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It is critical to better understand the risk factors, natural history, and treatment outcomes, including patients in a modern cohort.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this single center retrospective cohort study, we identified patients with MBC and LMD who received care from 2000 to 2024 and abstracted key clinical, treatment, and survival data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We identified 111 patients with MBC and LMD, including patients with the following subtypes: HR+\/HER2\u2212 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200953, 47.7%), HER2+\u2009(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930, 27.0%), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928, 25.2%). Median time from the diagnosis of MBC to LMD was 16.4\u00a0months (range 0\u2013101.3\u00a0months). After the diagnosis of LMD, most patients received systemic therapy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200966, 59.5%) and\/or central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200994, 84.7%) including intrathecal therapy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200942, 37.8%) and\/or CNS-directed radiation therapy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200970, 63.1%). In all patients, median overall survival (OS) from the diagnosis of LMD to death was 4.1\u00a0months (range 0.1\u201378.1\u00a0months) and varied by subtype, with HR+\/HER2\u2212 or HER2+\u2009MBC patients living longer than those with TNBC (4.2 and 6.8\u00a0months respectively vs. 2.0\u00a0months, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.36\u20133.39). Patients who received CNS-directed therapy lived longer than those who did not (4.2 vs. 1.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02 HR 0.54, 0.32\u20130.91). Patients diagnosed with LMD from 2015 to 2024 lived longer than those diagnosed from 2000 to 2014 (6.4 vs. 2.9\u00a0months, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04, HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46\u20130.99). On multivariable analysis, having TNBC was associated with shorter OS from time of LMD to death (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004, HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.25\u20133.30).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is one of the largest case series of patients with MBC and LMD. Patients diagnosed with LMD from 2015 to 2024 lived longer than those diagnosed from 2000 to 2014, although median OS was short overall. Patients with TNBC and LMD had particularly short OS. Novel therapeutic strategies for LMD remain an area of unmet clinical need.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07339-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T06:01:35Z","timestamp":1718690495000},"page":"625-636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with metastatic breast cancer and leptomeningeal disease: a single center retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"206","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A.","family":"Huppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Fisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elene","family":"Tsopurashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Sahitha","family":"Somepalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Salans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish N.","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Jo Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Majure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope S.","family":"Rugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Balassanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Boreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle E.","family":"Melisko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"7339_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020","volume":"135","author":"MA Franzoi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Franzoi MA, Hortobagyi GN (2019) Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer. 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Huppert: Ad board\/honoraria from: AstraZeneca, Pfizer. A. Jo Chien: Research funding to institution: Merck, Puma, Amgen, Seagen. Hope S. Rugo: Research support for clinical trials through the University of California: Pfizer, Merck, Novartis, Lilly, Roche,\u00a0Daiichi, Seattle Genetics, Macrogenics, Sermonix, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Astellas and Gilead. Honoraria from: Puma, Samsung, Mylan, Chugai, Blueprint, and NAPO. Ronald Balassanian: Consultant\u2014Genentech; Stockholder\u2014Cerus Corp. Michelle E. Melisko: Research funding to institution: AstraZeneca, Novartis, KCRN Research, Puma, Seattle Genetics. For spouse: Speaker bureau\/honoraria: Genentech, Gilead, AstraZeneca. Stock Ownership: Merrimack. Samantha Fisch, Elene Tsopurashvili, Sai Sahitha Somepalle, Mia Salans, Harish Vasudevam, Melanie Majure, Laurena Boreta: No financial disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This research was approved by the UCSF Institutional Review Board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Patient consent was not required given that this was a retrospective, observational study approved by the UCSF Institutional Review Board.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}