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We examined these biomarkers along with characterization of the tumor microenvironment (TME) between breast tumors (BrTs), axillary metastases (AxMs), liver metastases (LvMs), non-axillary lymph node metastases, and non-liver metastases to determine differences related to site of metastatic disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>3076 unpaired biopsies from breast cancer patients were analyzed using whole transcriptome sequencing and NextGen DNA depicting TMB within tumor sites. The PD-L1 positivity was determined with VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) assay. The immune cell fraction within the TME was calculated by QuantiSeq and MCP-counter.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared to BrT, more LvM samples had a high TMB (\u2265\u200910 mutations\/Mb) and fewer LvM samples had PD-L1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> expression. Evaluation of the TME revealed that LvM sites harbored lower infiltration of adaptive immune cells, such as CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and regulatory T-cells compared with the BrT foci. We saw differences in innate immune cell infiltration in LvM compared to BrT, including neutrophils and NK cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>LvMs are less likely to express PD-L1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> tumor cells but more likely to harbor high TMB as compared to BrTs. Unlike AxMs, LvMs represent a more immunosuppressed TME and demonstrate lower gene expression associated with adaptive immunity compared to BrTs. These findings suggest biopsy site be considered when interpreting results that influence ICI use for treatment and further investigation of immune composition and biomarkers expression by metastatic site.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07295-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T03:13:16Z","timestamp":1713669196000},"page":"245-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of markers of immunity in different metastatic immune microenvironments suggests more suppression within breast to liver metastases in breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"206","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3957-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batul","family":"Al-zubeidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Nazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Baugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofi","family":"Castanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darcy","family":"Spicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz Josef","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Dara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foluso O.","family":"Ademuyiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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JX is an employee of Caris Life Sciences. IK has received consulting fees from Caris Life Sciences and Gilead. HJL has received honoraria from serving as consultant or on advisory board for Merck Serono, Bayer, and Genentech. FOA has received consultant fees from Teledoc Health, AstraZenecea, QED Therapeutics, Immunomedics, Cardinal Health, Athenex, Biotheranostics and research funding from Pfizer, Immunomedics, NeoImmuneTech, RNA Diagnostics, and Astellas Pharma. WMK has stock in Caris Life Sciences. All other authors have no potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}