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Dr Ghofrani has received consultancy fees from Bayer, Actelion, Pfizer, Merck, GSK, and Novartis; fees for participation in advisory boards from Bayer, Pfizer, GSK, Actelion, and Takeda; lecture fees from Bayer HealthCare, GSK, Actelion, and Encysive\/Pfizer; industry-sponsored grants from Bayer HealthCare, Aires, Encysive\/Pfizer, and Novartis; and sponsored grants from the German Research Foundation, Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Research, and the German Ministry for Education and Research. Dr Naeije has relationships with drug companies including AOPOrphan Pharmaceuticals, Actelion, Bayer, Reata, Lung Biotechnology Corporation, and United Therapeutics. In addition to being an investigator in trials involving these companies, relationships include consultancy service, research grants, and membership of scientific advisory boards. Dr Seeger has received speaker\/consultancy fees from Pfizer and Bayer Pharma AG. Dr Sommer has received fees from Actelion. Dr Gall has received fees from Actelion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, OMT, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics. Dr Tello has received speaking fees from Actelion and Bayer. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The investigation conforms to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Giessen (Approval 108\/15).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants gave written informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}