{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T19:02:24Z","timestamp":1784746944132,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Causes Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men face higher prostate cancer (PCa) mortality rates compared to other racial\/ethnic groups. Factors contributing to these disparities, particularly concerning healthcare system factors, remain uncertain. We investigate differences in treatment receipt and timeliness between NHB, non-Hispanic White (NHW) and Hispanic Iowans, examining variations across treatment facilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Demographic, tumor, treatment, and hospital characteristics of PCa patients 40\u201399\u00a0years were obtained from the Iowa Cancer Registry (2010\u20132020). We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of receiving definitive treatment, time to treatment, and the type of treatment received.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 18,747 PCa patients, 18,197 (97.1%) were NHW, 550 (2.9%) NHB, and 155 Hispanic (0.83%). NHB men were younger. The odds of receiving definitive treatment among advanced stage patients were significantly lower for NHBs compared to NHWs (adjusted odds ratio-AOR- 0.39; 95% CI 0.26\u20140.59). More NHBs underwent PCa treatment at either NCI-designated or CoC-accredited facilities. NHBs receiving care at an NCI-designated center or at a non-accredited center were less likely to receive definitive treatment compared to NHWs. Furthermore, NHBs with advanced PCa had diminished odds of receiving definitive treatment regardless of the status of the treatment facility (NCI: AOR\u2009=\u20090.34; 95% CI 0.13 \u2013 0.93; CoC only: AOR\u2009=\u20090.47; 95% CI 0.29 \u2013 0.76; Neither: AOR 0.24; 95% CI 0.10\u20130.60).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NHB men with an advanced staging had lower odds of receiving definitive treatment across treatment settings. Further research and intervention are needed to reduce these disparities and improve PCa outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-025-02064-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T10:35:34Z","timestamp":1760351734000},"page":"2001-2014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differences in prostate cancer treatment receipt and timeliness of treatment between African American\/Black and White Iowans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2466-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gawain J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5174-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whitney E.","family":"Zahnd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2064_CR1","unstructured":"Cancer of the Prostate - Cancer Stat Facts [Internet]. SEER. [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/prost.html"},{"key":"2064_CR2","unstructured":"Key Statistics for Prostate Cancer | Prostate Cancer Facts [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/types\/prostate-cancer\/about\/key-statistics.html"},{"key":"2064_CR3","volume":"62","author":"H Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng H, Xu M, Xie Y, Nawrocki S, Morze J, Ran X et al (2023) Racial\/ethnic disparities in the cause of death among patients with prostate cancer in the United States from 1995 to 2019: a population-based retrospective cohort study. eClin Med 62:102138","journal-title":"eClin Med"},{"key":"2064_CR4","unstructured":"Prostate cancer incidence and survival by race: A narrative review - ProQuest [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/77ecc919d11d72456ad2856ff0eda267\/1?casa_token=jzT9BzySH7YAAAAA:AYncyVZXnjoXnqOHAL-QAPC_Cp9PNoMG_ZElqIDDfoRutyDOs-SE3dgi7PgVI55s4-dxzgBi1GI39w&cbl=2034853&pq-origsite=gscholar&parentSessionId=vKcR9ZpIfQ46sf6cCdsrnOoN95Wx8Pab9hj4BeH4FvQ%3D"},{"key":"2064_CR5","unstructured":"African American Disparities in Low-Grade Prostate Cancer Death - NCI [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/news-events\/cancer-currents-blog\/2019\/prostate-cancer-death-disparities-black-men"},{"issue":"2","key":"2064_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.210070","volume":"40","author":"N Hinata","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hinata N, Fujisawa M (2022) Racial differences in prostate cancer characteristics and cancer-specific mortality: an overview. World J Mens Health 40(2):217\u2013227","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"2064_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153977","volume":"15","author":"B Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang B, Li J, Tang M, Cheng C (2023) Reduced racial disparity as a result of survival improvement in prostate cancer. Cancers 15(15):3977","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-021-00451-z","volume":"25","author":"IM Chowdhury-Paulino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chowdhury-Paulino IM, Ericsson C, Vince R, Spratt DE, George DJ, Mucci LA (2022) Racial disparities in prostate cancer among Black men: epidemiology and outcomes. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 25(3):397\u2013402","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR9","first-page":"211","volume":"69","author":"CE DeSantis","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeSantis CE, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Jemal A, Siegel RL (2019) Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 69(3):211\u2013233","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"21","key":"2064_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34433","volume":"128","author":"JW Lillard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lillard JW, Moses KA, Mahal BA, George DJ (2022) Racial disparities in Black men with prostate cancer: a literature review. Cancer 128(21):3787\u20133795","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2064_CR11","unstructured":"2021-cancer-registry-annual-report-FINAL.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/shri.public-health.uiowa.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2021-cancer-registry-annual-report-FINAL.pdf"},{"issue":"11","key":"2064_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9886","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30110718","volume":"30","author":"M Vermeille","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vermeille M, Koster KL, Benzaquen D, Champion A, Taussky D, Kaulanjan K et al (2023) A literature review of racial disparities in prostate cancer research. Curr Oncol 30(11):9886\u20139894","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2064_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-022-00613-7","volume":"26","author":"M Barlow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barlow M, Down L, Mounce LTA, Merriel SWD, Watson J, Martins T et al (2023) Ethnic differences in prostate-specific antigen levels in men without prostate cancer: a systematic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 26(2):249\u2013256","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2064_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.45906","volume":"6","author":"TM Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma TM, Agarwal N, Mahal B, Barragan-Carrillo R, Spratt D, Rettig MB et al (2023) Racial and ethnic disparities in use of novel hormonal therapy agents in patients with prostate cancer. JAMA Netw Open 6(12):e2345906","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-0892","volume":"33","author":"N Hammarlund","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hammarlund N, Holt SK, Basu A, Etzioni R, Morehead D, Lee JR et al (2024) Isolating the drivers of racial inequities in prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 33(3):435\u2013441","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2064_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_321195","volume":"41","author":"FC Cackowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cackowski FC, Mahal B, Heath EI, Carthon B (2021) Evolution of disparities in prostate cancer treatment: is this a new normal? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 41:e203\u2013e214","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"issue":"15","key":"2064_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33564","volume":"127","author":"AP Cole","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cole AP, Herzog P, Iyer HS, Marchese M, Mahal BA, Lipsitz SR et al (2021) Racial differences in the treatment and outcomes for prostate cancer in Massachusetts. Cancer 127(15):2714\u20132723","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"2064_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.1472","volume":"8","author":"WR Lawrence","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lawrence WR, McGee-Avila JK, Vo JB, Luo Q, Chen Y, Inoue-Choi M et al (2022) Trends in cancer mortality among Black individuals in the US From 1999 to 2019. JAMA Oncol 8(8):1184\u20131189","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2064_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558709335536","volume":"66","author":"T Onega","year":"2009","unstructured":"Onega T, Duell EJ, Shi X, Demidenko E, Gottlieb D, Goodman DC (2009) Influence of NCI cancer center attendance on mortality in lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer patients. Med Care Res Rev 66(5):542\u2013560","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2064_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.03.035","volume":"220","author":"ZV Fong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fong ZV, Chang DC, Hur C, Jin G, Tramontano A, Sell NM et al (2020) Variation in long-term oncologic outcomes by type of cancer center accreditation: An analysis of a SEER-Medicare population with pancreatic cancer. Am J Surg 220(1):29\u201334","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2064_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-08867-y","volume":"28","author":"TC Tucker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tucker TC, Charlton ME, Schroeder MC, Jacob J, Tolle CL, Evers BM et al (2021) Improving the quality of cancer care in community hospitals. Ann Surg Oncol 28(2):632\u2013638","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2064_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318187a757","volume":"248","author":"EC Paulson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paulson EC, Mitra N, Sonnad S, Armstrong K, Wirtalla C, Kelz RR et al (2008) National cancer institute designation predicts improved outcomes in colorectal cancer surgery. Ann Surg 248(4):675","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2064_CR23","unstructured":"NCI-Designated Cancer Centers - NCI [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/research\/infrastructure\/cancer-centers"},{"issue":"12","key":"2064_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13687","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5992","volume":"12","author":"K Kirtane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirtane K, Zhao Y, Amorrortu RP, Fuzzell LN, Vadaparampil ST, Rollison DE (2023) Demographic disparities in receipt of care at a comprehensive cancer center. Cancer Med 12(12):13687\u201313700","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20785","volume":"103","author":"NJO Birkmeyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Birkmeyer NJO, Goodney PP, Stukel TA, Hillner BE, Birkmeyer JD (2005) Do cancer centers designated by the National Cancer Institute have better surgical outcomes? Cancer 103(3):435\u2013441","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"21","key":"2064_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29576","volume":"121","author":"J Wolfson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wolfson J, Sun CL, Wyatt L, Hurria A, Bhatia S (2015) Impact of Care at Comprehensive Cancer Centers on Outcome \u2013 Results from a Population-based Study. Cancer 121(21):3885\u20133893","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2064_CR27","unstructured":"About the Commission on Cancer [Internet]. ACS. [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.facs.org\/quality-programs\/cancer-programs\/commission-on-cancer\/about\/"},{"key":"2064_CR28","unstructured":"State Cancer Profiles > Incidence Rates Table [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov\/incidencerates\/index.php?stateFIPS=00&areatype=state&cancer=066&race=28&age=001&stage=999&year=0&type=incd&sortVariableName=rate&sortOrder=default&output=0#results"},{"issue":"6","key":"2064_CR29","first-page":"466","volume":"71","author":"KD Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller KD, Ortiz AP, Pinheiro PS, Bandi P, Minihan A, Fuchs HE et al (2021) Cancer statistics for the US Hispanic\/Latino population, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin 71(6):466\u2013487","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2064_CR30","unstructured":"cancer-in-iowa-2023.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/shri.public-health.uiowa.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/cancer-in-iowa-2023.pdf"},{"key":"2064_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.1558","author":"CC Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin CC, Bruinooge SS, Kirkwood MK, Olsen C, Jemal A, Bajorin D et al (2015) Association between geographic access to cancer care, insurance, and receipt of chemotherapy: geographic distribution of oncologists and travel distance. J Clin Oncol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.1558","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2064_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.11.055","volume":"109","author":"C Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang C, Lei X, Smith GL, Pan HY, Hoffman KE, Kumar R et al (2021) Influence of geography on prostate cancer treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 109(5):1286\u20131295","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"2064_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.05.022","volume":"96","author":"V Muralidhar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muralidhar V, Rose BS, Chen YW, Nezolosky MD, Nguyen PL (2016) Association between travel distance and choice of treatment for prostate cancer: does geography reduce patient choice? Int J Radiat Oncol 96(2):313\u2013317","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2064_CR34","unstructured":"USDA ERS - Rural-Urban Continuum Codes [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/rural-urban-continuum-codes\/"},{"issue":"13","key":"2064_CR35","volume":"3","author":"MC Kenamond","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kenamond MC, Mourad WF, Randall ME, Kaushal A (2022) No oncology patient left behind: Challenges and solutions in rural radiation oncology. Lancet Reg Health - Am 3(13):100289","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health - Am"},{"key":"2064_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.20.00174","author":"LA Levit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levit LA, Byatt L, Lyss AP, Paskett ED, Levit K, Kirkwood K et al (2020) Closing the rural cancer care gap: three institutional approaches. JCO Oncol Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/OP.20.00174","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"2064_CR37","unstructured":"Edge SB, American Joint Committee on Cancer, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. 648 p."},{"key":"2064_CR38","unstructured":"Schemas | EOD Data SEER*RSA [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 5]. Available from: https:\/\/staging.seer.cancer.gov\/eod_public\/list\/2.1\/"},{"key":"2064_CR39","unstructured":"Initial Treatment of Prostate Cancer, by Stage and Risk Group [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/types\/prostate-cancer\/treating\/by-stage.html"},{"key":"2064_CR40","unstructured":"Understanding Your Pathology Report: Prostate Cancer [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/diagnosis-staging\/tests\/biopsy-and-cytology-tests\/understanding-your-pathology-report\/prostate-pathology\/prostate-cancer-pathology.html"},{"key":"2064_CR41","unstructured":"Surgery for Prostate Cancer | Prostatectomy [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/types\/prostate-cancer\/treating\/surgery.html"},{"key":"2064_CR42","unstructured":"Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer | Side Effects of Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/types\/prostate-cancer\/treating\/radiation-therapy.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"2064_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.3384","volume":"2","author":"M Schmid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmid M, Meyer CP, Reznor G, Choueiri TK, Hanske J, Sammon JD et al (2016) Racial differences in the surgical care of Medicare beneficiaries with localized prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol 2(1):85\u201393","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2064_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001601","volume":"205","author":"DD Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen DD, Haeuser L, Paciotti M, Reitblat C, Cellini J, Lipsitz SR et al (2021) Systematic review of time to definitive treatment for intermediate risk and high risk prostate cancer: are delays associated with worse outcomes? J Urol 205(5):1263\u20131274","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2064_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21050","volume":"103","author":"PL Nguyen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nguyen PL, Whittington R, Koo S, Schultz D, Cote KB, Loffredo M et al (2005) The impact of a delay in initiating radiation therapy on prostate-specific antigen outcome for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 103(10):2053\u20132059","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0812","volume":"28","author":"S Awasthi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Awasthi S, Gerke T, Park JY, Asamoah FA, Williams VL, Fink AK et al (2019) Optimizing time to treatment to achieve durable biochemical disease control after surgery in prostate cancer: a multi-institutional cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 28(3):570\u2013577","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2064_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paz-Manrique R, Morton G, Vera FQ, Paz-Manrique S, Espinoza-Briones A, Deza CM. Radiation therapy after radical surgery in prostate cancer. ecancermedicalscience. 2023 Jun 27;17:1565.","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2023.1565"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2016.0115","volume":"27","author":"LA Penner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Penner LA, Dovidio JF, Hagiwara N, Foster T, Albrecht TL, Chapman RA et al (2016) An analysis of race-related attitudes and beliefs in Black cancer patients: implications for health care disparities. J Health Care Poor Underserved 27(3):1503\u20131520","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000264","volume":"43","author":"KR Ellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellis KR, Black KZ, Baker S, Cothern C, Davis K, Doost K et al (2020) Racial differences in the influence of healthcare system factors on informal support for cancer care among Black and White breast and lung cancer survivors. Fam Community Health 43(3):200\u2013212","journal-title":"Fam Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2064_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"058","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkad058","volume":"7","author":"JS Guadamuz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guadamuz JS, Wang X, Ryals CA, Miksad RA, Snider J, Walters J et al (2023) Socioeconomic status and inequities in treatment initiation and survival among patients with cancer, 2011\u20132022. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 7(5):058","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2064_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23229","volume":"112","author":"T Onega","year":"2008","unstructured":"Onega T, Duell EJ, Shi X, Wang D, Demidenko E, Goodman D (2008) Geographic access to cancer care in the U.S. Cancer 112(4):909\u2013918","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"2064_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000774","volume":"55","author":"MS Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong MS, Grande DT, Mitra N, Radhakrishnan A, Branas CC, Ward KR et al (2017) Racial differences in geographic access to medical care as measured by patient report and geographic information systems. Med Care 55(9):817\u2013822","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2064_CR53","unstructured":"Black Patients are More Likely Than White Patients to be in Hospitals with Worse Patient Safety Conditions [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.rwjf.org\/en\/insights\/our-research\/2021\/03\/black-patients-are-more-likely-than-white-patients-to-be-in-hospitals-with-worse-patient-safety-conditions.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"2064_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.1365","volume":"32","author":"JB Dimick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dimick JB, Ruhter J, Sarrazin MV, Birkmeyer JD (2013) Black patients are more likely to undergo surgery at low quality hospitals in segregated regions. Health Aff Proj Hope 32(6):1046\u20131053","journal-title":"Health Aff Proj Hope"},{"issue":"4","key":"2064_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000156848.62086.06","volume":"43","author":"AE Barnato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barnato AE, Lucas FL, Staiger D, Wennberg DE, Chandra A (2005) Hospital-level racial disparities in acute myocardial infarction treatment and outcomes. Med Care 43(4):308\u2013319","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2064_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2012.01751.x","volume":"68","author":"LA Penner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Penner LA, Eggly S, Griggs JJ, Underwood W III, Orom H, Albrecht TL (2012) Life-threatening disparities: the treatment of black and white cancer patients. J Social Issues 68(2):328\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2012.01751.x","journal-title":"J Social Issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"2064_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.11.004","volume":"46","author":"LA Penner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Penner LA, Dovidio JF, West TV, Gaertner SL, Albrecht TL, Dailey RK et al (2010) Aversive racism and medical interactions with Black patients: a field study. J Exp Soc Psychol 46(2):436\u2013440","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2012.03.012","volume":"21","author":"NF Esnaola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Esnaola NF, Ford ME (2012) Racial differences and disparities in cancer care and outcomes: where\u2019s the rub? Surg Oncol Clin N Am 21(3):417\u2013viii","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2064_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2019.1588220","volume":"45","author":"R Benkert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benkert R, Cuevas A, Thompson HS, Dove-Meadows E, Knuckles D (2019) Ubiquitous yet unclear: a systematic review of medical mistrust. Behav Med Wash DC 45(2):86\u2013101","journal-title":"Behav Med Wash DC"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0323","volume":"21","author":"DP Scharff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scharff DP, Mathews KJ, Jackson P, Hoffsuemmer J, Martin E, Edwards D (2010) More than Tuskegee: understanding mistrust about research participation. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21(3):879\u2013897","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"29","key":"2064_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00642","volume":"38","author":"MI Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel MI, Lopez AM, Blackstock W, Reeder-Hayes K, Moushey A, Phillips J et al (2020) Cancer disparities and health equity: a policy statement from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 38(29):3439\u20133448","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2064_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01514-9","volume":"26","author":"M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen M, Wu VS, Falk D, Cheatham C, Cullen J, Hoehn R (2024) Patient navigation in cancer treatment: a systematic review. Curr Oncol Rep 26(5):504\u2013537","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"2064_CR63","unstructured":"EMJ-Oncology-9-Supplement-92021.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.emjreviews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/EMJ-Oncology-9-Supplement-92021.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2064_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32570","volume":"126","author":"C Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang C, Hoffman KE, Allen PK, Gabel M, Schreiber D, Choi S et al (2020) Contemporary prostate cancer treatment choices in multidisciplinary clinics referenced to national trends. Cancer 126(3):506\u2013514","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Cancer Causes &amp; Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02064-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02064-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02064-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:03:23Z","timestamp":1763564603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02064-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-025-02064-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-5243","1573-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-5243","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Iowa, IRB#202202260 on September 14, 2023. All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}