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They then draw on corporate policies with varying degrees of alignment to disseminate and enforce corresponding behavioral rules among their suppliers and business partners. This goal-based turn in private sustainability governance has important implications for its likely environmental and social outcomes. Drawing on paradox theory, this article uses a case study of zero-deforestation commitments in the Indonesian palm oil sector to argue that goal-based private sustainability governance\u2019s characteristics set the stage for two types of paradoxes to emerge: performing paradoxes between environmental, social, and economic sustainability goals, and organizing paradoxes between cooperation and competition approaches. Companies\u2019 responses to these paradoxes, in turn, can explain the lack of full goal attainment and differential rates of progress between actors. These results draw our attention to the complexities hidden behind governance through goal\u00a0setting in the corporate space, and raise important questions about the viability of similar strategies such as science-based targets and net-zero goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-023-05377-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T22:35:02Z","timestamp":1679870102000},"page":"467-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Goal-Based Private Sustainability Governance and Its Paradoxes in the Indonesian Palm Oil Sector"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1630-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Grabs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael D.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5377_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.32.031306.102415","volume":"32","author":"DP Angel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Angel, D. 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