{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:59:02Z","timestamp":1773298742887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]],"date-time":"2011-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Causes Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9762-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,6]],"date-time":"2011-04-06T14:06:16Z","timestamp":1302098776000},"page":"885-897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Early-life sun exposure and risk of melanoma before age 40\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Cust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Goumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce K.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne F.","family":"Aitken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham G.","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Kefford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham J.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9762_CR1","volume-title":"Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2008","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) & Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR)","year":"2008","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) & Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR) (2008) Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2008. AIHW, Canberra"},{"issue":"4","key":"9762_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20006","volume":"59","author":"A Jemal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ (2009) Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 59(4):225\u2013249","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"9687","key":"9762_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61397-0","volume":"374","author":"JF Thompson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thompson JF, Scolyer RA, Kefford RF (2009) Cutaneous melanoma in the era of molecular profiling. Lancet 374(9687):362\u2013365","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9762_CR4","volume-title":"Volume 55\u2014Solar and ultraviolet radiation","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"1992","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) World Health Organization (WHO) (1992) Volume 55\u2014Solar and ultraviolet radiation. IARC, WHO, Lyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"9762_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008980919928","volume":"12","author":"DC Whiteman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whiteman DC, Whiteman CA, Green AC (2001) Childhood sun exposure as a risk factor for melanoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Causes Control 12(1):69\u201382","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"9762_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc1069","volume":"5","author":"P Autier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Autier P, Boyle P (2008) Artificial ultraviolet sources and skin cancers: rationale for restricting access to sunbed use before 18\u00a0years of age. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 5(4):178\u2013179","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9762_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980812)77:4<533::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"77","author":"P Autier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Autier P, Dore JF (1998) Influence of sun exposures during childhood and during adulthood on melanoma risk. EPIMEL and EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Int J Cancer 77(4):533\u2013537","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"17","key":"9762_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904293401707","volume":"340","author":"BA Gilchrest","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gilchrest BA, Eller MS, Geller AC, Yaar M (1999) The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation. N Engl J Med 340(17):1341\u20131348","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9762_CR9","first-page":"651","volume":"71","author":"CD Holman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ (1983) A theory of the etiology and pathogenesis of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 71(4):651\u2013656","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"10","key":"9762_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0265","volume":"14","author":"A Kricker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kricker A, Vajdic CM, Armstrong BK (2005) Reliability and validity of a telephone questionnaire for estimating lifetime personal sun exposure in epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(10):2427\u20132432","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"9762_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1071\/HE09102","volume":"20","author":"C Rogers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rogers C, Kvaskoff M, DiSipio T et al (2009) Prevalence and determinants of sunburn in Queensland. Health Promot J Austr 20(2):102\u2013106","journal-title":"Health Promot J Austr"},{"key":"9762_CR12","unstructured":"Horner MJ, Ries LAG, Krapcho M et al. (2009) SEER cancer statistics review, 1975\u20132006. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2006\/"},{"key":"9762_CR13","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health, Welfare (AIHW) (2009) ACIM (Australian Cancer Incidence and Mortality) books. AIHW, Canberra, http:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/acim-books\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9762_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.086918","volume":"91","author":"SA Oliveria","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oliveria SA, Saraiya M, Geller AC, Heneghan MK, Jorgensen C (2006) Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Arch Dis Child 91(2):131\u2013138","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"9762_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.10.016","volume":"41","author":"S Gandini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS et al (2005) Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 41(1):45\u201360","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"19","key":"9762_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.1325","volume":"24","author":"DC Whiteman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whiteman DC, Stickley M, Watt P, Hughes MC, Davis MB, Green AC (2006) Anatomic site, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 24(19):3172\u20133177","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9762_CR17","first-page":"403","volume":"76","author":"CD Holman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ (1986) Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight-exposure habits. J Natl Cancer Inst 76(3):403\u2013414","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"9762_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19970106)70:1<26::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"70","author":"DC Whiteman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Whiteman DC, Valery P, McWhirter W, Green AC (1997) Risk factors for childhood melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Int J Cancer 70(1):26\u201331","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"18","key":"9762_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24481","volume":"115","author":"WF Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson WF, Pfeiffer RM, Tucker MA, Rosenberg PS (2009) Divergent cancer pathways for early-onset and late-onset cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer 115(18):4176\u20134185","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"9762_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.3.418","volume":"28","author":"SD Walter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walter SD, King WD, Marrett LD (1999) Association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with intermittent exposure to ultraviolet radiation: results of a case\u2013control study in Ontario, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 28(3):418\u2013427","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"9762_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp307","volume":"170","author":"AE Cust","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cust AE, Schmid H, Maskiell JA et al (2009) Population-based, case\u2013control-family design to investigate genetic and environmental influences on melanoma risk: Australian melanoma family study. Am J Epidemiol 170(12):1541\u20131554","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"9762_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024232","volume":"26","author":"JL Hopper","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hopper JL, Chenevix-Trench G, Jolley DJ et al (1999) Design and analysis issues in a population-based, case\u2013control-family study of the genetic epidemiology of breast cancer and the Co-operative Family Registry for Breast Cancer Studies (CFRBCS). J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 26:95\u2013100","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"issue":"9494","key":"9762_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67570-8","volume":"366","author":"JL Hopper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hopper JL, Bishop DT, Easton DF (2005) Population-based family studies in genetic epidemiology. Lancet 366(9494):1397\u20131406","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9762_CR24","volume-title":"Australian demographic statistics, March 2008","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2008","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) Australian demographic statistics, March 2008. ABS, Canberra"},{"key":"9762_CR25","volume-title":"Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2006","author":"Australian Institute of Health, Welfare (AIHW), Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR)","year":"2007","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health, Welfare (AIHW), Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR) (2007) Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2006. AIHW, Canberra"},{"key":"9762_CR26","volume-title":"Climatology of UV-A, UV-B, and erythemal radiation at the earth\u2019s surface, 1979\u20132000","author":"J Lee-Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee-Taylor J, Madronich S (2007) Climatology of UV-A, UV-B, and erythemal radiation at the earth\u2019s surface, 1979\u20132000. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder"},{"issue":"3","key":"9762_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-006-0091-x","volume":"18","author":"A Kricker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Goumas C et al (2007) Ambient UV, personal sun exposure and risk of multiple primary melanomas. Cancer Causes Control 18(3):295\u2013304","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"9762_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2003.00047.x","volume":"16","author":"J Bauer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bauer J, Garbe C (2003) Acquired melanocytic nevi as risk factor for melanoma development. A comprehensive review of epidemiological data. Pigment Cell Res 16(3):297\u2013306","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"9762_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10117","volume":"98","author":"P Youl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Youl P, Aitken J, Hayward N et al (2002) Melanoma in adolescents: a case\u2013control study of risk factors in Queensland, Australia. Int J Cancer 98(1):92\u201398","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"9762_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.190","volume":"67","author":"JF Aitken","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aitken JF, Green A, MacLennan R, Jackman L, Martin NG (1993) Comparability of surrogate and self-reported information on melanoma risk factors. Br J Cancer 67(5):1036\u20131041","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"9762_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp166","volume":"38","author":"YM Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang YM, Barrett JH, Bishop DT et al (2009) Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls. Int J Epidemiol 38(3):814\u2013830","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9762_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2008.04.006","volume":"18","author":"LK Dennis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dennis LK, Vanbeek MJ, Beane Freeman LE, Smith BJ, Dawson DV, Coughlin JA (2008) Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma: does age matter? A comprehensive meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 18(8):614\u2013627","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"9762_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cust AE, Armstrong BK, Goumas C et al (2011) Sunbed use during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with increased risk of early-onset melanoma. Int J Cancer 128(10):2425\u20132435","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25576"},{"issue":"5","key":"9762_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000301)85:5<627::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-Y","volume":"85","author":"JL Bulliard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bulliard JL (2000) Site-specific risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma and pattern of sun exposure in New Zealand. Int J Cancer 85(5):627\u2013632","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"9762_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2007.12.003","volume":"1","author":"A Platz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Platz A, Egyhazi S, Ringborg U, Hansson J (2008) Human cutaneous melanoma; a review of NRAS and BRAF mutation frequencies in relation to histogenetic subclass and body site. Mol Oncol 1(4):395\u2013405","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9762_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.08.065","volume":"54","author":"M McPherson","year":"2006","unstructured":"McPherson M, Elwood M, English DR, Baade PD, Youl PH, Aitken JF (2006) Presentation and detection of invasive melanoma in a high-risk population. J Am Acad Dermatol 54(5):783\u2013792","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"9762_CR37","volume-title":"Prevention of skin cancer","author":"BK Armstrong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Armstrong BK (2004) How sun exposure causes skin cancer: an epidemiological perspective. In: Hill D, Elwood JM, English DR (eds) Prevention of skin cancer. Kluwer, Dordrecht"},{"issue":"9","key":"9762_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117092","volume":"139","author":"E White","year":"1994","unstructured":"White E, Kirkpatrick CS, Lee JA (1994) Case\u2013control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State. I. Constitutional factors and sun exposure. Am J Epidemiol 139(9):857\u2013868","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9762_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116117","volume":"134","author":"MA Weinstock","year":"1991","unstructured":"Weinstock MA, Colditz GA, Willett WC et al (1991) Melanoma and the sun: the effect of swimsuits and a \u201chealthy\u201d tan on the risk of nonfamilial malignant melanoma in women. Am J Epidemiol 134(5):462\u2013470","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9762_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-004-1142-9","volume":"15","author":"CC Solomon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Solomon CC, White E, Kristal AR, Vaughan T (2004) Melanoma and lifetime UV radiation. Cancer Causes Control 15(9):893\u2013902","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"9762_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.42","volume":"10","author":"DC Whiteman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whiteman DC (2010) Testing the divergent pathway hypothesis for melanoma: recent findings and future challenges. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 10(5):615\u2013618","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"issue":"14","key":"9762_CR42","first-page":"3992","volume":"62","author":"TR Fears","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fears TR, Bird CC, Guerry DP et al (2002) Average midrange ultraviolet radiation flux and time outdoors predict melanoma risk. Cancer Res 62(14):3992\u20133996","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"9762_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Goumas C et al (2010) MC1R genotype may modify the effect of sun exposure on melanoma risk in the GEM study. Cancer Causes Control 21(12):2137\u20132147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9633-3"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"9762_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00198-1","volume":"63","author":"BK Armstrong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Armstrong BK, Kricker A (2001) The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 63(1\u20133):8\u201318","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"7","key":"9762_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.01.005","volume":"19","author":"KM Egan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Egan KM (2009) Vitamin D and melanoma. Ann Epidemiol 19(7):455\u2013461","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9762_CR46","first-page":"857","volume":"7","author":"DR English","year":"1998","unstructured":"English DR, Armstrong BK, Kricker A (1998) Reproducibility of reported measurements of sun exposure in a case\u2013control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7(10):857\u2013863","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"}],"container-title":["Cancer Causes &amp; Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-011-9762-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10552-011-9762-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-011-9762-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]],"date-time":"2019-06-09T15:46:04Z","timestamp":1560095164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10552-011-9762-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-011-9762-3","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.11471958.12500056","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0957-5243","1573-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-5243","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]]}}}