{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:19:58Z","timestamp":1740122398233,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAMD 17-03-2-0052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAMD 17-03-2-0052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32190194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32190194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014571","name":"Siteman Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Causes Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-018-1087-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T14:26:38Z","timestamp":1538144798000},"page":"1143-1150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The association of metformin use with prostate cancer aggressiveness among Black Americans and White Americans in a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9024-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saira","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Troester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Mohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth T. H.","family":"Fontham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Farnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bettina F.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Olshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannette T.","family":"Bensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1087_CR1","unstructured":"Surveillance E, Results E (2017) \n                    https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/prost.html\n                    \n                  . Accessed 6 Oct 2017"},{"key":"1087_CR2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Diabetes and Americans A (2017) \n                    https:\/\/minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/omh\/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=18\n                    \n                  . Accessed 19 Sept 2017"},{"key":"1087_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"267","author":"J Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu J, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Arias E (2016) Mortality in the United States, 2015. NCHS Data Brief 267:1\u20138","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"8","key":"1087_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2010.499122","volume":"19","author":"N Papanas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Papanas N, Maltezos E, Mikhailidis DP (2010) Metformin and cancer: licence to heal? Exp Opin Investig Drugs 19(8):913\u2013917. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/13543784.2010.499122","journal-title":"Exp Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"1087_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656814","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2656814","volume":"2016","author":"AD Raval","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raval AD, Mattes MD, Madhavan S, Pan X, Wei W, Sambamoorthi U (2016) Association between metformin use and cancer stage at diagnosis among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus and incident prostate cancer. J Diabetes Res 2016:2656814. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/2656814","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1087_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-016-0828-0","volume":"27","author":"S Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan S, Cai J, Nielsen ME et al (2016) The association of diabetes and obesity with prostate cancer aggressiveness among Black Americans and White Americans in a population-based study. Cancer Causes Control 27(12):1475\u20131485. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-016-0828-0","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"1087_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23342","volume":"77","author":"S Khan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khan S, Cai J, Nielsen ME et al (2017) The association of diabetes and obesity with prostate cancer progression: HCaP-NC. Prostate 77(8):878\u2013887. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.23342","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"11","key":"1087_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20449","volume":"66","author":"JC Schroeder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schroeder JC, Bensen JT, Su LJ et al (2006) The North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP): methods and design of a multidisciplinary population-based cohort study of racial differences in prostate cancer outcomes. Prostate 66(11):1162\u20131176. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.20449","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"4","key":"1087_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116104","volume":"134","author":"CR Weinberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Weinberg CR, Sandler DP (1991) Randomized recruitment in case\u2013control studies. Am J Epidemiol 134(4):421\u2013432","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"1087_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.12.008","volume":"123","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeFronzo RA (2010) Current issues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Overview of newer agents: where treatment is going. Am J Med 123(3 Suppl):S38\u2013S48. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.12.008","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"1087_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp260","volume":"101","author":"D Albanes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Wright ME et al (2009) Serum insulin, glucose, indices of insulin resistance, and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(18):1272\u20131279","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ba333c","volume":"20","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2009","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ (2009) On the distinction between interaction and effect modification. Epidemiology 20(6):863\u2013871. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ba333c","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1087_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr020","volume":"22","author":"XX He","year":"2011","unstructured":"He XX, Tu SM, Lee MH, Yeung SC (2011) Thiazolidinediones and metformin associated with improved survival of diabetic prostate cancer patients. Ann Oncol 22(12):2640\u20132645. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdr020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1087_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2645","author":"D Deng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deng D, Yang Y, Tang X et al (2015) Association between metformin therapy and incidence, recurrence and mortality of prostate cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis. Diabetes\/Metab Res Rev. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.2645","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1087_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2014.47","volume":"18","author":"MR Danzig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danzig MR, Kotamarti S, Ghandour RA et al (2015) Synergism between metformin and statins in modifying the risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy in men with diabetes. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 18(1):63\u201368. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pcan.2014.47","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"1087_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt170","volume":"105","author":"D Margel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Margel D, Urbach D, Lipscombe LL et al (2013) Association between metformin use and risk of prostate cancer and its grade. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(15):1123\u20131131. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djt170","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0462","volume":"17","author":"D Soranna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soranna D, Scotti L, Zambon A et al (2012) Cancer risk associated with use of metformin and sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. The Oncologist 17(6):813\u2013822. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0462","journal-title":"The Oncologist"},{"issue":"9","key":"1087_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9407-y","volume":"20","author":"JL Wright","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wright JL, Stanford JL (2009) Metformin use and prostate cancer in Caucasian men: results from a population-based case\u2013control study. Cancer Causes Control 20(9):1617\u20131622. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-009-9407-y","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"1087_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-733","volume":"99","author":"JC Florez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Florez JC (2014) It\u2019s not black and white: individualizing metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(9):3125\u20133128. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-733","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70050-6","volume":"2","author":"K Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou K, Donnelly L, Yang J et al (2014) Heritability of variation in glycaemic response to metformin: a genome-wide complex trait analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2(6):481\u2013487. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70050-6","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1087_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1539","volume":"99","author":"LK Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams LK, Padhukasahasram B, Ahmedani BK et al (2014) Differing effects of metformin on glycemic control by race-ethnicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(9):3160\u20133168. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-1539","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1087_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/472-6963-9-24","volume":"9","author":"CM Trinacty","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trinacty CM, Adams AS, Soumerai SB et al (2009) Racial differences in long-term adherence to oral antidiabetic drug therapy: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 9:24. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/472-6963-9-24","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1087_CR23","first-page":"1071","volume":"98","author":"RA Shenolikar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shenolikar RA, Balkrishnan R, Camacho FT, Whitmire JT, Anderson RT (2006) Race and medication adherence in Medicaid enrollees with type-2 diabetes. J Natl Med Assoc 98(7):1071\u20131077","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1087_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1924","volume":"31","author":"AS Adams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adams AS, Trinacty CM, Zhang F et al (2008) Medication adherence and racial differences in A1C control. Diabetes Care 31(5):916\u2013921. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc07-1924","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2499","volume":"30","author":"RW Grant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grant RW, Wexler DJ, Watson AJ et al (2007) How doctors choose medications to treat type 2 diabetes: a national survey of specialists and academic generalists. Diabetes Care 30(6):1448\u20131453. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc06-2499","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1087_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007375","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007375","volume":"5","author":"SD Goonesekera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goonesekera SD, Yang MH, Hall SA, Fang SC, Piccolo RS, McKinlay JB (2015) Racial ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes treatment patterns and glycaemic control in the Boston Area Community Health Survey. BMJ Open 5(5):e007375. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007375","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"1087_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721716628650","volume":"42","author":"A Perez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perez A, Elrod S, Sanchez J (2016) A comparison of the use and quality of antidiabetic medication regimens between non-Hispanic Black and white adults with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in the US: NHANES 2003\u20132012. Diabetes Educ 42(2):234\u2013242. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145721716628650","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"1087_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12430","volume":"41","author":"X Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan X, Feng X, Chang J, Higa G, Wang L, Leslie D (2016) Oral antidiabetic drug use and associated health outcomes in cancer patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 41(5):524\u2013531. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpt.12430","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"1087_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2014.20.8.834","volume":"20","author":"JE Couto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Couto JE, Panchal JM, Lal LS et al (2014) Geographic variation in medication adherence in commercial and Medicare part D populations. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 20(8):834\u2013842. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18553\/jmcp.2014.20.8.834","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"1087_CR30","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report. \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/pdfs\/data\/statistics\/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 5 Oct 2017"},{"key":"1087_CR31","first-page":"54","volume":"3","author":"A Theodorou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Theodorou A, Johnson K, Ward M, Szychowski JA (2011) 2010 drug utilization and cost trends for antidiabetic agents. Am J Pharm Benefits 3:54\u201361","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Benefits"},{"issue":"5","key":"1087_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-289","volume":"37","author":"C Hampp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hampp C, Borders-Hemphill V, Moeny DG, Wysowski DK (2014) Use of antidiabetic drugs in the U.S., 2003\u20132012. Diabetes Care 37(5):1367\u20131374. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-289","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1087_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws156","volume":"176","author":"AL Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider AL, Pankow JS, Heiss G, Selvin E (2012) Validity and reliability of self-reported diabetes in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Epidemiol 176(8):738\u2013743. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kws156","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1087_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.30.3.130","volume":"30","author":"EA Chow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chow EA, Foster H, Gonzalez V, McIver L (2012) The disparate impact of diabetes on racial\/ethnic minority populations. Clin Diabetes 30(3):130\u2013133. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diaclin.30.3.130","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Cancer Causes &amp; Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10552-018-1087-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-018-1087-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-018-1087-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T20:25:00Z","timestamp":1589660700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10552-018-1087-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-018-1087-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-5243","1573-7225"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0957-5243"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7225"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving animal and human participants"}}]}}