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There are two IR isoforms generated from the same gene. Alternate splicing with exclusion or inclusion of exon 11 accounts for the two isoforms. The exon 11 excluded isoform (IR-A) is expressed during fetal development while the full-length adult IR (IR-B) is the primary form expressed during adult life. This splice variant results in a 12 amino acid variation in peptide sequence. Breast cancer cells overexpress IR-A with an increased IR-A: IR-B ratio. Most of these data were obtained by examining mRNA expressions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this work, we examined over 40 breast cancer cell lines and patient tumor samples for mRNA expression of the IR isoforms. Further we used mass spectrometry to evaluate IR-A protein expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most breast cancer cell lines and tissues overexpress IR-A compared to IR-B. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated IR-A protein expression in the Du4475 cell line which has a high level of IR-A mRNA expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IR-A mRNA is frequently expressed in breast cancer cells. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of IR-A protein expression. Thus, IR-A mRNA and protein expression demonstrate a potential role for this insulin receptor isoform in breast cancer biology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-026-08018-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:13:58Z","timestamp":1783527238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["mRNA and protein expression of fetal insulin receptor in breast cancer cell lines and tissues"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Xihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LeeAnn","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Markowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Witthuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"8018_CR1","first-page":"477","volume":"74","author":"AN Giaquinto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Newman LA, Freedman RA, Smith RA, Star J, Jemal A, Siegel RL (2024) Breast cancer statistics 2024. 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