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The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of serum levels of immune-related and inflammatory cytokines in patients treated with eribulin. Furthermore, we investigated the association between cytokines and immune cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and cytotoxic and regulatory T cells, to explore how these cytokines might affect the immune microenvironment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sixty-eight patients with MBC treated with eribulin were recruited for this retrospective study. The relationship of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, to progression-free survival and OS was examined. CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009lymphocyte, MDSCs and regulatory T cell levels were determined in the blood by flow cytometry analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In our cohort, patients with high IL-6 at baseline had shorter progression-free survival and OS compared with those with low IL-6 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0017 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0012, respectively). Univariable and multivariable analyses revealed that baseline IL-6 was an independent prognostic factor for OS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0058). Importantly, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009lymphocytes were significantly lower and MDSCs were significantly higher in patients with high IL-6, compared to those with low IL-6.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Baseline IL-6 is an important prognostic factor in patients with MBC treated with eribulin. Our results show that high IL-6 is associated with higher levels of MDSCs which suppress anti-tumor immunity, such as CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009cells. It appears that eribulin is not particularly effective in patients with high IL-6 due to a poor tumor immune microenvironment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-023-07086-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T14:03:48Z","timestamp":1695305028000},"page":"575-583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Baseline interleukin-6 is a prognostic factor for patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with eribulin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"Ayako","family":"Bun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9308-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Nagahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamiko","family":"Kuroiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuo","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7086_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74039-3_1","volume":"608","author":"AM Gonzalez-Angulo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Morales-Vasquez F, Hortobagyi GN (2007) Overview of resistance to systemic therapy in patients with breast cancer. 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Anticancer Res 42(10):4867\u20134878","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"}],"container-title":["Breast Cancer Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10549-023-07086-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10549-023-07086-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10549-023-07086-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T11:12:00Z","timestamp":1696936320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10549-023-07086-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10549-023-07086-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6806","1573-7217"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0167-6806"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7217"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MN received honoraria from Chugai, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Taiho, Daiichi Sankyo, Esai, Kyowa-Kirin and Denka. YM received research funding and honoraria from Esai, Chugai, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, MSD, Kyowa-Kirin, Daiichi-Sankyo and Taiho. AB, M Kuroiwa and M Komatsu have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hyogo College of Medicine (No. 106) and was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients whose samples were used for measurement of cytokines and flow cytometry analysis.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}