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The affected regions are diverse and therefore, improved understanding of the spatial distribution of lymphatic dysfunction may facilitate earlier detection and disease monitoring. This study aimed to develop a spatial atlas of dermal backflow in BCRL and apply machine learning (ML) models to predict disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 282 female BCRL patients (289 affected limbs) were obtained from the Australian Lymphedema Education, Research and Treatment (ALERT) Centre Databank, including indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography studies and clinical information. A spatial atlas of dermal backflow prevalence in the upper extremities was constructed by co-registering and segmenting clinician-annotated ICG diagrams. Five ML models were developed to classify MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) lymphedema stage, incorporating dermal backflow percentage and clinical features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The atlas revealed consistent spatial patterns of dermal backflow, with the highest prevalence in the wrist, forearm, and the olecranon region. Subgroup-specific heat maps stratified by MDACC stage, L-Dex ratio, limb volume difference, drainage regions, and hand dermal backflow further demonstrated distinct spatial variations with disease severity. The inclusion of dermal backflow percentage improved ML prediction of MDACC stage, with the best performance achieved by multinomial logistic regression and random forest models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dermal backflow prevalence revealed non-uniform, region-specific patterns in BCRL patients, which can be visualized using spatial atlases. Integrating quantitative imaging features into ML models improves BCRL staging and supports objective, data-driven disease assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-026-08093-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:43:36Z","timestamp":1791359016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A dermal backflow atlas of lymphatic dysfunction in breast cancer-related lymphedema with machine learning-based stage prediction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Lalida","family":"Sutejitsiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroo","family":"Suami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poul M F","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony R J","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8146-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley M","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"8093_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2017.11.04","volume":"7","author":"TC Gillespie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gillespie TC, Sayegh HE, Brunelle CL, Daniell KM, Taghian AG (2018) Breast cancer-related lymphedema: risk factors, precautionary measures, and treatments. 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The study was conducted in accordance with the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2023, the CPMP\/ICH Guideline for Good Clinical Practice, and New Zealand\u2019s National Ethical Standards for Health and Disability Research and Quality Improvement.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in this study for the storage of their data in the ALERT Databank and its use in future studies.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"28"}}