{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:02:43Z","timestamp":1784329363983,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001026","name":"National Breast Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025\/PS0110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\/PS0110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2017070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2017070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Metastasis Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cancer cachexia significantly impacts the quality of life of cancer patients, predicting therapy response and survival. Cachexia prevalence and severity increases over the course of disease progression, affecting up to 80% of patients with metastatic cancer. Despite this, cachexia is relatively understudied in the context of metastatic breast cancer, despite it affecting a significant proportion of patients with this common cancer. In this review we highlight the relative prevalence of cachexia in breast cancer, with 25% of all patients and up to half of those with metastatic disease impacted. Given the metastatic distribution pattern of breast cancer (\n                    <jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n                    high rates of bone metastases), we reviewed the unique systemic and local muscle cues leading to cachexia in this context and have reviewed areas for further investigation. Furthermore, anti-cancer therapies also contribute to cachexia progression. Recently, novel mouse models for study of cachexia in breast cancer have been developed. These models can further the field\u2019s understanding of cachexia in metastatic cancer patients and aid in the development of anti-cachectic agents. However, it is important that these models accurately recapitulate human disease. In this review we provide an appraisal of the relative utility of the currently available models. Overall, this review highlights that understanding cachexia in the context of breast cancer and metastasis may uncover novel mechanisms to target this condition, thereby improving the quality of life and survival prospects of metastatic cancer patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-026-10358-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T22:09:56Z","timestamp":1784326196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding cachexia and muscle dysfunction in the context of metastatic breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alastair A. E.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6841-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7418-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Gregorevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boire, A., Burke, K., Cox, T. R., Guise, T., Jamal-Hanjani, M., Janowitz, T., et al. (2024). Why do patients with cancer die? Nature Reviews Cancer, 1-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-024-00708-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00708-4"},{"key":"10358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","volume":"4","author":"VE Baracos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baracos, V. E., Martin, L., Korc, M., Guttridge, D. C., & Fearon, K. C. H. (2018). Cancer-associated cachexia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4, 17105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.08.04","volume":"8","author":"P Kasvis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kasvis, P., Vigano, M., & Vigano, A. (2019). Health-related quality of life across cancer cachexia stages. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 8(1), 33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/apm.2018.08.04","journal-title":"Annals of Palliative Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.841","volume":"5","author":"M Shiono","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shiono, M., Huang, K., Downey, R. J., Consul, N., Villanueva, N., Beck, K., et al. (2016). An analysis of the relationship between metastases and cachexia in lung cancer patients. Cancer Medicine, 5(9), 2641\u20132648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.841","journal-title":"Cancer Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5743872","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5743872","volume":"2023","author":"C Orellana L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orellana L\u00f3pez, C., LeytonEst\u00e9fane, J., Ramos Rosales, M., V\u00e1squezRam\u00cdrez, C., ManriquezArriagada, C., Argil\u00e9s, J. M., et al. (2023). Prevalence of cachexia in cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care, 2023(1), 5743872.","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-6645-6","volume":"20","author":"X-M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, X.-M., Dou, Q.-L., Zeng, Y., Yang, Y., Cheng, A. S., & Zhang, W.-W. (2020). Sarcopenia as a predictor of mortality in women with breast cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Cancer, 20(1), Article 172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-020-6645-6","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.09.026","volume":"45","author":"H-Y Deng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng, H.-Y., Hou, L., Zha, P., Huang, K.-L., & Peng, L. (2019). Sarcopenia is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor of non-small cell lung cancer after surgical resection: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 45(5), 728\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.09.026","journal-title":"European Journal of Surgical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-018-0882-2","volume":"22","author":"SK Kamarajah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamarajah, S. K., Bundred, J., & Tan, B. H. (2019). Body composition assessment and sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer, 22(1), 10\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10120-018-0882-2","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-3128-1","volume":"33","author":"G Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, G., Li, Y., Peng, Y., Lu, D., Zhang, F., Cui, X., et al. (2018). Can sarcopenia be a predictor of prognosis for patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 33(10), 1419\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-018-3128-1","journal-title":"International Journal of Colorectal Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.076","volume":"205","author":"MC Mason","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mason, M. C., Garcia, J. M., Sansgiry, S., Walder, A., Berger, D. H., & Anaya, D. A. (2016). Preoperative cancer cachexia and short-term outcomes following surgery. Journal of Surgical Research, 205(2), 398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.076","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Research"},{"key":"10358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/CMO.S40479","author":"N Consul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Consul, N., Guo, X., Coker, C., Lopez-Pintado, S., Hibshoosh, H., Zhao, B., et al. (2016). Monitoring metastasis and cachexia in a patient with breast cancer: A case study. Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/CMO.S40479","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024397","volume":"100","author":"N Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, N., Li, S., Jia, J., Qiao, Y., & Li, Y. (2021). Advanced breast cancer with cachexia: A case report. Medicine, 100(4), Article e24397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000024397","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","volume":"12","author":"K Fearon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fearon, K., Strasser, F., Anker, S. D., Bosaeus, I., Bruera, E., Fainsinger, R. L., et al. (2011). Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus. The Lancet Oncology, 12(5), 489\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605578","volume":"102","author":"M Pressoir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pressoir, M., Desne, S., Berchery, D., Rossignol, G., Poiree, B., Meslier, M., et al. (2010). Prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications of malnutrition in French comprehensive cancer centres. British Journal of Cancer, 102(6), 966\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605578","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113502674","volume":"38","author":"X Hebuterne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hebuterne, X., Lemarie, E., Michallet, M., de Montreuil, C. B., Schneider, S. M., & Goldwasser, F. (2014). Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in patients with cancer. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 38(2), 196\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0148607113502674","journal-title":"JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition"},{"issue":"45","key":"10358_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79884","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20168","volume":"8","author":"M Muscaritoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muscaritoli, M., Lucia, S., Farcomeni, A., Lorusso, V., Saracino, V., Barone, C., et al. (2017). Prevalence of malnutrition in patients at first medical oncology visit: The PreMiO study. Oncotarget, 8(45), 79884\u201379896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.20168","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10358_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, W., Li, H., Zhao, B., & Chinese Oncology Nutrition Survey, G. (2018). Nutrition support in hospitalized cancer patients with malnutrition in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27(6), 1216\u20131224, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6133\/apjcn.201811_27(6).0007.","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.201811_27(6).0007"},{"issue":"9","key":"10358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000001211","volume":"48","author":"LA Gilmore","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gilmore, L. A., Willmann, J., Olaechea, S., Gilmore, B. W., Dee, E. C., Rao, M., et al. (2025). Prevalence and development of cachexia before and after diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 48(9), 470\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COC.0000000000001211","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10358_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100282","volume":"15","author":"T Takaoka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takaoka, T., Yaegashi, A., & Watanabe, D. (2024). Prevalence of and survival with cachexia among patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition, 15(9), Article 100282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100282","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022","volume":"20","author":"NE Rich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rich, N. E., Phen, S., Desai, N., Mittal, S., Yopp, A. C., Yang, J. D., et al. (2022). Cachexia is prevalent in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and associated with worse prognosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 20(5), e1157\u2013e1169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2025.2492126","volume":"77","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Tang, X., Zhang, S., Man, C., Gong, D., et al. (2025). The prevalence and prognostic impact of cancer cachexia on overall survival in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: A meta-analysis. Nutrition and Cancer, 77(6), 590\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01635581.2025.2492126","journal-title":"Nutrition and Cancer"},{"key":"10358_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.04.009","volume":"49","author":"C March","year":"2022","unstructured":"March, C., Omari, J., Thormann, M., Pech, M., Wienke, A., & Surov, A. (2022). Prevalence and role of low skeletal muscle mass (LSMM) in hepatocellular carcinoma. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 49, 103\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.04.009","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12402","volume":"10","author":"MS Anker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anker, M. S., Holcomb, R., Muscaritoli, M., von Haehling, S., Haverkamp, W., Jatoi, A., et al. (2019). Orphan disease status of cancer cachexia in the USA and in the European Union: A systematic review. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(1), 22\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12402","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12776","volume":"12","author":"J Poisson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poisson, J., Martinez-Tapia, C., Heitz, D., Geiss, R., Albrand, G., Falandry, C., et al. (2021). Prevalence and prognostic impact of cachexia among older patients with cancer: A nationwide cross-sectional survey (NutriAgeCancer). Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 12(6), 1477\u20131488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12776","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13216","volume":"14","author":"T Shukuya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shukuya, T., Takahashi, K., Shintani, Y., Miura, K., Sekine, I., Takayama, K., et al. (2023). Epidemiology, risk factors and impact of cachexia on patient outcome: Results from the Japanese Lung Cancer Registry Study. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 14(3), 1274\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13216","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-4022-z","volume":"26","author":"OM Vagnildhaug","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vagnildhaug, O. M., Balstad, T. R., Almberg, S. S., Brunelli, C., Knudsen, A. K., Kaasa, S., et al. (2018). A cross-sectional study examining the prevalence of cachexia and areas of unmet need in patients with cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 26(6), 1871\u20131880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-017-4022-z","journal-title":"Supportive Care in Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24672","volume":"39","author":"M Kwon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwon, M., Kim, R. B., Roh, J. L., Lee, S. W., Kim, S. B., Choi, S. H., et al. (2017). Prevalence and clinical significance of cancer cachexia based on time from treatment in advanced-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head & Neck, 39(4), 716\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.24672","journal-title":"Head & Neck"},{"issue":"7","key":"10358_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.05.025","volume":"43","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Tang, X., Zhang, W., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., & Fan, Y. (2024). Cancer cachexia as a predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 43(7), 1618\u20131625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.05.025","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"11","key":"10358_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-022-02493-9","volume":"52","author":"T Namikawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Namikawa, T., Marui, A., Yokota, K., Fujieda, Y., Munekage, M., Uemura, S., et al. (2022). Frequency and prognostic impact of cachexia during drug treatment for unresectable advanced gastric cancer patients. Surgery Today, 52(11), 1560\u20131567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00595-022-02493-9","journal-title":"Surgery Today"},{"issue":"11","key":"10358_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05346-8","volume":"28","author":"S Mitsunaga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitsunaga, S., Kasamatsu, E., & Machii, K. (2020). Incidence and frequency of cancer cachexia during chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Supportive Care in Cancer, 28(11), 5271\u20135279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-020-05346-8","journal-title":"Supportive Care in Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.7615","volume":"19","author":"WPM Dijksterhuis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dijksterhuis, W. P. M., Latenstein, A. E. J., van Kleef, J. J., Verhoeven, R. H. A., de Vries, J. H. M., Slingerland, M., et al. (2021). Cachexia and dietetic interventions in patients with esophagogastric cancer: A multicenter cohort study. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 19(2), 144\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6004\/jnccn.2020.7615","journal-title":"Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network"},{"issue":"24","key":"10358_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9385","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3556","volume":"9","author":"AEJ Latenstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latenstein, A. E. J., Dijksterhuis, W. P. M., Mackay, T. M., Beijer, S., van Eijck, C. H. J., de Hingh, I., et al. (2020). Cachexia, dietetic consultation, and survival in patients with pancreatic and periampullary cancer: A multicenter cohort study. Cancer Medicine, 9(24), 9385\u20139395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.3556","journal-title":"Cancer Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10358_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.22.00674","volume":"19","author":"S Olaechea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olaechea, S., Sarver, B., Liu, A., Gilmore, L. A., Alvarez, C., Iyengar, P., et al. (2023). Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors as determinants of cachexia incidence and outcomes in a retrospective cohort of patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer. JCO Oncology Practice, 19(7), 493\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/OP.22.00674","journal-title":"JCO Oncology Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2017.025221","volume":"14","author":"BS Gannavarapu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gannavarapu, B. S., Lau, S. K. M., Carter, K., Cannon, N. A., Gao, A., Ahn, C., et al. (2018). Prevalence and survival impact of pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss: A tool for guiding early palliative care. Journal of Oncology Practice, 14(4), e238\u2013e250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JOP.2017.025221","journal-title":"Journal of Oncology Practice"},{"issue":"12","key":"10358_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5010","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01516-6","volume":"37","author":"M Shibata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shibata, M., Fukahori, M., Kasamatsu, E., Machii, K., & Hamauchi, S. (2020). A retrospective cohort study to investigate the incidence of cachexia during chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer. Advances in Therapy, 37(12), 5010\u20135022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-020-01516-6","journal-title":"Advances in Therapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10358_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000898","volume":"46","author":"L Nemer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nemer, L., Krishna, S. G., Shah, Z. K., Conwell, D. L., Cruz-Monserrate, Z., Dillhoff, M., et al. (2017). Predictors of pancreatic cancer-associated weight loss and nutritional interventions. Pancreas, 46(9), 1152\u20131157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000898","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"issue":"7","key":"10358_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1073753","volume":"67","author":"L Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun, L., Quan, X. Q., & Yu, S. (2015). An epidemiological survey of cachexia in advanced cancer patients and analysis on its diagnostic and treatment status. Nutrition and Cancer, 67(7), 1056\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01635581.2015.1073753","journal-title":"Nutrition and Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05479-w","volume":"29","author":"M Fukahori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fukahori, M., Shibata, M., Hamauchi, S., Kasamatsu, E., & Machii, K. (2021). A retrospective cohort study to investigate the incidence of cancer-related weight loss during chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 29(1), 341\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-020-05479-w","journal-title":"Supportive Care in Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaf009","volume":"55","author":"U Katsushima","year":"2025","unstructured":"Katsushima, U., Kurose, S., Fukushima, T., Nakano, J., Ogushi, N., Fujii, K., et al. (2025). Impact of time to treatment initiation on the development of cachexia and clinical outcomes in lung cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 55(5), 505\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jjco\/hyaf009","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10358_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.06.014","volume":"43","author":"GM Camilleri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Camilleri, G. M., Delrieu, L., Bouleuc, C., Pierga, J. Y., Cottu, P., Berger, F., et al. (2024). Prevalence and survival implications of malnutrition and sarcopenia in metastatic breast cancer: A longitudinal analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 43(8), 1710\u20131718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.06.014","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10358_CR41","unstructured":"National cancer stage at diagnosis data (2018). https:\/\/ncci.canceraustralia.gov.au\/features\/national-cancer-stage-diagnosis-data. Accessed 11\/12 2025"},{"key":"10358_CR42","unstructured":"Worldwide Cancer Data (2024). https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/preventing-cancer\/cancer-statistics\/worldwide-cancer-data\/. Accessed 7\/3 2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1514","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00647.2024","volume":"327","author":"F Morena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morena, F., Cabrera, A. R., Jones, R. G., 3rd., Schrems, E. R., Muhyudin, R., Washington, T. A., et al. (2024). Transcriptional analysis of cancer cachexia: Conserved and unique features across preclinical models and biological sex. American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology, 327(6), C1514\u2013C1531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00647.2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00628-w","volume":"18","author":"X Zhong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhong, X., & Zimmers, T. A. (2020). Sex differences in cancer cachexia. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 18(6), 646\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-020-00628-w","journal-title":"Current Osteoporosis Reports"},{"key":"10358_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dewys, W. D., Begg, C., Lavin, P. T., Band, P. R., Bennett, J. M., Bertino, J. R., et al. (1980). Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. American Journal of Medicine, 69(4), 491-497, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0149-2918(05)80001-3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-2918(05)80001-3"},{"key":"10358_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2025.104508","volume":"82","author":"MK Jang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jang, M. K., Park, S., Park, C., Raszewski, R., Park, S., & Kim, S. (2025). Sarcopenia in patients with metastatic breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast, 82, Article 104508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.breast.2025.104508","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10358_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Putri, G. N., Manikam, N. R. M., Andayani, D. E., Trismiyanti, & Halim, L. (2023). Successful nutritional therapy at home for a patient with invasive breast carcinoma: A case report. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjon.2023.100250.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjon.2023.100250"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C744","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00002.2018","volume":"315","author":"BA Guigni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guigni, B. A., Callahan, D. M., Tourville, T. W., Miller, M. S., Fiske, B., Voigt, T., et al. (2018). Skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction in breast cancer patients: Role for chemotherapy-derived oxidant stress. American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology, 315(5), C744\u2013C756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00002.2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2023.01.008","volume":"23","author":"IJ Fuentes-Abolafio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fuentes-Abolafio, I. J., Rold\u00e1n-Jim\u00e9nez, C., Campos, M. I., Pajares-Hachero, B. I., Alba-Conejo, E., & Cuesta-Vargas, A. (2023). Forearm muscle activity during the handgrip test in breast cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Breast Cancer, 23(4), e175\u2013e181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clbc.2023.01.008","journal-title":"Clinical Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12294","volume":"9","author":"J Bohlen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bohlen, J., McLaughlin, S. L., Hazard\u2010Jenkins, H., Infante, A. M., Montgomery, C., Davis, M., et al. (2018). Dysregulation of metabolic\u2010associated pathways in muscle of breast cancer patients: Preclinical evaluation of interleukin\u201015 targeting fatigue. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 9(4), 701\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12294","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10358_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-026-00933-0","author":"LE Rentz","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rentz, L. E., Dierkes, M. K., Vettiyil, B., Hol\u00e1skov\u00e1, I., & Pistilli, E. E. (2026). Characterization of body composition dynamics throughout treatment in patients with early-stage breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41523-026-00933-0","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5495","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700968R","volume":"32","author":"S Mijwel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mijwel, S., Cardinale, D. A., Norrbom, J., Chapman, M., Ivarsson, N., Wengstrom, Y., et al. (2018). Exercise training during chemotherapy preserves skeletal muscle fiber area, capillarization, and mitochondrial content in patients with breast cancer. The FASEB Journal, 32(10), 5495\u20135505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.201700968R","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10358_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1565","volume":"25","author":"HE Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilson, H. E., Rhodes, K. K., Rodriguez, D., Chahal, I., Stanton, D. A., Bohlen, J., et al. (2019). Human breast cancer xenograft model implicates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling as driver of cancer-induced muscle fatigue. Clinical Cancer Research, 25(7), 2336\u20132347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1565","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-24-0045","volume":"4","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, R., Khatpe, A. S., Kumar, B., Mang, H. E., Batic, K., Adebayo, A. K., et al. (2024). Mutant RAS-driven secretome causes skeletal muscle defects in breast cancer. Cancer Research Communications, 4(5), 1282\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-24-0045","journal-title":"Cancer Research Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63608-5","volume":"163","author":"S Kumar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Kishimoto, H., Chua, H. L., Badve, S., Miller, K. D., Bigsby, R. M., et al. (2003). Interleukin-1\u03b1 promotes tumor growth and cachexia in MCF-7 xenograft model of breast cancer. American Journal of Pathology, 163(6), 2531\u20132541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63608-5","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"10358_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baracos, V., Rodemann, H. P., Dinarello, C. A., & Goldberg, A. L. (1983). Stimulation of muscle protein degradation and prostaglandin E2 release by leukocytic pyrogen (interleukin-1). A mechanism for the increased degradation of muscle proteins during fever. New England Journal of Medicine, 308(10), 553\u2013558, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM198303103081002.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303103081002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R659","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1989.256.3.R659","volume":"256","author":"Y Fong","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fong, Y., Moldawer, L. L., Marano, M., He, W., Barber, A., Manogue, K., et al. (1989). Cachectin\/TNF or IL-1-alpha induces cachexia with redistribution of body proteins. American Journal of Physiology, 256(3), R659\u2013R665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.1989.256.3.R659","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12565","volume":"11","author":"PP Freire","year":"2020","unstructured":"Freire, P. P., Fernandez, G. J., de Moraes, D., Cury, S. S., Dal Pai-Silva, M., Dos Reis, P. P., et al. (2020). The expression landscape of cachexia-inducing factors in human cancers. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 11(4), 947\u2013961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12565","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01429-8","volume":"44","author":"BJ Laird","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laird, B. J., McMillan, D., Skipworth, R. J. E., Fallon, M. T., Paval, D. R., McNeish, I., et al. (2021). The emerging role of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in cancer cachexia. Inflammation, 44(4), 1223\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-021-01429-8","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10358_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2014.00232","volume":"20","author":"CA Dinarello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dinarello, C. A. (2014). An expanding role for interleukin-1 blockade from gout to cancer. Molecular Medicine, 20(Suppl 1), S43-58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2119\/molmed.2014.00232","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10358_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rupert, J. E., Narasimhan, A., Jengelley, D. H. A., Jiang, Y., Liu, J., Au, E., et al. (2021). Tumor-derived IL-6 and trans-signaling among tumor, fat, and muscle mediate pancreatic cancer cachexia. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 218(6), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20190450.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190450"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115767","volume":"89","author":"G Strassmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Strassmann, G., Fong, M., Kenney, J. S., & Jacob, C. O. (1992). Evidence for the involvement of interleukin 6 in experimental cancer cachexia. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 89(5), 1681\u20131684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI115767","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10358_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111020","volume":"208","author":"TP Braun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braun, T. P., Zhu, X., Szumowski, M., Scott, G. D., Grossberg, A. J., Levasseur, P. R., et al. (2011). Central nervous system inflammation induces muscle atrophy via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 208(12), 2449\u20132463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20111020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10358_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cury, S. S., Freire, P. P., & Carvalho, R. F. (2025). Data-driven identification of core tumor-secreted factors associated with cachexia prevalence. Genes & Diseases, 101883, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gendis.2025.101883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2025.101883"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-245894","volume":"28","author":"JL Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, J. L., Walton, K. L., Winbanks, C. E., Murphy, K. T., Thomson, R. E., Makanji, Y., et al. (2014). Elevated expression of activins promotes muscle wasting and cachexia. The FASEB Journal, 28(4), 1711\u20131723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.13-245894","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"issue":"18","key":"10358_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-3152","volume":"76","author":"JL Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, J. L., Walton, K. L., Qian, H., Colgan, T. D., Hagg, A., Watt, M. J., et al. (2016). Differential effects of IL6 and activin A in the development of cancer-associated cachexia. Cancer Research, 76(18), 5372\u20135382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-3152","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40571-9","volume":"14","author":"Y Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Liu, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Zhou, H., Hu, S., et al. (2023). Cancer-cell-secreted miR-204-5p induces leptin signalling pathway in white adipose tissue to promote cancer-associated cachexia. Nature Communications, 14(1), 5179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-40571-9","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0251-4","volume":"20","author":"AK Biswas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biswas, A. K., & Acharyya, S. (2020). Understanding cachexia in the context of metastatic progression. Nature Reviews Cancer, 20(5), 274\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-020-0251-4","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"10358_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773275","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1773275","volume":"17","author":"LS James","year":"2026","unstructured":"James, L. S., Saunders, A. A. E., Karagiannis, C., Qian, H., Anderson, R. L., Thomson, R. E., et al. (2026). GDF10 exacerbates metastatic burden and cachexia in murine models of cancer. Frontiers in Physiology, 17, 1773275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1773275","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10358_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-130","volume":"11","author":"G Soria","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soria, G., Ofri-Shahak, M., Haas, I., Yaal-Hahoshen, N., Leider-Trejo, L., Leibovich-Rivkin, T., et al. (2011). Inflammatory mediators in breast cancer: Coordinated expression of TNFalpha & IL-1beta with CCL2 & CCL5 and effects on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. BMC Cancer, 11, 130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2407-11-130","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90028-6","volume":"50","author":"A Oliff","year":"1987","unstructured":"Oliff, A., Defeo-Jones, D., Boyer, M., Martinez, D., Kiefer, D., Vuocolo, G., et al. (1987). Tumors secreting human TNF\/cachectin induce cachexia in mice. Cell, 50(4), 555\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90028-6","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.06.011","volume":"16","author":"KC Fearon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fearon, K. C., Glass, D. J., & Guttridge, D. C. (2012). Cancer cachexia: Mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways. Cell Metabolism, 16(2), 153\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.06.011","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"32","key":"10358_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03434-9","volume":"44","author":"CJ Chang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang, C. J., Huang, P. H., Chen, S. Y., Su, P. C., Ding, L. Y., Hou, Y. C., et al. (2025). Macrophage activation determines muscle wasting in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene, 44(32), 2797\u20132813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-025-03434-9","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10358_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.866014","volume":"12","author":"SG Manore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manore, S. G., Doheny, D. L., Wong, G. L., & Lo, H. W. (2022). IL-6\/JAK\/STAT3 signaling in breast cancer metastasis: Biology and treatment. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, Article 866014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.866014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10358_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022538","volume":"6","author":"A Bonetto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bonetto, A., Aydogdu, T., Kunzevitzky, N., Guttridge, D. C., Khuri, S., Koniaris, L. G., et al. (2011). STAT3 activation in skeletal muscle links muscle wasting and the acute phase response in cancer cachexia. PLoS ONE, 6(7), Article e22538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0022538","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E410","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00039.2012","volume":"303","author":"A Bonetto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bonetto, A., Aydogdu, T., Jin, X., Zhang, Z., Zhan, R., Puzis, L., et al. (2012). JAK\/STAT3 pathway inhibition blocks skeletal muscle wasting downstream of IL-6 and in experimental cancer cachexia. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 303(3), E410-421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00039.2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10358_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huot, J. R., Novinger, L. J., Pin, F., & Bonetto, A. (2020). HCT116 colorectal liver metastases exacerbate muscle wasting in a mouse model for the study of colorectal cancer cachexia. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 13(1), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.043166.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.043166"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0054-2","volume":"24","author":"G Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, G., Biswas, A. K., Ma, W., Kandpal, M., Coker, C., Grandgenett, P. M., et al. (2018). Metastatic cancers promote cachexia through ZIP14 upregulation in skeletal muscle. Nature Medicine, 24(6), 770\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0054-2","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10358_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00230.2025","author":"AAE Saunders","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saunders, A. A. E., Karagiannis, C., Du, W. X., James, L. S., Thomson, R. E., Anderson, R. L., et al. (2025). Cachexia progression differs among mouse models of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00230.2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R854","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00057.2013","volume":"304","author":"KT Murphy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murphy, K. T., Struk, A., Malcontenti-Wilson, C., Christophi, C., & Lynch, G. S. (2013). Physiological characterization of a mouse model of cachexia in colorectal liver metastases. American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 304(10), R854-864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00057.2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e069908","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069908","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Cai, D. F., & Hong, S. (2023). Prevalence and prognosis of bone metastases in common solid cancers at initial diagnosis: A population-based study. Bmj Open, 13(10), e069908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069908","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10358_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1590","volume":"20","author":"DL Waning","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waning, D. L., & Guise, T. A. (2014). Molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis and associated muscle weakness. Clinical Cancer Research, 20(12), 3071\u20133077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1590","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10358_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2015.59","volume":"4","author":"DL Waning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waning, D. L., & Guise, T. A. (2015). Cancer-associated muscle weakness: What\u2019s bone got to do with it? BoneKEy Reports, 4, 691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bonekey.2015.59","journal-title":"BoneKEy Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"10358_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3961","volume":"21","author":"DL Waning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waning, D. L., Mohammad, K. S., Reiken, S., Xie, W., Andersson, D. C., John, S., et al. (2015). Excess TGF-\u03b2 mediates muscle weakness associated with bone metastases in mice. Nature Medicine, 21(11), 1262\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3961","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01960-4","volume":"25","author":"NM Haynes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haynes, N. M., Chadwick, T. B., & Parker, B. S. (2024). The complexity of immune evasion mechanisms throughout the metastatic cascade. Nature Immunology, 25(10), 1793\u20131808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-024-01960-4","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.150","volume":"17","author":"JG Tidball","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tidball, J. G. (2017). Regulation of muscle growth and regeneration by the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17(3), 165\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2016.150","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"10358_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00358","volume":"8","author":"JN Regan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Regan, J. N., Mikesell, C., Reiken, S., Xu, H., Marks, A. R., Mohammad, K. S., et al. (2017). Osteolytic breast cancer causes skeletal muscle weakness in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 8, 358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2017.00358","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-021-10076-0","volume":"38","author":"S Soni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soni, S., Torvund, M., & Mandal, C. C. (2021). Molecular insights into the interplay between adiposity, breast cancer and bone metastasis. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 38(2), 119\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10585-021-10076-0","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10358_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27594","volume":"131","author":"A Imoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imoto, A., Mitsunaga, S., Inagaki, M., Aoyagi, K., Sasaki, H., Ikeda, M., et al. (2012). Neural invasion induces cachexia via astrocytic activation of neural route in pancreatic cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 131(12), 2795\u20132807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.27594","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-024-00887-8","volume":"25","author":"I Gutierrez-Leal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Leal, I., Caballero-Hernandez, D., Orozco-Flores, A. A., Gomez-Flores, R., Quistian-Martinez, D., Tamez-Guerra, P., et al. (2024). Role of the sympathetic nervous system in cancer-associated cachexia and tumor progression in tumor-bearing BALB\/c mice. BMC Neuroscience, 25(1), Article 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12868-024-00887-8","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0237-2","volume":"20","author":"AH Zahalka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zahalka, A. H., & Frenette, P. S. (2020). Nerves in cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 20(3), 143\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-019-0237-2","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"issue":"27","key":"10358_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000172","volume":"93","author":"D Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang, D., Su, S., Cui, X., Shen, X., Zeng, Y., Wu, W., et al. (2014). Nerve fibers in breast cancer tissues indicate aggressive tumor progression. Medicine (Baltimore), 93(27), Article e172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000000172","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"18","key":"10358_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7042","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0522","volume":"70","author":"EK Sloan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sloan, E. K., Priceman, S. J., Cox, B. F., Yu, S., Pimentel, M. A., Tangkanangnukul, V., et al. (2010). The sympathetic nervous system induces a metastatic switch in primary breast cancer. Cancer Research, 70(18), 7042\u20137052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0522","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"issue":"693","key":"10358_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf1147","volume":"15","author":"A Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang, A., Botteri, E., Gillis, R. D., Lofling, L., Le, C. P., Ziegler, A. I., et al. (2023). Beta-blockade enhances anthracycline control of metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Science Translational Medicine, 15(693), Article eadf1147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf1147","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"17","key":"10358_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.009","volume":"113","author":"EK Sloan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sloan, E. K., & Chang, A. (2025). Wired to spread: Neural regulation of metastasis. Neuron, 113(17), 2726\u20132728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.126","volume":"67","author":"KL Smith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smith, K. L., & Tisdale, M. J. (1993). Increased protein degradation and decreased protein synthesis in skeletal muscle during cancer cachexia. British Journal of Cancer, 67(4), 680\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.1993.126","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12854","volume":"13","author":"A Geremia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geremia, A., Sartori, R., Baraldo, M., Nogara, L., Balmaceda, V., Dumitras, G. A., et al. (2022). Activation of Akt-mTORC1 signalling reverts cancer-dependent muscle wasting. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 13(1), 648\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12854","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10358_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00445","volume":"11","author":"T Yamada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamada, T., Ashida, Y., Tatebayashi, D., Abe, M., & Himori, K. (2020). Cancer cachexia induces preferential skeletal muscle myosin loss when combined with denervation. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00445","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1042","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00410.2012","volume":"304","author":"JP White","year":"2013","unstructured":"White, J. P., Puppa, M. J., Gao, S., Sato, S., Welle, S. L., & Carson, J. A. (2013). Muscle mTORC1 suppression by IL-6 during cancer cachexia: A role for AMPK. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 304(10), E1042-1052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00410.2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1172\/jci200420174","volume":"114","author":"S Acharyya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Acharyya, S., Ladner, K. J., Nelsen, L. L., Damrauer, J., Reiser, P. J., Swoap, S., et al. (2004). Cancer cachexia is regulated by selective targeting of skeletal muscle gene products. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 114(3), 370\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci200420174","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1567","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00457.2023","volume":"325","author":"DC Hughes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hughes, D. C., Goodman, C. A., Baehr, L. M., Gregorevic, P., & Bodine, S. C. (2023). A critical discussion on the relationship between E3 ubiquitin ligases, protein degradation, and skeletal muscle wasting: It\u2019s not that simple. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, 325(6), C1567\u2013C1582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00457.2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology"},{"key":"10358_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050398","author":"N Alissa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alissa, N., Fang, W. B., Medrano, M., Bergeron, N., Kozai, Y., Hu, Q., et al. (2024). CCL2 signaling promotes skeletal muscle wasting in non-tumor and breast tumor models. Disease Models & Mechanisms. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.050398","journal-title":"Disease Models & Mechanisms"},{"issue":"18","key":"10358_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6766","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3242","volume":"9","author":"AR Shakri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shakri, A. R., James Zhong, T., Ma, W., Coker, C., Hegde, R., Scholze, H., et al. (2020). Aberrant Zip14 expression in muscle is associated with cachexia in a Bard1-deficient mouse model of breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Medicine, 9(18), 6766\u20136775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.3242","journal-title":"Cancer Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1113\/EP089130","volume":"106","author":"J Wilcox-Hagerty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilcox-Hagerty, J., Xu, H., Hain, B. A., Arnold, A. C., & Waning, D. L. (2021). Bone metastases induce metabolic changes and mitophagy in mice. Experimental Physiology, 106(2), 506\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP089130","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz347","volume":"111","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, X., Gao, T., Tian, H., Zhou, D., et al. (2020). The autophagic-lysosomal and ubiquitin proteasome systems are simultaneously activated in the skeletal muscle of gastric cancer patients with cachexia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111(3), 570\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz347","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10358_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/Jp288099","author":"MS Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali, M. S., Bitsch-Olsen, S., Frank, E., Themsen, S. S. B., Battey, E., Perla, M., et al. (2025). Breast cancer cell-conditioned media inhibit growth and reduce basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by inhibiting Rac1 activation in rat myotubes. Journal of Physiology-London. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/Jp288099","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology-London"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-024-00398-6","volume":"13","author":"Q Ru","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ru, Q., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Min, J., et al. (2025). Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in muscle diseases and disorders: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Bone Res, 13(1), 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41413-024-00398-6","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13668","volume":"16","author":"D Neyroud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neyroud, D., D\u2019Lugos, A. C., Trevino, E. J., Callaway, C. S., Lamm, J., Laitano, O., et al. (2025). Local inflammation precedes diaphragm wasting and fibrotic remodelling in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 16(1), Article e13668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13668","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1283","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00448.2025","volume":"329","author":"TD Cardaci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cardaci, T. D., Bastian, A. V., Roark, K., Bullard, B. M., NeSmith, M. M., Unger, C. A., et al. (2025). Profibrotic immune cells and fibro-adipogenic progenitors contribute to skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis in cancer cachexia. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, 329(4), C1283\u2013C1299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00448.2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology"},{"key":"10358_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114925","author":"BR Pryce","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pryce, B. R., Oles, A., Talbert, E. E., Romeo, M. J., Vaena, S., Sharma, S., et al. (2024). Muscle inflammation is regulated by NF-\u03baB from multiple cells to control distinct states of wasting in cancer cachexia. Cell Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114925","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040963","volume":"14","author":"M Petruzzelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petruzzelli, M., Ferrer, M., Schuijs, M. J., Kleeman, S. O., Mourikis, N., Hall, Z., et al. (2022). Early neutrophilia marked by aerobic glycolysis sustains host metabolism and delays cancer cachexia. Cancers, 14(4), 963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14040963","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51873-x","volume":"15","author":"Y Hayashi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hayashi, Y., Kamimura-Aoyagi, Y., Nishikawa, S., Noka, R., Iwata, R., Iwabuchi, A., et al. (2024). IL36G-producing neutrophil-like monocytes promote cachexia in cancer. Nature Communications, 15(1), 7662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-51873-x","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10358_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swierczak, A., Cook, A. D., Lenzo, J. C., Restall, C. M., Doherty, J. P., Anderson, R. L., et al. (2014). The promotion of breast cancer metastasis caused by inhibition of CSF-1R\/CSF-1 signaling is blocked by targeting the G-CSF receptor. Cancer Immunology Research, 2(8), 765\u2013776.","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0190"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64282-z","volume":"10","author":"T Barker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barker, T., Fulde, G., Moulton, B., Nadauld, L. D., & Rhodes, T. (2020). An elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio associates with weight loss and cachexia in cancer. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 7535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-64282-z","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10358_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2024.112399","volume":"122","author":"KL Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, K. L., Zhou, M. M., Wang, K. H., Weng, M., Zhou, F. X., Cui, J. W., et al. (2024). Integrated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and handgrip strength better predict survival in patients with cancer cachexia. Nutrition, 122, Article 112399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2024.112399","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"12","key":"10358_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121893","volume":"11","author":"MR Deyhle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deyhle, M. R., Callaway, C. S., Neyroud, D., D\u2019Lugos, A. C., Judge, S. M., & Judge, A. R. (2022). Depleting Ly6G positive myeloid cells reduces pancreatic cancer-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Cells, 11(12), Article 1893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11121893","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10358_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.04.017","volume":"484","author":"SK Shukla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shukla, S. K., Markov, S. D., Attri, K. S., Vernucci, E., King, R. J., Dasgupta, A., et al. (2020). Macrophages potentiate STAT3 signaling in skeletal muscles and regulate pancreatic cancer cachexia. Cancer Letters, 484, 29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.04.017","journal-title":"Cancer Letters"},{"key":"10358_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sartori, R., Hagg, A., Zampieri, S., Armani, A., Winbanks, C. E., Viana, L. R., et al. (2021). Perturbed BMP signaling and denervation promote muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. Science Translational Medicine, 13(605), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay9592","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay9592"},{"key":"10358_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Dos Santos, M., Huang, H., Chen, K., Iyengar, P., Infante, R., et al. (2024). A molecular pathway for cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy revealed at single-nucleus resolution. Cell Reports, 43(8), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114587"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR120","first-page":"1339","volume":"12","author":"JR Huot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huot, J. R., Pin, F., & Bonetto, A. (2022). Muscle weakness caused by cancer and chemotherapy is associated with loss of motor unit connectivity (vol 11, pg 2990, 2021). American Journal of Cancer Research, 12(3), 1339\u20131339.","journal-title":"American Journal of Cancer Research"},{"key":"10358_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campelj, D. G., Goodman, C. A., & Rybalka, E. (2021). Chemotherapy-induced myopathy: the dark side of the cachexia sphere. Cancers (Basel), 13(14), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13143615","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143615"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7587","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2018.7587","volume":"28","author":"D Coletti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coletti, D. (2018). Chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting: An update. European Journal of Translational Myology, 28(2), 7587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ejtm.2018.7587","journal-title":"European Journal of Translational Myology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C195","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00217.2011","volume":"302","author":"LA Gilliam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gilliam, L. A., Moylan, J. S., Patterson, E. W., Smith, J. D., Wilson, A. S., Rabbani, Z., et al. (2012). Doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate catabolism in C2C12 myotubes. American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology, 302(1), C195-202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00217.2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology"},{"key":"10358_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2018.02.005","volume":"45","author":"AB Morton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morton, A. B., Mor Huertas, A., Hinkley, J. M., Ichinoseki-Sekine, N., Christou, D. D., & Smuder, A. J. (2019). Mitochondrial accumulation of doxorubicin in cardiac and diaphragm muscle following exercise preconditioning. Mitochondrion, 45, 52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mito.2018.02.005","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12265","volume":"9","author":"JJ Hulmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hulmi, J. J., Nissinen, T. A., R\u00e4s\u00e4nen, M., Degerman, J., Lautaoja, J. H., Hemanthakumar, K. A., et al. (2018). Prevention of chemotherapy-induced cachexia by ACVR2B ligand blocking has different effects on heart and skeletal muscle. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 9(2), 417\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12265","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10358_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, K. T., Swiderski, K., Ryall, J. G., Davey, J. R., Qian, H., Lamon, S., et al. (2022). Mechanisms of chemotherapy\u2010induced muscle wasting in mice with cancer cachexia. JCSM Rapid Communications, 5(1), 102\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1002\/rco2.50"},{"key":"10358_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127356","author":"JG Boyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyer, J. G., Prasad, V., Song, T., Lee, D., Fu, X., Grimes, K. M., et al. (2019). ERK1\/2 signaling induces skeletal muscle slow fiber-type switching and reduces muscular dystrophy disease severity. JCI Insight. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.127356","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10358_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101157","volume":"45","author":"JP Hardee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hardee, J. P., Martins, K. J. B., Miotto, P. M., Ryall, J. G., Gehrig, S. M., Reljic, B., et al. (2021). Metabolic remodeling of dystrophic skeletal muscle reveals biological roles for dystrophin and utrophin in adaptation and plasticity. Molecular Metabolism, 45, Article 101157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101157","journal-title":"Molecular Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12360","volume":"10","author":"F Pin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pin, F., Barreto, R., Couch, M. E., Bonetto, A., & O\u2019Connell, T. M. (2019). Cachexia induced by cancer and chemotherapy yield distinct perturbations to energy metabolism. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(1), 140\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12360","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10358_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braun, T. P., Szumowski, M., Levasseur, P. R., Grossberg, A. J., Zhu, X. X., Agarwal, A., et al. (2014). Muscle atrophy in response to cytotoxic chemotherapy is dependent on intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle. PLoS One, 9(9), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0106489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106489"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/EP089130","volume":"2","author":"BA Hain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hain, B. A., Xu, H., Wilcox, J. R., Mutua, D., & Waning, D. L. (2019). Chemotherapy-induced loss of bone and muscle mass in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastases and cachexia. JCSM Rapid Communications, 2(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP089130","journal-title":"JCSM Rapid Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8406","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14139","volume":"8","author":"LE Wright","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wright, L. E., Harhash, A. A., Kozlow, W. M., Waning, D. L., Regan, J. N., She, Y., et al. (2016). Aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss increases the progression of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in bone and exacerbates muscle weakness in vivo. Oncotarget, 8(5), 8406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.14139","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"7","key":"10358_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-011-9400-1","volume":"28","author":"X Sun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sun, X., Zhang, J., Gupta, R., Macgibbon, A. K., Kuhn-Sherlock, B., & Krissansen, G. W. (2011). Dairy milk fat augments paclitaxel therapy to suppress tumour metastasis in mice, and protects against the side-effects of chemotherapy. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 28(7), 675\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10585-011-9400-1","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.990577","volume":"67","author":"KI Coa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coa, K. I., Epstein, J. B., Ettinger, D., Jatoi, A., McManus, K., Platek, M. E., et al. (2015). The impact of cancer treatment on the diets and food preferences of patients receiving outpatient treatment. Nutrition and Cancer, 67(2), 339\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01635581.2015.990577","journal-title":"Nutrition and Cancer"},{"key":"10358_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaeffers, A. W., Scholten, H. A., Kok, A., Reinders, F. C., Stellato, R. K., Smid, E. J., et al. (2025). Change of skeletal muscle mass and associated factors during radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology Reports, 14, Article 100737.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oor.2025.100737"},{"issue":"5","key":"10358_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.17458","volume":"8","author":"G Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, G., Jiang, X. Y., Qiu, B., Shen, L. J., Chen, C., & Xia, Y. F. (2017). Vicious circle of acute radiation toxicities and weight loss predicts poor prognosis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients receiving intensity modulated radiotherapy. Journal of Cancer, 8(5), 832\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/jca.17458","journal-title":"Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10358_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Powrozek, T., Dziwota, J., & Malecka-Massalska, T. (2021). Nutritional deficiencies in radiotherapy-treated head and neck cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(4), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10040574","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040574"},{"key":"10358_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamport, A. E., Takayesu, J. S. K., Lipps, D. B., & Wolfram, S. (2025). A case-control study of pectoralis major muscle quality in breast cancer survivors after radiation therapy without prior axillary lymph node dissection. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, 50, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2025-0058","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2025-0058"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrz067","volume":"60","author":"C Wallner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wallner, C., Drysch, M., Hahn, S. A., Becerikli, M., Puscz, F., Wagner, J. M., et al. (2019). Alterations in pectoralis muscle cell characteristics after radiation of the human breast in situ. Journal of Radiation Research, 60(6), 825\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rrz067","journal-title":"Journal of Radiation Research"},{"key":"10358_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.03.005","volume":"100","author":"M Seki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seki, M., Uruha, A., Ohnuki, Y., Kamada, S., Noda, T., Onda, A., et al. (2019). Inflammatory myopathy associated with PD-1 inhibitors. Journal of Autoimmunity, 100, 105\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.03.005","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"9","key":"10358_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01001-6","volume":"20","author":"M O'Hare","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare, M., & Guidon, A. C. (2024). Peripheral nervous system immune-related adverse events due to checkpoint inhibition. Nature Reviews Neurology, 20(9), 509\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-024-01001-6","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0878-7","volume":"18","author":"JC Kao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kao, J. C., Brickshawana, A., & Liewluck, T. (2018). Neuromuscular complications of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 18(10), 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-018-0878-7","journal-title":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"},{"key":"10358_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.10.031","volume":"70","author":"E Vitale","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vitale, E., Rizzo, A., Maistrello, L., Cauli, O., Mollica, V., Marques Monteiro, F. S., et al. (2025). Decreased appetite in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): The MOUSEION-012 systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 70, 591\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.10.031","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"},{"issue":"6","key":"10358_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12475","volume":"10","author":"R Tomasin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomasin, R., Martin, A., & Cominetti, M. R. (2019). Metastasis and cachexia: Alongside in clinics, but not so in animal models. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(6), 1183\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12475","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10358_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lim, P., Woo, S. W., Han, J., Lee, Y. L., Lim, J. J., Kang, Y. H., et al. (2025). Alpha-ketoisocaproate attenuates muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia models. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 16(4), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.70044","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70044"},{"key":"10358_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.11.005","volume":"90","author":"MM Shamsi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shamsi, M. M., Chekachak, S., Soudi, S., Quinn, L., Ranjbar, K., Chenari, J., et al. (2017). Combined effect of aerobic interval training and selenium nanoparticles on expression of IL-15 and IL-10\/TNF-\u03b1 ratio in skeletal muscle of 4T1 breast cancer mice with cachexia. Cytokine, 90, 100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.11.005","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567150","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2567150","volume":"2022","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zheng, J., Chen, H., Li, X., Ye, C., Zhang, F., et al. (2022). Curcumin targeting NF-\u03baB\/ubiquitin-proteasome-system axis ameliorates muscle atrophy in triple-negative breast cancer cachexia mice. Mediators of Inflammation, 2022(1), 2567150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2567150","journal-title":"Mediators of Inflammation"},{"issue":"48","key":"10358_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.153","volume":"35","author":"G Martinelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinelli, G., Olivari, D., Re Cecconi, A., Talamini, L., Ottoboni, L., Lecker, S., et al. (2016). Activation of the SDF1\/CXCR4 pathway retards muscle atrophy during cancer cachexia. Oncogene, 35(48), 6212\u20136222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/onc.2016.153","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"12","key":"10358_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0717","volume":"16","author":"R Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, R., Bhat-Nakshatri, P., Padua, M. B., Prasad, M. S., Anjanappa, M., Jacobson, M., et al. (2017). Pharmacological dual inhibition of tumor and tumor-induced functional limitations in a transgenic model of breast cancer. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 16(12), 2747\u20132758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0717","journal-title":"Molecular Cancer Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10358_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/rco2.23","volume":"4","author":"R Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, R., Kumar, B., Bhat-Nakshatri, P., Prasad, M. S., Jacobsen, M. H., Ovalle, G., et al. (2021). Aging-associated skeletal muscle defects in HER2\/Neu transgenic mammary tumor model. JCSM Rapid Communications, 4(1), 24\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rco2.23","journal-title":"JCSM Rapid Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10358_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C310","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00317.2024","volume":"327","author":"F Morena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morena, F., Cabrera, A. R., & Greene, N. P. (2024). Exploring heterogeneity: A dive into preclinical models of cancer cachexia. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 327(2), C310\u2013C328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00317.2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10358_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-024-10199-2","volume":"43","author":"AAE Saunders","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saunders, A. A. E., Thomson, R. E., Goodman, C. A., Anderson, R. L., & Gregorevic, P. (2024). Striated muscle: An inadequate soil for cancers. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 43(4), 1511\u20131527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10555-024-10199-2","journal-title":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"10358_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2021.06.010","volume":"7","author":"A Giacobbe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giacobbe, A., & Abate-Shen, C. (2021). Modeling metastasis in mice: A closer look. Trends in Cancer, 7(10), 916\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trecan.2021.06.010","journal-title":"Trends in Cancer"},{"key":"10358_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1274088","volume":"14","author":"F Riccardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riccardi, F., Dal Bo, M., Macor, P., & Toffoli, G. (2023). A comprehensive overview on antibody-drug conjugates: From the conceptualization to cancer therapy. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, Article 1274088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1274088","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"10358_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030713","author":"TD Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. D., Bordeau, B. M., & Balthasar, J. P. (2023). Mechanisms of ADC toxicity and strategies to increase ADC tolerability. Cancers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15030713","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"11","key":"10358_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjon.2024.100595","volume":"11","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yang, H., & Lu, Y. (2024). Management of neurotoxic reactions induced by antibody-drug conjugates. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 11(11), Article 100595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjon.2024.100595","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10358_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.007","volume":"41","author":"BR Pryce","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pryce, B. R., Wang, D. J., Zimmers, T. A., Ostrowski, M. C., & Guttridge, D. C. (2023). Cancer cachexia: Involvement of an expanding macroenvironment. Cancer Cell, 41(3), 581\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.007","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"}],"container-title":["Cancer and Metastasis Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10555-026-10358-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10555-026-10358-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10555-026-10358-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T22:09:59Z","timestamp":1784326199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10555-026-10358-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10555-026-10358-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"47"}}