{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:25:35Z","timestamp":1772119535572,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Causes Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cancer registry of Harare, Zimbabwe, founded in 1986 allows the study of the evolution of the cancer epidemic in a Black (African) population over a 30-year period, and is used to investigate trends in the incidence of cancers of the male genital system and urinary tract.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age standardised incidence rates (ASRs) in the black (African) population of Harare are calculated for four cancers: prostate, testis and penis in men, and bladder in both sexes. Trends are expressed as the average annual percentage change in incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The incidence of prostate cancer is very high (an ASR of 71.4 per 10\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and over the period increased at a rate of 5.1% annually, but even faster (6.1%) in the most recent decade. The incidence of penile cancer is high, and has increased significantly (3.8% per year), while there was no change in the incidence of testicular cancer. Bladder cancer has shown significant declines in incidence in both sexes (1.9% annually in males, 3.8% in females). There has been little change in the histological composition of the bladder cancer cases in the last 25\u00a0years, with transitional cell carcinomas comprising some 50\u201360% of cancers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While some of these trends are related to population-level changes in lifestyles, and exposure to environmental factors (such as HPV), the reasons for other changes in incidence are more obscure. Some may be in part due to improvements in diagnostic techniques (endoscopy and imaging), but others\u2014e.g. bladder\u2014merit further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-025-02044-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T07:02:43Z","timestamp":1755327763000},"page":"1579-1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in the incidence of cancers of the male genital system and urinary bladder in Harare, Zimbabwe, 1990\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Chokunonga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Borok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex P.","family":"Danso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Chirenje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudo","family":"Makunike-Mutasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ntokozo","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justice","family":"Mudavanhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald M.","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910630107","volume":"63","author":"MT Bassett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bassett MT, Chokunonga E, Mauchaza B, Levy L, Ferlay J, Parkin DM (1995) Cancer in the African population of Harare, Zimbabwe, 1990\u20131992. Int J Cancer 63(1):29\u201336","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2044_CR2","unstructured":"IARC. CI5 i-XII Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volumes I-XII [available at https:\/\/ci5.iarc.who.int\/previous\/. Accessed 27 May 2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"2044_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28063","volume":"133","author":"E Chokunonga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chokunonga E, Borok MZ, Chirenje ZM, Nyakabau AM, Parkin DM (2013) Trends in the incidence of cancer in the black population of Harare, Zimbabwe 1991\u20132010. Int J Cancer 133(3):721\u2013729","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2044_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29883","volume":"138","author":"E Chokunonga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chokunonga E, Windridge P, Sasieni P, Borok M, Parkin DM (2016) Black-white differences in cancer risk in Harare, Zimbabwe, during 1991\u20132010. Int J Cancer 138(6):1416\u20131421","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2044_CR5","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Jemal A, Bray F, Korir AR, Kamat\u00e9 B, Singh E, Joko WY, Sengayi-Muchengeti M, Liu B and Ferlay J. [EDS] Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa Volume III. Union for International Cancer Control, Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. https:\/\/www.uicc.org\/resources\/cancer-sub-saharan-africa. Accessed 27 Jan 2025"},{"key":"2044_CR6","unstructured":"Fritz A, Percy C, Jack A, Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin L, Parkin DM, Whelan S (2000) ICD-O-3. Geneva (Switzerland), WHO"},{"key":"2044_CR7","unstructured":"Bray F, Ferlay J. Age Standardization. In: Forman D, Bray F, Brewster D, et al., eds. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X. IARC scientific publications No. 164. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014."},{"key":"2044_CR8","first-page":"126","volume":"95","author":"P Boyle","year":"1991","unstructured":"Boyle P, Parkin DM (1991) Cancer registration: principles and methods. Statistical methods for registries. IARC Sci Publ 95:126\u2013158","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2044_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.11.032","volume":"45","author":"F Bray","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bray F, Parkin DM (2009) Evaluation of data quality in the cancer registry: principles and methods. Part I: comparability, validity and timeliness. Eur J Cancer 45(5):747\u2013755","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2044_CR10","unstructured":"Bray F, Colombet M, Aitken JF, Bardot A, Eser S, Galceran J, Hagenimana M, Matsuda T, Mery L, Pi\u00f1eros M, Soerjomataram I, de Vries E, Wiggins C, Won Y-J, Znaor A, Ferlay J, editors (2023). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XII (IARC CancerBase No. 19). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https:\/\/ci5.iarc.who.int. Accessed 20 Jan 2025"},{"key":"2044_CR11","unstructured":"FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organisation Factsheets)\u2014Zimbabwe. 2024. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#country\/181. Accessed 10 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"2044_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr050","volume":"40","author":"S Dalal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dalal S, Beunza JJ, Volmink J, Adebamowo C, Bajunirwe F, Njelekela M, Mozaffarian D, Fawzi W, Willett W, Adami HO, Holmes MD (2011) Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: what we know now. Int J Epidemiol 40(4):885\u2013901","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2044_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/148114\/9789241564854_eng.pdf?sequence=1). Accessed 27 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"2044_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1005","volume":"30","author":"TP Seraphin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seraphin TP, Joko-Fru WY, Kamat\u00e9 B, Chokunonga E, Wabinga H, Somdyala NIM, Manraj SS, Ogunbiyi OJ, Dzamalala CP, Finesse A, Korir A, N\u2019Da G, Lorenzoni C, Liu B, Kantelhardt EJ, Parkin DM (2021) Rising prostate cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa: a trend analysis of data from the African Cancer Registry Network. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 30(1):158\u2013165","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2044_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.005","volume":"77","author":"MBB Culp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Culp MBB, Soerjomataram I, Efstathiou JA, Bray F, Jemal A, European Association of Urology (2020) Recent global patterns in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Eur Urol 77:38\u201352","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2044_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odedina FT, Akinremi TO, Chinegwundoh F, Roberts R, Yu D, Reams RR, et al. Prostate cancer disparities in Black men of African descent: A comparative literature review of prostate cancer burden among Black men in the United States, Caribbean, United Kingdom, and West Africa. Infect Agent Cancer. 2009.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-4-S1-S2"},{"key":"2044_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.0096","volume":"34","author":"DSW Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan DSW, Mok TSK, Rebbeck TR (2016) Cancer genomics: diversity and disparity across ethnicity and geography. J Clin Oncol 34:91\u2013101","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2044_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346748","volume":"36","author":"K Esposito","year":"2013","unstructured":"Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Parretta E et al (2013) Effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on prostate cancer risk: meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 36:132\u2013139","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2044_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eylert MF, Persad R. Management of Prostate Cancer [Internet]. Bolla M, van Poppel H, editors. Br. J. Hosp. Med. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-42769-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42769-0"},{"key":"2044_CR20","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and prostate cancer; a global perspective. Contin. Updat. Proj. Expert Rep. 2018. Available at dietandcancerreport.org."},{"key":"2044_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-018-0070-9","volume":"22","author":"TM Layne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Layne TM, Graubard BI, Ma X, Mayne ST, Albanes D (2019) Prostate cancer risk factors in black and white men in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 22:91\u2013100","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"2044_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520310046028","volume":"273","author":"AL Potosky","year":"1995","unstructured":"Potosky AL, Miller BA, Albertsen PC, Kramer BS (1995) The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. JAMA 273:548\u2013552","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2044_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.12.1017","volume":"91","author":"BF Hankey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hankey BF, Feuer EJ, Clegg LX, Hayes RB, Legler JM, Prorok PC et al (1999) Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer Part I: evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1017\u20131024","journal-title":"JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2044_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748221084932","volume":"29","author":"LK Makau-Barasa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Makau-Barasa LK, Manirakiza A, Carvalho AL, Rebbeck TR (2022) Prostate cancer screening, diagnostic, treatment procedures and costs in sub-Saharan Africa: a situational analysis. Cancer Control 29:10732748221084932","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"2044_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.02.054","volume":"61","author":"MM Center","year":"2012","unstructured":"Center MM, Jemal A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Ward E, Ferlay J, Brawley O et al (2012) International variation in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Eur Urol 61:1079\u20131092","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2044_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29894","volume":"138","author":"CK Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou CK, Check DP, Lortet-Tieulent J, Laversanne M, Jemal A, Ferlay J et al (2016) Prostate cancer incidence in 43 populations worldwide: an analysis of time trends overall and by age group. Int J Cancer 138:1388\u20131400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.29894","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2044_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.20.1624","volume":"82","author":"AL Potosky","year":"1990","unstructured":"Potosky AL, Kessier L, Gridley G, Brown CC, Horm JW (1990) Rise in prostatic Cancer Incidence Associated with increased use of transurethral resection. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1624\u20131628","journal-title":"JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2044_CR28","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Pi\u00f1eros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024) Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/today, Accessed 27 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"2044_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32538","volume":"146","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parkin DM, H\u00e4mmerl L, Ferlay J, Kantelhardt EJ (2020) Cancer in Africa 2018: the role of infections. Int J Cancer 146(8):2089\u20132103","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"2044_CR30","first-page":"1097","volume":"22","author":"NL Larke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larke NL, Thomas SL, dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA (2011) Male circumcision and penile cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 22(8):1097\u20131110","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"2044_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1272","volume":"30","author":"JS Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith JS, Backes DM, Hudgens MG, Mei W, Chakraborty H, Rohner E, Moses S, Agot K, Meijer CJLM, Bailey RC (2021) Male circumcision reduces penile hpv incidence and persistence: a randomized controlled trial in Kenya. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 30(6):1139\u20131148","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2044_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chokunonga E, Chirenje M, Borok M, Makunike-Mutasa R, Ndlovu N, Mudavanhu, J, Liu B, and Parkin D M. Trends in the incidence of cancers of the breast and female genital tract in Harare, Zimbabwe 1990\u20132019 Int J Cancer (in press) 2025","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6854361\/v1"},{"key":"2044_CR33","unstructured":"ICO\/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer. Zimbabwe: Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers, FactSheet 2023 [https:\/\/hpvcentre.net\/statistics\/reports\/ZWE_FS.pdf?t=1722857572407]. Accessed 27 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"2044_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199453","volume":"13","author":"JB McGillen","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGillen JB, Stover J, Klein DJ, Xaba S, Ncube G, Mhangara M, Chipendo GN, Taramusi I, Beacroft L, Hallett TB, Odawo P, Manzou R, Korenromp EL (2018) The emerging health impact of voluntary medical male circumcision in Zimbabwe: an evaluation using three epidemiological models. PLoS ONE 13(7):e0199453","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2044_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.010","volume":"71","author":"S Antoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Znaor A, Jemal A, Bray F (2017) Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends. Eur Urol 71(1):96\u2013108","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2044_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0669","volume":"30","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Chingonzoh T, Vuma S, Liu B, Chokunonga E, Ndlovu N, Borok M (2021) Changes in the incidence of cancer in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe over a 50-year period. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 30(5):867\u2013873","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2044_CR37","unstructured":"WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000\u20132025, fourth edition ISBN 978-92-4-003932-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-003933-9 (print version) \u00a9 World Health Organization 2021"},{"key":"2044_CR38","volume-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 100 B, biological agents","author":"IARC","year":"2012","unstructured":"IARC (2012) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 100 B, biological agents. IARC, Lyon"},{"key":"2044_CR39","unstructured":"WHO. Status of schistosomiasis endemic countries 2023 (https:\/\/apps.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/ntddata\/sch\/sch.html). Accessed 27 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"2044_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003014","volume":"8","author":"N Midzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Midzi N, Mduluza T, Chimbari MJ, Tshuma C, Charimari L, Mhlanga G et al (2014) Distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in Zimbabwe: towards a national plan of action for control and elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(8):e3014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2044_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2017.505","volume":"12","author":"UB Pedersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedersen UB, Karagiannis-Voules DA, Midzi N, Mduluza T, Mukaratirwa S, Fensholt R et al (2017) Comparison of the spatial patterns of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe at two points in time, spaced twenty-nine years apart: is climate variability of importance? Geospat Health 12(1):505","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"10437","key":"2044_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00651-2","volume":"403","author":"ND James","year":"2024","unstructured":"James ND, Tannock I, N\u2019Dow J, Feng F, Gillessen S, Ali SA et al (2024) The Lancet Commission on prostate cancer: planning for the surge in cases. Lancet 403(10437):1683\u20131722","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2044_CR43","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Assessing schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases control programmes: monitoring and evaluation framework. 2024, Geneva, WHO (available at: https:\/\/www.eliminateschisto.org\/sites\/gsa\/files\/content\/attachments\/2024-11-05\/MEFrameworkSCH-STH2024.pdf)"}],"container-title":["Cancer Causes &amp; Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02044-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02044-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02044-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T10:26:35Z","timestamp":1761906395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02044-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02044-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6854361\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0957-5243","1573-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-5243","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Approval for the use of the registry database was granted by the Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry Advisory Committee (17 April 2024) Corresponding approval code: ZNCR202404.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Patient consent was waived since no personal identifiable data were used in the analyses.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}