{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1784707346718,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Causes Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the associations between county-level endocrine-disrupting pesticide usage and breast cancer incidence, overall and by metropolitan status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This ecological study used publicly available data from the United States Geological Survey on county-level agricultural pesticide usage (in kilograms). We focused on 38 pesticides with endocrine-disrupting properties relevant in breast cancer etiology, which were categorized by chemical class as follows: carbamates, neonicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, phosphonates, pyrethroids, triazines, and other miscellaneous compounds. The analysis included 2,457 U.S. counties with data on pesticide usage (2001\u20132015) and age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rates (2016\u20132020), accounting for a latency period. Metropolitan status was assessed using the 2013 Rural\u2013Urban Continuum Codes. Gamma regression models with a log-link function were used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between pesticides (per interquartile range increase) and age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rates, adjusting for county-level covariates including % smoking, % poverty, % unemployed, % no high school diploma, % uninsured, and residential mobility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total median pesticide use was higher in rural vs. urban counties (17,523\u00a0kg vs. 14,743\u00a0kg;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with some variation by pesticide class. Pesticide use was associated with slightly higher breast cancer incidence in rural counties (RR\u2009=\u20091.02 (95% CI 1.01, 1.03)), but not in urban counties (RR\u2009=\u20091.00 (95% CI 1.00, 1.00)) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Associations differed by pesticide type.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest modest positive associations between county-level endocrine-disrupting pesticide use and breast cancer incidence in rural U.S. counties, with variation by pesticide type. These findings highlight the need for further research to inform targeted prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-026-02188-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T04:03:44Z","timestamp":1780286624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endocrine-disrupting pesticides and breast cancer incidence in the United States: an ecological analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4122-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harish","family":"Neelam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9684-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furqan","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4720-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0050-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Hirko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2188_CR1","unstructured":"CDC (2025) U.S. Cancer Statistics Female Breast Cancer Stat Bite. 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