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In the present review, we identified conditions in which spheroids and organoids could replace animal models in biomedical research, using long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) research in cancer as a study object. In tumor spheroids and patient-derived organoids, chemosensitivity can be enhanced through therapeutic overexpression or silencing of specific lncRNAs (depending on the lncRNA and context), which then decreases spheroid\/organoid size or formation efficiency. These outcomes consistently mimic observations in xenograft mouse models, in which the same lncRNA intervention decreases tumor volume. Therefore, as a proxy of tumor growth assessment, animal models could be largely replaced with spheroids or organoids, taking advantage of their inexpensiveness and patient-specific features, respectively. The use of animal models could be restricted to bystander or pleiotropic effects, such as the assessment of parameters including metastasis and survival rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-026-10350-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:19:04Z","timestamp":1782461944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spheroids and organoids to study long noncoding RNAs in cancer: how they could replace animal models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Capela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Arede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bernardes de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10350_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197407","volume":"21","author":"MC Abba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abba, M. 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