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We used analysis of covariance to estimate the associations, controlling for baseline IGF-I or IGFBP-3, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean IGF-I levels were 6.5% (95% CI \u221212.8, \u22120.3%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04) lower in men who decreased their protein intake after diagnosis compared to men who did not change. Men who changed their fruit and vegetable intake had lower IGF-I levels compared to non-changers [Decreased intake: \u221210.1%, 95% CI \u221218.4, \u22121.8%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02; Increased intake: \u221212.0%, 95% CI \u221218.4, \u22121.8%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002]. IGFBP-3 was 14.6% (95% CI \u221224.5, \u22124.8%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) lower in men who achieved a healthy body mass index after diagnosis. Men who became inactive had 9.5% higher average IGF-I levels (95% CI 0.1, 18.9%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Decreased protein intake and body mass index, and increased physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake, following a prostate cancer diagnosis were associated with reduced post-diagnosis serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Counterintuitively, reduced fruit and vegetable intake was also associated with reduced IGF-I, but with weak statistical support, possibly implicating chance. If confirmed in other studies, our findings may inform potential lifestyle interventions in prostate cancer. ProtecT was registered at International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Registry,<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/isrctn.org\">http:\/\/isrctn.org<\/jats:ext-link>as ISRCTN20141297.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0910-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T12:23:17Z","timestamp":1498220597000},"page":"877-888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Post-diagnosis serum insulin-like growth factors in relation to dietary and lifestyle changes in the Prostate testing for cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Er","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Biernacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Simpkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Jeffreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Emmett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerry N. 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