{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:10:51Z","timestamp":1792620651903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Bus Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-021-04884-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T08:03:16Z","timestamp":1625817796000},"page":"581-604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["E-Commerce and Consumer Protection in India: The Emerging Trend"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"180","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2161-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neelam","family":"Chawla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3339-7481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basanta","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4884_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-017-3452-3","volume":"154","author":"G Agag","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agag, G. (2019). E-commerce ethics and its impact on buyer repurchase intentions and loyalty: An empirical study of small and medium Egyptian businesses. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 389\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-017-3452-3.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.038","volume":"26","author":"G Agag","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agag, G., & El-Masry, A. (2016). Understanding consumer intention to participate in online travel community and effects on consumer intention to purchase travel online and WOM: An integration of innovation diffusion theory and TAM with trust. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 97\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.038.","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"4884_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ayilyath, M. (2020). Consumer protection in E-commerce transactions in India\u2014need for reforms,\u00a0 SSRN. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3571069.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3571069"},{"key":"4884_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.859858","author":"N Azamat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azamat, N., Rashad, Y., Shahriar, M., Behrang, S., & Menon, M. (2011). The evolution and development of E-commerce market and E-cash. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.859858.","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"4884_CR8","unstructured":"Bandi, C., Ngwe D., Moreno, A., & Xu Z. (2017). The effect of payment choices on online retail: Evidence from the 2016 Indian demonetization, https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Publication%20Files\/19-123_ea5e9c88-8207-4aef-acb5-b206333b70dc.pdf. Accessed 15 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"10","key":"4884_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104275","volume":"12","author":"D Belanche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belanche, D., Flavi\u00e1n, M., & P\u00e9rez-Rueda, A. (2020). Mobile apps use and WOM in the food delivery sector: The role of planned behavior, perceived security and customer lifestyle compatibility. Sustainability, 12(10), 4275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12104275.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"4884_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES-09-2019-0110","author":"R Belwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belwal, R., Al Shibli, R., & Belwal, S. (2020). Consumer protection and electronic commerce in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JICES-09-2019-0110.","journal-title":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society"},{"key":"4884_CR11","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, S., Sanghvi, K., & Chaturvedi, A. (2020). India: E-Commerce Rules,\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/india\/dodd-frank-consumer-protection-Act\/976876\/e-commerce-rules-2020#:~:text=The%20Rules%20restrict%20the%20sellers,that%20represent%20an%20inaccurate%20picture. Accessed 12 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bill, A., Tom T., & Donna, T. (2010). Chapter 2-Planning the study. In Beyond the Usability Lab, Conducting Large-scale Online User Experience Studies (pp. 17\u201347). ScienceDirect.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-374892-8.00002-8","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374892-8.00002-8"},{"key":"4884_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1108\/10662240810912783","volume":"18","author":"R Boateng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boateng, R., Heeks, R., Molla, A., & Hinson, R. (2008). E-commerce and socio-economic development: Conceptualizing the link. Internet Research, 18, 562\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/10662240810912783.","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"4884_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolton, G., Katok, E., & Ockenfels, A. (2004). How effective are electronic reputation mechanisms? An experimental investigation. Management Science,\u00a050(11), 1587\u20131602.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30047967. Accessed 10 Dec 2020.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1030.0199"},{"key":"4884_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2013.08.003","volume":"33","author":"MH Bornstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in developmental science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards. Developmental Review, 33, 357\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2013.08.003.","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/10919392.2019.1671738","volume":"29","author":"IS Brian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brian, I. S., O\u2019Neill, B. S., & Terence, T. O. (2019). The upside of showrooming: How online information creates positive spill-over for the brick-and-mortar retailer. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 29(4), 294\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10919392.2019.1671738.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"4884_CR601","unstructured":"Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 592."},{"key":"4884_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazier, J. A. (2007). A framework and guide for understanding the creation of consumer trust, Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 16(2). https:\/\/scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu\/jitim\/vol16\/iss2\/4.\u00a0Accessed 14 Oct 2020.","DOI":"10.58729\/1941-6679.1227"},{"key":"4884_CR17","unstructured":"Chandni, G. (2017). Carving the map for a protected consumer: Establishing the need of a separate legislation for E-commerce, 6.1 NULJ, 123\u2013138. SCC Online Web Edition. file:\/\/\/E:\/Downloads\/Need%20for%20separate%20legislation.pdf. Accessed 22 Mar 2021."},{"key":"4884_CR605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, Y-.H., & Barnes, S. (2007). Initial trust and online buyer behavior. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 107(1), 21\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02635570710719034","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570710719034"},{"key":"4884_CR18","unstructured":"Chia, T. S. (2014). E-Business; The New Strategies Ande-Business Ethics, that Leads Organizations to Success, Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management, 14(8), Version 1.0. https:\/\/globaljournals.org\/GJMBR_Volume14\/2-E-Business-The-New-Strategies.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cockshott, P., & Dieterich, H. (2011). The contemporary relevance of exploitation theory. MARXISM 21(8), 206\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26587\/marx.8.1.201102.009.","DOI":"10.26587\/marx.8.1.201102.009"},{"key":"4884_CR607","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corbitt, B., Thanasankit, T., & Yi, H. (2003). Trust and e-commerce: a study of consumer perceptions. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2, 203\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1567-4223(03)00024-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-4223(03)00024-3"},{"key":"4884_CR20","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s, P. (2010). Online dispute resolution for consumers in the European Union. In Routledge Research in IT and E-commerce Law, Routledge, London. https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/181972\/1\/391038.pdf."},{"key":"4884_CR21","unstructured":"Daniel, D.B. (2005). Inequality of bargaining power, 76 U. Colo. L. Rev. 139.\u00a0https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.msu.edu\/facpubs\/107\/. Accessed 17 Aug 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR22","unstructured":"Dhanya, K.A. (2015). Consumer protection in the E-commerce Era. International Journal of Legal Research, 3(4):1. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstrAct=3489753. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"issue":"125\u2013143","key":"4884_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1007\/s10603-019-09438-9","volume":"43","author":"M Durovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Durovic, M. (2020). International consumer law: What is it all about? Journal of Consumer Policy, 43(125\u2013143), 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10603-019-09438-9.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Policy"},{"key":"4884_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.02.006","volume":"59","author":"M Eastlick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eastlick, M., Lotz, S.L., & Warrington, P. (2006). Understanding online B-to-C relationships: An integrated model of privacy concerns, trust, and commitment. Journal of Business Research, 59, 877\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.02.006.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"4884_CR603","unstructured":"Edgar, T. W., & Manz, D. O. (2017). Research Methods for Cyber Security. Elsevier. ISBN:9780128129302."},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-10-2014-0244","volume":"26","author":"I Elbeltagi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elbeltagi, I., & Agag, G. (2016). E-retailing ethics and its impact on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention: A cultural and commitment-trust theory perspective. Internet Research, 26(1), 288\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IntR-10-2014-0244.","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"4884_CR26","unstructured":"Emma, P., Sara, F., Marta, S., & Ana, G. (2017). Exploratory study of consumer issues in online peer-to-peer platform markets. European Commission.\u00a0 file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/BASANT~1\/AppData\/Local\/Temp\/Annex5_Task5_ReportMay2017pdf.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1108\/10662241111158335","volume":"21","author":"Y Fang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Chiu, C., & Wang, E. T. G. (2011). Understanding customers\u2019 satisfaction and repurchase intentions: An integration of IS success model, trust, and justice. Internet Research, 21(4), 479\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/10662241111158335.","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"4884_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freestone, O. & V. W. Mitchell. (2004) Generation Y attitudes towards E-ethics and Internet-related Misbehaviours. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 121\u2013128, http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25123331. Accessed 27 Nov 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-004-1571-0"},{"key":"4884_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016323815802","volume":"39","author":"G-K Sonja","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grabner-Kraeuter, S. (2002). The role of consumers\u2019 trust in online-shopping. Journal of Business Ethics, 39, 43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1016323815802.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"4884_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.1936","author":"M Harrigan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harrigan, M., Feddema, K., Wang, S., Harrigan, P., & Diot, E. (2021). How trust leads to online purchase intention founded in perceived usefulness and peer communication. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review, 1-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cb.1936.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Behaviour"},{"key":"4884_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harrisson, B., Jean, P., & Dahl, B. (2017). 10 eCOMMERCE TRENDS FOR 2018. Project: Growth Strategies in an Omnichannel Retail Context.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.34264.19205.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.34264.19205"},{"key":"4884_CR31","unstructured":"Haupt, S. (2003). An economic analysis of consumer protection in Con-trAct law. German Law Review, 4(11), 1137\u20131164.\u00a0 https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/56330ad3e4b0733dcc0c8495\/t\/56b96e2f22482e110fab1f78\/1454992944362\/GLJ_Vol_04_No_11_Haupt.pdf. Accessed 6 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"4884_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2019.1632695","volume":"27","author":"S Helge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helge, S., Anne, H., & Guido, M. (2020). The function of ability, benevolence, and integrity-based trust in innovation networks. Industry and Innovation, 27(6), 585\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13662716.2019.1632695.","journal-title":"Industry and Innovation"},{"issue":"2","key":"4884_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-008-9888-8","volume":"82","author":"BW Husted","year":"2008","unstructured":"Husted, B. W., & Allen, D. B. (2008). Toward a model of cross-cultural business ethics: The impact of individualism and collectivism on the ethical decision-making process. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2), 293\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-008-9888-8.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"4884_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2683927","author":"T Ibidapo-Obe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ibidapo-Obe, T. (2011). Online consumer protection in E-commerce transactions in Nigeria: An analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2683927.","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"4884_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33019\/ijbe.v2i2.78","author":"M I\u0161orait\u0117","year":"2018","unstructured":"I\u0161orait\u0117, M., & Miniotien\u0117, N. (2018). Electronic commerce: Theory and practice. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33019\/ijbe.v2i2.78.","journal-title":"Integrated Journal of Business and Economics"},{"key":"4884_CR37","unstructured":"ITU. (2018). Big data, machine learning, consumer protection and privacy. https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-T\/extcoop\/figisymposium\/2019\/Documents\/Presentations\/Big%20data,%20Machine%20learning,%20Consumer%20protection%20and%20Privacy.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR38","first-page":"7","volume":"3","author":"S Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain, S., & Jain, S. (2018). E-commerce and competition law: Challenges and the way ahead. Indian Competition Law Review, 3, 7\u201332.","journal-title":"Indian Competition Law Review"},{"key":"4884_CR39","unstructured":"Jaipuriar, A., Khera, A., & Ganguly, S. (2020). Consumer protection (e-commerce) rules, 2020: A compliance framework in the digital market.\u00a0https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/india\/dodd-frank-consumer-protection-act\/977768\/consumer-protection-e-commerce-rules-2020-a-compliance-framework-in-the-digital-market. Accessed 22 Sept 2020."},{"issue":"10","key":"4884_CR40","first-page":"126","volume":"4","author":"F Kamari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kamari, F., & Kamari, S. (2012). Trust in electronic commerce: A new model for building online trust in B2C. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 126\u2013133.","journal-title":"European Journal of Business and Management"},{"key":"4884_CR41","unstructured":"Kerick, F. (2019). The growth of ecommerce.\u00a0 https:\/\/medium.com\/swlh\/the-growth-of-ecommerce-2220cf2851f3. Accessed 4 July 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR42","unstructured":"Khandelwal, P. (2018). Ease of doing E-commerce business in India : The FDI policy relating to Ecommerce and its impact on the Indian economy. RGNUL Financial and Mercantile Law Review, 20\u201337. https:\/\/cf9d2836-9a17-4889-b084-bc78a1bb74ee.filesusr.com\/ugd\/0fa0b3_d7453802d99a4dd7a20ff4b3886b1d04.pdf. Accessed 12 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"4884_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2007.07.001","volume":"44","author":"DJ Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim, D. J., Ferrin, D. L., & Rao, H. R. (2008). A trust-based consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce: The role of trust, perceived risk, and their antecedents. Decision Support Systems, 44(2), 544\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dss.2007.07.001.","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems."},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1108\/14779960580000267","volume":"3","author":"B Kracher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kracher, B., Corritore, C. L., & Wiedenbeck, S. (2005). A foundation for understanding online trust in electronic commerce. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 3(3), 131\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14779960580000267.","journal-title":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society"},{"key":"4884_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i32\/98653","author":"P Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar, P., & Chandrasekar, S. (2016). E-Commerce trends and future analytics tools. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i32\/98653.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"4884_CR46","unstructured":"Lahiri, A. (2018). Consumer protection in E-commerce in India.\u00a0 https:\/\/amielegal.com\/consumer-protection-in-e-commerce-in-india\/. Accessed 12 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2006.00071.x","author":"R Larose","year":"2008","unstructured":"Larose, R., & Rifon, Nora, J. (2007). Promoting i-safety: Effects of privacy warnings and privacy seals on risk assessment and online privacy behavior. Journal of Consumer Affairs. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2006.00071.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Affairs"},{"key":"4884_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00890","author":"G L\u0103z\u0103roiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u0103z\u0103roiu, G., Neguri\u0163\u0103, O., Grecu, I., Grecu, G., & Mitran, P. C. (2020). Consumers\u2019 decision-making process on social commerce platforms: Online trust, perceived risk, and purchase intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 890.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00890.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"4884_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10864415.2001.11044227","author":"OMK Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee, O. M. K., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10864415.2001.11044227.","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce"},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-012-1267-9","volume":"112","author":"LC Leonidou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leonidou, L. C., Kvasova, O., Leonidou, C. N., & Chari, S. (2013). Business unethicality as an impediment to consumer trust: The moderating role of demographic and cultural characteristics. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(3), 397\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-012-1267-9.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-10-2013-0432","volume":"114","author":"C Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin, C., & Lekhawipat, W. (2014). Factors affecting online repurchase intention. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(4), 597\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IMDS-10-2013-0432.","journal-title":"Industrial Management & Data Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/10192557.2019.1661589","volume":"27","author":"H Liyang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liyang, H. (2019). Superior bargaining power: The good, the bad and the ugly. Asia Pacific Law Review, 27(1), 39\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10192557.2019.1661589.","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Law Review"},{"key":"4884_CR53","unstructured":"Loannis, L., Despoina, M., Gracia, M. D., Amber, D., & d Azza R. (2019). The global governance of online consumer protection and E-commerce-building trust,\u00a0 http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_consumer_protection.pdf. Accessed 9 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR54","first-page":"470","volume":"15","author":"V Majithia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Majithia, V. (2019). The changing landscape of intermediary liability for E-commerce platforms\u202f: Emergence of a new regime. International Journal of Law and Technology, 15, 470\u2013493..","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"R Mangiaracina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mangiaracina, R., & Perego, A. (2009). Payment systems in the B2C eCommerce: Are they a barrier for the online customer? Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14(3), 1\u201316..","journal-title":"Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce"},{"issue":"11","key":"4884_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.4236\/ijcns.2015.811038","volume":"8","author":"MR MaqablehMasa\u2019deh","year":"2015","unstructured":"MaqablehMasa\u2019deh, M. R., Shannak, R., & Nahar, K. (2015). Perceived trust and payment methods: An empirical study of MarkaVIP company. International Journal of Communications Network and System Sciences, 8(11), 409\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ijcns.2015.811038.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communications Network and System Sciences"},{"key":"4884_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer,\u00a0R. C.,\u00a0Davis,\u00a0J. H., & Schoorman,\u00a0F. D.\u00a0(1995). An integrative model of organizational trust.\u00a0Academy of Management Review, 20,\u00a0709\u2013734. \u00a0http:\/\/www.makinggood.ac.nz\/media\/1270\/mayeretal_1995_organizationaltrust.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2020.","DOI":"10.2307\/258792"},{"key":"4884_CR58","volume-title":"Textbook on jurisprudence","author":"H McCoubrey","year":"1999","unstructured":"McCoubrey, H., & White, N. D. (1999). Textbook on jurisprudence (3rd ed.). Blackstone Press Limited.","edition":"3"},{"key":"4884_CR606","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mcknight, D., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). The impact of initial consumer trust on intentions to transact with a web site: A trust building model. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11, 297\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0963-8687(02)00020-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8687(02)00020-3"},{"key":"4884_CR59","unstructured":"McKinsey global institute. (2019). Digital India: Technology to transform a connected nation,\u00a0 https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Business%20Functions\/McKinsey%20Digital\/Our%20Insights\/Digital%20India%20Technology%20to%20transform%20a%20connected%20nation\/MGI-Digital-India-Report-April-2019.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR60","unstructured":"Mekovec, R., & Hutinski, \u017d. (2012).\u00a0The role of perceived privacy and perceived security in online market. In: Proceedings of the 35th international convention MIPRO (pp.\u00a01549\u20131554).\u00a0Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.\u00a0https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6240857. Accessed 25 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2019.100908","author":"J Milan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milan, J., Antonio, G., & Niklas, A. (2020). Exploring the growth challenge of mobile payment platforms: A business model perspective. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.elerap.2019.100908.","journal-title":"Electronic Commerce Research and Applications"},{"key":"4884_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x","volume":"35","author":"A Miyazaki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miyazaki, A., & Fernandez, A. N. A. (2001). Consumer perceptions of privacy and security risks for online shopping. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35, 27\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Affairs"},{"key":"4884_CR63","first-page":"74","volume":"6","author":"CP Nandini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nandini, C. P. (2018). B2C E-commerce and consumer protection with special reference to India\u2014ADR a best possible solution. International Journal of Consumer Law and Practice, 6, 74\u201387.","journal-title":"International Journal of Consumer Law and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"4884_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3844\/jssp.2011.190.198","volume":"7","author":"S Nardal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nardal, S., & Sahin, A. (2011). Ethical issues in E-commerce on the basis of online retailing. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3844\/jssp.2011.190.198.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"4884_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2007.00085_1.x","author":"J Nehf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nehf, J. (2007). Shopping for privacy on the internet. Journal of Consumer Affairs. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2007.00085_1.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Affairs"},{"key":"4884_CR66","unstructured":"Nielsen. (2018). Future opportunities in FMCG E-commerce: Market drivers and five-year forecast.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/04\/fmcg-eCommerce-report.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR67","unstructured":"Nielsen. (2019). Total consumer report 2019.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/report\/2019\/total-consumer-report-2019\/. Accessed 14 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR68","unstructured":"OECD. (2000). Guidelines for consumer protection in the context of electronic commerce.\u00a0https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/consumer\/34023811.pdf. Accessed\u00a05 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264255258-en","volume-title":"Consumer protection in E-commerce: OECD recommendation","author":"OECD","year":"2016","unstructured":"OECD. (2016). Consumer protection in E-commerce: OECD recommendation. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264255258-en."},{"key":"4884_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.2307\/4150652","volume":"153","author":"EA O'Hara","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara, E. A. (2005). Choice of law for internet transactions: The uneasy case for online consumer protection. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 153, 1883\u20131950.","journal-title":"University of Pennsylvania Law Review"},{"key":"4884_CR71","unstructured":"Orendorff, A. (2019). Global ecommerce statistics and trends to launch your business beyond borders,\u00a0 https:\/\/www.shopify.com\/enterprise\/global-ecommerce-statistics#8. Accessed 5 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/10864415.2003.11044275","volume":"7","author":"PA Pavlou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(3), 101\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10864415.2003.11044275.","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"4884_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.10.009","volume":"47","author":"EB Ponte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ponte, E. B., Carvajal-Trujillo, E., & Escobar-Rodr\u00edguez, T. (2015). Influence of trust and perceived value on the intention to purchase travel online: Integrating the effects of assurance on trust antecedents. Tourism Management, 47, 286\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.10.009.","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"4884_CR74","unstructured":"Porter, M. (1979). How competitive forces shape strategy. https:\/\/hbr.org\/1979\/03\/how-competitive-forces-shape-strategy. Accessed 9 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR76","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Consumer protection measures by leading e-commerce retailers: Digital payments rise manifold in 5 yrs","author":"RBI","year":"2020","unstructured":"RBI. (2020). Consumer protection measures by leading e-commerce retailers: Digital payments rise manifold in 5 yrs (p. 11). The Times of India."},{"key":"4884_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-006-9161-y","volume":"72","author":"S Roman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roman, S. (2007). The ethics of online retailing: A scale development and validation from the consumers\u2019 perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 131\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-006-9161-y.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-007-9645-4","volume":"83","author":"S Roman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roman, S., & Cuestas, P. J. (2008). The perception of consumers regarding online retailers\u2019 ethics and their relationship with the consumers\u2019 general internet expertise and word of mouth: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(4), 641\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-007-9645-4.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"4884_CR79","unstructured":"Rothchild, J. (1999). Protecting the digital consumer: The limits of cyberspace utopianism. Indiana Law Journal, 74(3). https:\/\/www.repository.law.indiana.edu\/ilj\/vol74\/iss3\/5. Accessed 8 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR80","unstructured":"Ruhl, G. (2011). Consumer protection in choice of law. Cornell International Law Journal, 44(3), 569\u2013601. https:\/\/www.lawschool.cornell.edu. Accessed 7 July 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/foli-2018-0019","author":"A Rybak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rybak, A. (2019). Consumer trust in E-commerce: The case of Poland. Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, 18(2), 59\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/foli-2018-0019.","journal-title":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia"},{"key":"4884_CR82","unstructured":"Saif, N. A. AL M. (2018). General principles of consumer protection in E-commerce trade: A comparative study between Sharia law and EU laws. Unpublished Ph.D thesis. University of Exeter. https:\/\/ore.exeter.ac.uk\/repository\/bitstream\/handle\/10871\/36623\/Al-MamariS.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 10 Oct 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR608","unstructured":"Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. 4th Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow."},{"key":"4884_CR83","first-page":"124","volume-title":"The sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods","author":"K Saumure","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saumure, K., & Given, L. M. (2008). Convenience sample. In L. M. Given (Ed.), The sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (pp. 124\u2013125). Sage Publications."},{"key":"4884_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-07-2013-0162","author":"G Sharma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma, G., & Lijuan, W. (2014). Ethical perspectives on e-commerce: An empirical investigation. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IntR-07-2013-0162.","journal-title":"Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"4884_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-07-2020-0626","volume":"123","author":"F Shirazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shirazi, F., Adam, N. A., Shanmugam, M., & Schultz, C. D. (2020). The importance of trust for electronic commerce satisfaction: An entrepreneurial perspective. British Food Journal, 123(2), 789\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/BFJ-07-2020-0626.","journal-title":"British Food Journal"},{"key":"4884_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781509916887","volume-title":"Consumer theories of harm: An economic approach to consumer law enforcement and policy making","author":"P Siciliani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siciliani, P., Riefa, C., & Gamper, H. (2019). Consumer theories of harm: An economic approach to consumer law enforcement and policy making. Hart Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5040\/9781509916887."},{"key":"4884_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh, R. K. (2019). E-commerce in India: Opportunities and challenges, In: Proceedings of 10th international conference on digital strategies for organizational success. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3315048. Accessed 27 Nov 2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3315048"},{"key":"4884_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2004.03.003","volume":"17","author":"VD Sousa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sousa, V. D., Zauszniewski, J., & Musil, C. (2004). How to determine whether a convenience sample represents the population. Applied Nursing Research, 17, 130\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apnr.2004.03.003.","journal-title":"Applied Nursing Research"},{"key":"4884_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stead, B., & Gilbert, J. (2001). Ethical issues in electronic commerce.\u00a0Journal of Business Ethics,\u00a034(2), 75\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1012266020988.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012266020988"},{"key":"4884_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/10864415.2003.11044270","volume":"7","author":"B Suh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Suh, B., & Han, I. (2003). The impact of customer trust and perception of security control on the acceptance of electronic commerce. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7, 135\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10864415.2003.11044270.","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"4884_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17010\/ijom\/2017\/v47\/i2\/110027","author":"T Anand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thakur, A., Shabnam, & Kaur, R. (2017). An empirical study on consumer trust in online shopping in Punjab. Indian Journal of Marketing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17010\/ijom\/2017\/v47\/i2\/110027.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/10919392.2020.1818521","volume":"30","author":"M Tripathi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tripathi, M., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2020). Financial loss due to a data privacy breach: An empirical analysis. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 30(4), 381\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10919392.2020.1818521.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"4884_CR93","unstructured":"UNCTAD. (2017). Consumer protection in electronic commerce,\u00a0 https:\/\/unctad.org\/meetings\/en\/SessionalDocuments\/cicplpd7_en.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR94","unstructured":"UNCTAD. (2019). Digital economy report 2019, value creation and capture: Implications for developing countries,\u00a0 https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/der2019_en.pdf. Accessed 7 November 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR95","unstructured":"UNCTAD. (2019). Measuring E-commerce and the digital economy,\u00a0 https:\/\/unctad.org\/topic\/ecommerce-and-digital-economy\/measuring-ecommerce-digital-economy. Accessed 11 July 2020."},{"key":"4884_CR96","unstructured":"UNESAP & ADB. (2019). Embracing the E-commerce revolution in Asia and the Pacific,\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/430401\/embracing-e-commerce-revolution.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/10196780601136997","volume":"17","author":"TP Van Dyke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Dyke, T. P., Midha, V., & Nemati, H. (2007). The effect of consumer privacy empowerment on trust and privacy concerns in E-commerce. Electronic Markets, 17(1), 68\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10196780601136997.","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"4884_CR98","unstructured":"Vancauteren, M., Reinsdorf, M., Veldhuizen, E., Eugene van der, P., Carsten, B., & Airaksinen, A. (2011). E-commerce. In United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (Eds.), The Impact of Globalization on National Accounts (pp 249\u2013261). https:\/\/www.unece.org\/fileadmin\/DAM\/stats\/groups\/wggna\/GuideByChapters\/Chapter_13.pdf. Accessed 7 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"4884_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/2278533719887451","volume":"8","author":"W Aslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wajeeha, A., Annas, H., & Kashif, F. (2019). Underlying factors influencing consumers\u2019 trust and loyalty in E-commerce, Business Perspectives and Research, 8(2), 186\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2278533719887451.","journal-title":"Business Perspectives and Research"},{"key":"4884_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-019-04182-z","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, X., Tajvidi, M., Lin, X., & Hajli, N. (2019). Towards an ethical and trustworthy social commerce community for brand value Co-creation: A trust-commitment perspective. Journal of Business Ethics Issue, 167, 137\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04182-z.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics Issue"},{"key":"4884_CR100","unstructured":"World Economic Forum. (2019). The global governance of online consumer protection and e-commerce building trust,\u00a0http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_consumer_protection.pdf. Accessed 9 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/10919392.2020.1742552","volume":"30","author":"X Qian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiaodong, Q., & Min, L.\u00a0(2020).\u00a0E-commerce user type recognition based on access sequence similarity,\u00a0Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 30(3), 209\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10919392.2020.1742552.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"4884_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019848844","author":"Z Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Van Ngo, Q., Chen, Y., Nguyen, C. X. -T., & Hoang, H. T. (2019). Does ethics perception foster consumer repurchase intention? Role of trust, perceived uncertainty, and shopping habit. SAGE Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244019848844.","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"4884_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young, L. C., & Wilkinson, I. F. (1989). The role of trust and co-operation in marketing channels: A preliminary study. European Journal of Marketing, 23(2), 109\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EUM0000000000550.","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000000550"},{"key":"4884_CR600","unstructured":"Zikmund, W. G. (2000). Business Research Methods. 6th Edition, The Dryden Press, Fort Worth."},{"key":"4884_CR33","unstructured":"Zuhal, H. (2019). The gamut of E-commerce: Between online fraud and trust towards technology among generation Y. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 830\u2013836. http:\/\/www.iaeme.com\/IJMET\/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&Type=01. Accessed 27 Nov 2020."}],"container-title":["Journal of Business Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10551-021-04884-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10551-021-04884-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10551-021-04884-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T22:55:14Z","timestamp":1744152914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-021-04884-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-021-04884-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4544","1573-0697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4544","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}