its risk states through the lens of schizotypy. Schizophr Bull 41(suppl2):S396\u2013S407","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00962-1","volume":"22","author":"E Demeter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demeter E, Glassberg B, Gamble ML, Woldorff MG (2022) Reward magnitude enhances early attentional processing of auditory stimuli. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 22(2):268\u2013280","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq088","volume":"38","author":"A Demjaha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Demjaha A, Valmaggia L, Stahl D, Byrne M, McGuire P (2012) Disorganization\/cognitive and negative symptom dimensions in the at-risk mental state predict subsequent transition to psychosis. Schizophr Bull 38(2):351\u2013359","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.11.005","volume":"35","author":"A Der-Avakian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Der-Avakian A, Markou A (2012) The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits. Trends Neurosci 35(1):68\u201377","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1260_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desimone R, Duncan J (1995) Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18(Volume 18, 1995), 193\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205"},{"key":"1260_CR21","unstructured":"Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH, Schulte-Markwort E, Remschmidt H (2015) In: (eds) Internationale Klassifikation psychischer St\u00f6rungen. ICD-10 Kapitel V (F) klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien (10. Aufl., unter Ber\u00fccksichtigung der \u00c4nderungen entsprechend ICD-10-GM 2015). Hogrefe"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800701707371","volume":"13","author":"MG Ducato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ducato MG, Thomas P, Monestes JL, Despretz P, Boucart M (2008) Attentional capture in schizophrenia and schizotypy: effect of attentional load. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 13(2):89\u2013111","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.3.433","volume":"96","author":"J Duncan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Duncan J, Humphreys GW (1989) Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychol Rev 96(3):433\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.96.3.433","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1260_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.004.2009","volume":"3","author":"JB Engelmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Engelmann JB, Damaraju E, Padmala S, Pessoa L (2009) Combined effects of attention and motivation on visual task performance: Transient and sustained motivational effects. Front Hum Neurosci 3:342","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"suppl2","key":"1260_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S417","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu190","volume":"41","author":"U Ettinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ettinger U, Mohr C, Gooding DC, Cohen AS, Rapp A, Haenschel C, Park S (2015) Cognition and Brain Function in Schizotypy: A Selective Review. Schizophr Bull 41(suppl2):S417\u2013S426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbu190","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"1260_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.7.669","volume":"58","author":"A Fanous","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fanous A, Gardner C, Walsh D, Kendler KS (2001) Relationship between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(7):669\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.58.7.669","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1260_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12641","volume":"53","author":"T Feldmann-W\u00fcstefeld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feldmann-W\u00fcstefeld T, Brandhofer R, Schub\u00f6 A (2016) Rewarded visual items capture attention only in heterogeneous contexts. Psychophysiology 53(7):1063\u20131073","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"suppl2","key":"1260_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S475","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu196","volume":"41","author":"E Fonseca-Pedrero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fonseca-Pedrero E, Badoud D, Antico L, Caputo GB, Eliez S, Schwartz S, Debban\u00e9 M (2015) Strange-face-in-the-mirror illusion and schizotypy during adolescence. Schizophr Bull 41(suppl2):S475\u2013S482","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1260_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.01.021","volume":"153","author":"G Fuggetta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fuggetta G, Bennett MA, Duke PA, Young AM (2014) Quantitative electroencephalography as a biomarker for proneness toward developing psychosis. Schizophr Res 153(1\u20133):68\u201377","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1260_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.06.007","volume":"109","author":"G Fuggetta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuggetta G, Bennett MA, Duke PA (2015) An electrophysiological insight into visual attention mechanisms underlying schizotypy. Biol Psychol 109:206\u2013221","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1260_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.04.023","volume":"94","author":"JM Gold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gold JM, Fuller RL, Robinson BM, Braun EL, Luck SJ (2007) Impaired top-down control of visual search in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 94(1\u20133):148\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2007.04.023","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"suppl2","key":"1260_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S556","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby012","volume":"44","author":"P Grant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grant P, Green MJ, Mason OJ (2018) Models of schizotypy: the importance of conceptual clarity. Schizophr Bull 44(suppl2):S556\u2013S563","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810140071010","volume":"47","author":"C Grillon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Grillon C, Courchesne E, Ameli R, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1990) Increased distractibility in schizophrenic patients: electrophysiologic and behavioral evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47(2):171\u2013179","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1260_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab327","volume":"32","author":"B Hahn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hahn B, Robinson BM, Kiat JE, Geng J, Bansal S, Luck SJ, Gold JM (2022) Impaired filtering and hyperfocusing: Neural evidence for distinct selective attention abnormalities in people with schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 32(9):1950\u20131964","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05695-9","volume":"238","author":"L Harper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harper L, Spencer E, Davidson C, Hutchinson CV (2020) Selectively reduced contrast sensitivity in high schizotypy. Exp Brain Res 238(1):51\u201362","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582304263252","volume":"3","author":"A Henik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Henik A, Salo R (2004) Schizophrenia and the stroop effect. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 3(1):42\u201359","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1260_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21039","volume":"21","author":"C Hickey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hickey C, Di Lollo V, McDonald JJ (2009) Electrophysiological indices of target and distractor processing in visual search. J Cogn Neurosci 21(4):760\u2013775","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"33","key":"1260_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11096","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1026-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"C Hickey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hickey C, Chelazzi L, Theeuwes J (2010) Reward changes salience in human vision via the anterior cingulate. J Neurosci 30(33):11096\u201311103","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1260_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1125-4","volume":"78","author":"JL Irons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irons JL, Leber AB (2016) Choosing attentional control settings in a dynamically changing environment. Atten Percept Psychophys 78:2031\u20132048","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.13","volume":"160","author":"S Kapur","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kapur S (2003) Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160(1):13\u201323","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02281.x","volume":"20","author":"M Kiss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiss M, Driver J, Eimer M (2009) Reward priority of visual target singletons modulates event-related potential signatures of attentional selection. Psychol Sci 20(2):245\u2013251","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-014-0418-y","volume":"28","author":"L Kornmayer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kornmayer L, Leicht G, Mulert C (2015) Increased Gamma Oscillations Evoked by Physically Salient Distracters are Associated with Schizotypy. Brain Topogr 28(1):153\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-014-0418-y","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1260_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2016.1258491","volume":"19","author":"L Kornmayer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kornmayer L, Leicht G, Mulert C (2018) Attentional capture by physically salient stimuli in the gamma frequency is associated with schizophrenia symptoms. World J Biol Psychiatry 19(Suppl 2):S52\u2013S62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15622975.2016.1258491","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1260_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.014","volume":"48","author":"I Koychev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koychev I, El-Deredy W, Haenschel C, Deakin JFW (2010) Visual information processing deficits as biomarkers of vulnerability to schizophrenia: an event-related potential study in schizotypy. Neuropsychologia 48(7):2205\u20132214","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"suppl2","key":"1260_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S366","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu186","volume":"41","author":"TR Kwapil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwapil TR, Barrantes-Vidal N (2015) Schizotypy: looking back and moving forward. Schizophr Bull 41(suppl2):S366\u2013S373","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.03.004","volume":"227","author":"C Laurenson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laurenson C, Gorwood P, Orsat M, Lhuillier J-P, Le Gall D, Richard-Devantoy S (2015) Cognitive control and schizophrenia: The greatest reliability of the Stroop task. Psychiatry Res 227(1):10\u201316","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01689.x","volume":"17","author":"CD Libera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Libera CD, Chelazzi L (2006) Visual selective attention and the effects of monetary rewards. Psychol Sci 17(3):222\u2013227","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1260_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00207","volume":"14","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Sun H, Ristaniemi T, Cong F, Parviainen T (2020) Dissociable effects of reward on P300 and EEG spectra under conditions of high vs. Low vigilance during a selective visual attention task. Front Hum Neurosci 14:207","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"Supplement2","key":"1260_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S205","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae049","volume":"51","author":"E Llapashtica","year":"2025","unstructured":"Llapashtica E, Barbur JL, Haenschel C (2025) Reduced Visual Function in Schizotypal Traits: An Exploratory Study. Schizophr Bull 51(Supplement2):S205\u2013S213","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-021-00827-3","volume":"34","author":"DEL Lockhofen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lockhofen DEL, H\u00fcbner N, Hemdan F, Sammer G, Henare D, Schub\u00f6 A, Mulert C (2021) Differing Time Courses of Reward-Related Attentional Processing: An EEG Source-Space Analysis. Brain Topogr 34(3):283\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-021-00827-3","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"1260_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601797","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1601797","volume":"16","author":"DEL Lockhofen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lockhofen DEL, H\u00fcbner N, Debnath R, Rumpf KP, Sander M, Wolff M, Luxi D, Roller L, Mulert C (2025) Glutamatergic mechanisms in early salience processing. Front Pharmacol 16:1601797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1601797","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1260_CR54","unstructured":"Luck SJ (2014) Chapter 9 Supplement Comparing Conditions with Different Numbers of Trials or Different Levels of Noise. An introduction to the event-related potential technique. MIT Press"},{"issue":"5","key":"1260_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz063","volume":"45","author":"SJ Luck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luck SJ, Hahn B, Leonard CJ, Gold JM (2019) The hyperfocusing hypothesis: A new account of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 45(5):991\u20131000","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-025-00587-0","volume":"11","author":"X Lyu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lyu X, Liu T, Ma Y, Wang L, Wu J, Yan T, Liu M, Yang J (2025) Weaker top-down cognitive control and stronger bottom-up signaling transmission as a pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia (Heidelberg Germany) 11(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41537-025-00587-0","journal-title":"Schizophrenia (Heidelberg Germany)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2016.1172094","volume":"70","author":"JE Marsh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marsh JE, Vachon F, S\u00f6rqvist P (2017) Increased distractibility in schizotypy: Independent of individual differences in working memory capacity? Q J Experimental Psychol 70(3):565\u2013578","journal-title":"Q J Experimental Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.06.023","volume":"219","author":"C Marshall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marshall C, Denny E, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, Woods SW (2014) The content of attenuated psychotic symptoms in those at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 219(3):506\u2013512","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","volume":"77","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Marques TR, Howes OD (2020) Schizophrenia\u2014An overview. JAMA psychiatry 77(2):201\u2013210","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2024.2313470","volume":"29","author":"K Moat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moat K, Wallis G, McAnally K, Grove P, Horvath A (2024) Schizotypy and perceptual span in a non-clinical sample: a virtual reality study. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 29(2):103\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13546805.2024.2313470","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1260_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000461","volume":"128","author":"EK Moran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moran EK, Culbreth AJ, Kandala S, Barch DM (2019) From neuroimaging to daily functioning: A multimethod analysis of reward anticipation in people with schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 128(7):723","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.01.004","volume":"37","author":"MT Nelson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelson MT, Seal ML, Pantelis C, Phillips LJ (2013) Evidence of a dimensional relationship between schizotypy and schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews 37(3):317\u2013327","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"1260_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113519","volume":"294","author":"L Pelizza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelizza L, Maestri D, Leuci E, Quattrone E, Azzali S, Paulillo G, Pellegrini P (2020) Negative symptom configuration within and outside schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from the Parma Early Psychosis program. Psychiatry Res 294:113519","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1260_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.02.018","volume":"196","author":"D Piskulic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piskulic D, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Heinssen R, McGlashan TH (2012) Negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Psychiatry Res 196(2\u20133):220\u2013224","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1260_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.08.026","volume":"204","author":"T Popov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Popov T, Kustermann T, Popova P, Miller GA, Rockstroh B (2019) Oscillatory brain dynamics supporting impaired Stroop task performance in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Schizophr Res 204:146\u2013154","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231","volume":"32","author":"MI Posner","year":"1980","unstructured":"Posner MI (1980) Orienting of attention. Q J experimental Psychol 32(1):3\u201325","journal-title":"Q J experimental Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1260_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/17.4.555","volume":"17","author":"A Raine","year":"1991","unstructured":"Raine A (1991) The SPQ: A Scale for the Assessment of Schizotypal Personality Based on DSM-III-R Criteria. Schizophr Bull 17(4):555\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/17.4.555","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/20.1.191","volume":"20","author":"A Raine","year":"1994","unstructured":"Raine A, Reynolds C, Lencz T, Scerbo A, Triphon N, Kim D (1994) Cognitive-perceptual, Interpersonal, and Disorganized Features of Schizotypal Personality. Schizophr Bull 20(1):191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/20.1.191","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"11","key":"1260_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20140","volume":"20","author":"JB Rowe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rowe JB, Eckstein D, Braver T, Owen AM (2008) How does reward expectation influence cognition in the human brain? J Cogn Neurosci 20(11):1980\u20131992","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1260_CR70","unstructured":"Ruprecht C, Bauer E, Lockhofen D, Iffland J, Sammer G (2017) DataWeasel\u2014Logfile analysis search, filter, calculate, and batch mode with a graphical user interface. Cognitive Neuroscience (Version 1.2 10.10.22.17.00.00) [Software]. Center for Psychiatry Giessen, CNS@ZPG. Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Giessen. https:\/\/www.uni-giessen.de\/fbz\/fb11\/institute\/klinik\/psychiatrie\/down\/dawe\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"1260_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000296","volume":"146","author":"D Rusz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rusz D, Le Pelley ME, Kompier MA, Mait L, Bijleveld E (2020) Reward-driven distraction: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 146(10):872","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"12","key":"1260_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613490743","volume":"24","author":"S Shomstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shomstein S, Johnson J (2013) Shaping attention with reward: Effects of reward on space-and object-based selection. Psychol Sci 24(12):2369\u20132378","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00180-3","volume":"55","author":"SM Shuwairi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shuwairi SM, Cronin-Golomb A, McCarley RW, O\u2019Donnell BF (2002) Color discrimination in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 55(1):197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00180-3","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1260_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.019","volume":"61","author":"N Smyrnis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smyrnis N, Avramopoulos D, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis CN, Tsekou H, Stefanis NC (2007) Effect of schizotypy on cognitive performance and its tuning by COMT val158 met genotype variations in a large population of young men. Biol Psychiatry 61(7):845\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"S5","key":"1260_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000296013","volume":"155","author":"B Spring","year":"1989","unstructured":"Spring B, Lemon M, Weinstein L, Haskell A (1989) Distractibility in schizophrenia: State and trait aspects. Br J Psychiatry 155(S5):63\u201368","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1260_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2017.10.002","volume":"11","author":"H Stotesbury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stotesbury H, Gaigg SB, Kirhan S, Haenschel C (2017) The influence of schizotypal traits on attention under high perceptual load. Schizophrenia Res Cognition 11:6\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scog.2017.10.002","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004230","volume":"27","author":"TA Stuve","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stuve TA, Friedman L, Jesberger JA, Gilmore GC, Strauss ME, Meltzer HY (1997) The relationship between smooth pursuit performance, motion perception and sustained visual attention in patients with schizophrenia and normal controls. Psychol Med 27(1):143\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291796004230","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1260_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.02.002","volume":"88","author":"JH Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor JH, Calkins ME, Gur RE (2020) Markers of psychosis risk in the general population. Biol Psychiatry 88(4):337\u2013348","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"43","key":"1260_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503916112","volume":"112","author":"C Teufel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Teufel C, Subramaniam N, Dobler V, Perez J, Finnemann J, Mehta PR, Goodyer IM, Fletcher PC (2015) Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(43):13401\u201313406","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212219","volume":"50","author":"J Theeuwes","year":"1991","unstructured":"Theeuwes J (1991) Cross-dimensional perceptual selectivity. Percept Psychophys 50(2):184\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03212219","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"6","key":"1260_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211656","volume":"51","author":"J Theeuwes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Theeuwes J (1992) Perceptual selectivity for color and form. Percept Psychophys 51(6):599\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03211656","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03196609","volume":"11","author":"J Theeuwes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Theeuwes J, Kramer AF, Kingstone A (2004) Attentional capture modulates perceptual sensitivity. Psychon Bull Rev 11(3):551\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03196609","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.11.005","volume":"75","author":"PJ Uhlhaas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Uhlhaas PJ, Phillips WA, Silverstein SM (2005) The course and clinical correlates of dysfunctions in visual perceptual organization in schizophrenia during the remission of psychotic symptoms. Schizophr Res 75(2):183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2004.11.005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-018-00669-w","volume":"19","author":"AT Walsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walsh AT, Carmel D, Grimshaw GM (2019) Reward elicits cognitive control over emotional distraction: Evidence from pupillometry. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 19(3):537\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-018-00669-w","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1260_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619855964","volume":"30","author":"P Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson P, Pearson D, Chow M, Theeuwes J, Wiers RW, Most SB, Le Pelley ME (2019a) Capture and control: Working memory modulates attentional capture by reward-related stimuli. Psychol Sci 30(8):1174\u20131185","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1260_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226284","volume":"14","author":"P Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson P, Pearson D, Most SB, Theeuwes J, Wiers RW, Pelley MEL (2019b) Attentional capture by Pavlovian reward-signalling distractors in visual search persists when rewards are removed. PLoS ONE 14(12):e0226284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0226284","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-022-02587-z","volume":"85","author":"C Wolf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wolf C, Lappe M (2023) Motivation by reward jointly improves speed and accuracy, whereas task-relevance and meaningful images do not. Atten Percept Psychophys 85(3):930\u2013948","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.29.1.121","volume":"29","author":"GF Woodman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Woodman GF, Luck SJ (2003) Serial deployment of attention during visual search. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 29(1):121","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8703_10","volume":"87","author":"VM Wuthrich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wuthrich VM, Bates TC (2006) Confirmatory factor analysis of the three-factor structure of the schizotypal personality questionnaire and Chapman schizotypy scales. J Pers Assess 87(3):292\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa8703_10","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"1260_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yantis S, Anderson BA, Wampler EK, Laurent PA (2012) Reward and attentional control in visual search. The influence of attention, learning, and motivation on visual search, 91\u2013116","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4794-8_5"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-022-00321-0","volume":"8","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang M, Force RB, Walker C, Ahn S, Jarskog LF, Frohlich F (2022) Alpha transcranial alternating current stimulation reduces depressive symptoms in people with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations: a double-blind, randomized pilot clinical trial. Schizophrenia (Heidelberg Germany) 8(1):114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41537-022-00321-0","journal-title":"Schizophrenia (Heidelberg Germany)"},{"key":"1260_CR94","unstructured":"Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc. (2023). Presentation\u00ae (Version 20.1) [Software]. Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc. www.neurobs.com"},{"key":"1260_CR95","unstructured":"Brain Products GmbH. (2023). BrainVision Recorder (Version 1.25.0101) [Software]. Brain Products GmbH"},{"key":"1260_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4"},{"key":"1260_CR97","unstructured":"The jamovi project. (2022). Jamovi (Version 2.4.8) [Software]"},{"key":"1260_CR98","unstructured":"Brain Products GmbH. (2019). BrainVision Analyzer (Version 2.2.0.7383) [Software]. Brain Products GmbH"}],"container-title":["Brain Topography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01260-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01260-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01260-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:02:54Z","timestamp":1791676974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01260-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-026-01260-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-0267","1573-6792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-0267","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6792","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of the University of Giessen (AZ54\/19, date of approval: 24.05.2019).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional Review Board","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"102"}}