{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:33:20Z","timestamp":1786980800856,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-07082-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T04:05:14Z","timestamp":1601438714000},"page":"1269-1279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lipid-Lowering Biotechnological Drugs: from Monoclonal Antibodies to Antisense Therapies\u2014a Clinical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7949-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christie M.","family":"Ballantyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim S.","family":"Virani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"32","key":"7082_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144","volume":"38","author":"BA Ference","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, Ray KK, Packard CJ, Bruckert E, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9753","key":"7082_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61350-5","volume":"376","author":"C Baigent","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"7082_CR3","first-page":"415","volume":"8","author":"BA Phan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phan BA, Dayspring TD, Toth PP. Ezetimibe therapy: mechanism of action and clinical update. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:415\u201327.","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"7082_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2017.12.007","volume":"36","author":"A Saeed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeed A, Ballantyne CM. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002): a current review. Cardiol Clin. 2018;36(2):257\u201364.","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306398","volume":"118","author":"K Musunuru","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musunuru K, Kathiresan S. Surprises from genetic analyses of lipid risk factors for atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2016;118(4):579\u201385.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"7082_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604304","volume":"375","author":"BA Ference","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ference BA, Robinson JG, Brook RD, Catapano AL, Chapman MJ, Neff DR, et al. Variation in PCSK9 and HMGCR and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(22):2144\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-015-0491-z","volume":"17","author":"A Brautbar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brautbar A, Leary E, Rasmussen K, Wilson DP, Steiner RD, Virani S. Genetics of familial hypercholesterolemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015;17(4):491.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-00846-8","volume":"22","author":"A Hussain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hussain A, Ballantyne CM, Saeed A, Virani SS. Triglycerides and ASCVD risk reduction: recent insights and future directions. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020;22(7):25.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"7082_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104413","volume":"150","author":"C Macchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Macchi C, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Santos RD, Watts GF, Ruscica M. A new dawn for managing dyslipidemias: the era of rna-based therapies. Pharmacol Res. 2019;150:104413.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"7082_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000591","volume":"30","author":"M Furgurson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Furgurson M, Lagor WR. CRISPR: a promising tool for lipid physiology and therapeutics. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2019;30(3):172\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"22","key":"7082_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801174","volume":"379","author":"GG Schwartz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, Bhatt DL, Bittner VA, Diaz R, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097\u2013107.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"7082_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615664","volume":"376","author":"MS Sabatine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Honarpour N, Wiviott SD, Murphy SA, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7082_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612790","volume":"377","author":"FE Dewey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dewey FE, Gusarova V, Dunbar RL, O'Dushlaine C, Schurmann C, Gottesman O, et al. Genetic and pharmacologic inactivation of ANGPTL3 and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(3):211\u201321.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"7082_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701488","volume":"376","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ridker PM, Revkin J, Amarenco P, Brunell R, Curto M, Civeira F, et al. Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of bococizumab in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(16):1527\u201339.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.035","volume":"136","author":"RW Carthew","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carthew RW, Sontheimer EJ. Origins and mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs. Cell. 2009;136(4):642\u201355.","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1239","volume":"46","author":"X Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen X, Corey DR. Chemistry, mechanism and clinical status of antisense oligonucleotides and duplex RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(4):1584\u2013600.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"7082_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2016.12.003","volume":"6","author":"Y Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang Y. Preclinical and clinical advances of GalNAc-decorated nucleic acid therapeutics. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2017;6:116\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"issue":"33","key":"7082_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz209","volume":"40","author":"VJ Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexander VJ, Xia S, Hurh E, Hughes SG, O'Dea L, Geary RS, et al. N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to APOC3 mRNA, triglycerides and atherogenic lipoprotein levels. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(33):2785\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"7082_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.05.013","volume":"12","author":"DJ Blom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blom DJ, O'Dea L, Digenio A, Alexander VJ, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Williams KR, et al. Characterizing familial chylomicronemia syndrome: baseline data of the APPROACH study. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(5):1234\u201343.e5.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3097","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3097","volume":"21","author":"B Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu B, Weng Y, Xia XH, Liang XJ, Huang Y. Clinical advances of siRNA therapeutics. J Gene Med. 2019;21(7):e3097.","journal-title":"J Gene Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"7082_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.11.069","volume":"55","author":"F Akdim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akdim F, Stroes ES, Sijbrands EJ, Tribble DL, Trip MD, Jukema JW, et al. Efficacy and safety of mipomersen, an antisense inhibitor of apolipoprotein B, in hypercholesterolemic subjects receiving stable statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(15):1611\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01114-z","volume":"79","author":"F Fogacci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fogacci F, Ferri N, Toth PP, Ruscica M, Corsini A, Cicero AFG. Efficacy and safety of mipomersen: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Drugs. 2019;79(7):751\u201366.","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"issue":"9","key":"7082_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl077","volume":"15","author":"J Cameron","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cameron J, Holla OL, Ranheim T, Kulseth MA, Berge KE, Leren TP. Effect of mutations in the PCSK9 gene on the cell surface LDL receptors. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(9):1551\u20138.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"7082_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104916","volume":"159","author":"M Ruscica","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruscica M, Corsini A, Ferri N, Banach M, Sirtori CR. Clinical approach to the inflammatory etiology of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res. 2020;159:104916.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"7082_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.07.015","volume":"288","author":"M Ruscica","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruscica M, Tokgozoglu L, Corsini A, Sirtori CR. PCSK9 inhibition and inflammation: a narrative review. Atherosclerosis. 2019;288:146\u201355.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701131","volume":"377","author":"RP Giugliano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giugliano RP, Mach F, Zavitz K, Kurtz C, Im K, Kanevsky E, et al. Cognitive function in a randomized trial of evolocumab. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):633\u201343.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"7082_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034309","volume":"138","author":"MS Sabatine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sabatine MS, De Ferrari GM, Giugliano RP, Huber K, Lewis BS, Ferreira J, et al. Clinical benefit of evolocumab by severity and extent of coronary artery disease: analysis from FOURIER. Circulation. 2018;138(8):756\u201366.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032235","volume":"137","author":"MP Bonaca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonaca MP, Nault P, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Pineda AL, Kanevsky E, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with evolocumab and outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the FOURIER trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk). Circulation. 2018;137(4):338\u201350.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"16","key":"7082_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1913805","volume":"382","author":"FJ Raal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raal FJ, Kallend D, Ray KK, Turner T, Koenig W, Wright RS, et al. Inclisiran for the treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1520\u201330.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"7082_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912387","volume":"382","author":"KK Ray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, Koenig W, Leiter LA, Raal FJ, et al. Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1507\u201319.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"24","key":"7082_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.003","volume":"73","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):e285\u2013350.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7082_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-019-0784-8","volume":"21","author":"X Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia X, Al Rifai M, Birnbaum Y, Smith SC, Virani SS. The 2018 cholesterol management guidelines: topics in secondary ASCVD prevention clinicians need to know. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2019;21(6):20.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"7082_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2019.10.006","volume":"62","author":"DS Kazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kazi DS, Virani SS. Implications of cost-effectiveness analyses of lipid-lowering therapies: from the policy-maker\u2019s desk to the patient\u2019s bedside. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62(5):406\u201313.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.1647","volume":"4","author":"GC Fonarow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fonarow GC, van Hout B, Villa G, Arellano J, Lindgren P. Updated cost-effectiveness analysis of evolocumab in patients with very high-risk atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(7):691\u20135.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"7082_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002926","volume":"363","author":"K Musunuru","year":"2010","unstructured":"Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C, et al. Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(23):2220\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M054882","volume":"56","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Gusarova V, Banfi S, Gromada J, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Inactivation of ANGPTL3 reduces hepatic VLDL-triglyceride secretion. J Lipid Res. 2015;56(7):1296\u2013307.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7082_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.111.960674","volume":"5","author":"L Pisciotta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pisciotta L, Favari E, Magnolo L, Simonelli S, Adorni MP, Sallo R, et al. Characterization of three kindreds with familial combined hypolipidemia caused by loss-of-function mutations of ANGPTL3. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5(1):42\u201350.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"7082_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039107","volume":"140","author":"Z Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad Z, Banerjee P, Hamon S, Chan KC, Bouzelmat A, Sasiela WJ, et al. Inhibition of angiopoietin-like protein 3 with a monoclonal antibody reduces triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemia. Circulation. 2019;140(6):470\u201386.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"3","key":"7082_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701329","volume":"377","author":"MJ Graham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graham MJ, Lee RG, Brandt TA, Tai LJ, Fu W, Peralta R, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of ANGPTL3 antisense oligonucleotides. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(3):222\u201332.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0836","volume":"4","author":"AK Soutar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Soutar AK, Naoumova RP. Mechanisms of disease: genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolemia. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007;4(4):214\u201325.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7082_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1705994","volume":"377","author":"D Gaudet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaudet D, Gipe DA, Pordy R, Ahmad Z, Cuchel M, Shah PK, et al. ANGPTL3 inhibition in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(3):296\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7082_CR42","unstructured":"Raal F, editor Evinacumab in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. American College of Cardiology 2020 Scientific Session; 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"7082_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz785","volume":"41","author":"U Laufs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, Hegele RA. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):99\u2013109c.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"7082_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.3.299","volume":"298","author":"BG Nordestgaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007;298(3):299\u2013308.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.8.4.421","volume":"8","author":"BG Nordestgaard","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BG, Stender S, Kjeldsen K. Reduced atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed diabetic rabbits. Giant lipoproteins do not enter the arterial wall. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8(4):421\u20138.","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis."},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.637793","volume":"115","author":"N Sarwar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson G, Wareham N, Bingham S, et al. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation. 2007;115(4):450\u20138.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"5","key":"7082_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112713","volume":"78","author":"HN Ginsberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ginsberg HN, Le NA, Goldberg IJ, Gibson JC, Rubinstein A, Wang-Iverson P, et al. Apolipoprotein B metabolism in subjects with deficiency of apolipoproteins CIII and AI. Evidence that apolipoprotein CIII inhibits catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase in vivo. J Clin Invest. 1986;78(5):1287\u201395.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"27","key":"7082_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55263-7","volume":"266","author":"E Sehayek","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sehayek E, Eisenberg S. Mechanisms of inhibition by apolipoprotein C of apolipoprotein E-dependent cellular metabolism of human triglyceride-rich lipoproteins through the low density lipoprotein receptor pathway. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(27):18259\u201367.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"7082_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307095","volume":"371","author":"J Crosby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crosby J, Peloso GM, Auer PL, Crosslin DR, Stitziel NO, Lange LA, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3, triglycerides, and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(1):22\u201331.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"7082_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1400283","volume":"373","author":"D Gaudet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gaudet D, Alexander VJ, Baker BF, Brisson D, Tremblay K, Singleton W, et al. Antisense inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(5):438\u201347.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.065","volume":"69","author":"R Pechlaner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pechlaner R, Tsimikas S, Yin X, Willeit P, Baig F, Santer P, et al. Very-low-density lipoprotein-associated apolipoproteins predict cardiovascular events and are lowered by inhibition of APOC-III. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):789\u2013800.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M066399","volume":"57","author":"X Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang X, Lee SR, Choi YS, Alexander VJ, Digenio A, Yang Q, et al. Reduction in lipoprotein-associated apoC-III levels following volanesorsen therapy: phase 2 randomized trial results. J Lipid Res. 2016;57(4):706\u201313.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"7082_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.08.003","volume":"28","author":"I Gouni-Berthold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gouni-Berthold I, Alexander V, Digenio A, DuFour R, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Martin S, et al. Apolipoprotein C-III inhibition with volanesorsen in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (COMPASS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;28:e1\u20132.","journal-title":"Atheroscler Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"7082_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.03.032","volume":"12","author":"A Gelrud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gelrud A, Digenio A, Alexander V, Williams K, Hsieh A, Gouni-Berthold I, et al. Treatment with volanesorsen (VLN) reduced triglycerides and pancreatitis in patients with FCS and sHTG vs placebo: results of the APPROACH and COMPASS. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(2):537.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2018.1487290","volume":"16","author":"M Arca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arca M, Hsieh A, Soran H, Rosenblit P, O'Dea L, Stevenson M. The effect of volanesorsen treatment on the burden associated with familial chylomicronemia syndrome: the results of the ReFOCUS study. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2018;16(7):537\u201346.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"issue":"26","key":"7082_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902604","volume":"361","author":"R Clarke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clarke R, Peden JF, Hopewell JC, Kyriakou T, Goel A, Heath SC, et al. Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(26):2518\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"7082_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.801","volume":"301","author":"PR Kamstrup","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Steffensen R, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2009;301(22):2331\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.1470","volume":"3","author":"S Burgess","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burgess S, Ference BA, Staley JR, Freitag DF, Mason AM, Nielsen SF, et al. Association of LPA variants with risk of coronary disease and the implications for lipoprotein(a)-lowering therapies: a mendelian randomization analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(7):619\u201327.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"7082_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.022","volume":"282","author":"A Saeed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saeed A, Sun W, Agarwala A, Virani SS, Nambi V, Coresh J, et al. Lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of cardiovascular disease events in individuals with diabetes mellitus or prediabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Atherosclerosis. 2019;282:52\u20136.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"issue":"7","key":"7082_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30096-7","volume":"5","author":"S Zewinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zewinger S, Kleber ME, Tragante V, McCubrey RO, Schmidt AF, Direk K, et al. Relations between lipoprotein(a) concentrations, LPA genetic variants, and the risk of mortality in patients with established coronary heart disease: a molecular and genetic association study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(7):534\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7082_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.045120","volume":"125","author":"SS Virani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Virani SS, Brautbar A, Davis BC, Nambi V, Hoogeveen RC, Sharrett AR, et al. Associations between lipoprotein(a) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in black and white subjects: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2012;125(2):241\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"7082_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2741\/4635","volume":"23","author":"A Saeed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeed A, Virani SS. Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease: current state and future directions for an enigmatic lipoprotein. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2018;23:1099\u2013112.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"issue":"4","key":"7082_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1063","volume":"302","author":"S Erqou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Perry PL, Di Angelantonio E, Thompson A, White IR, et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality. JAMA. 2009;302(4):412\u201323.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"23","key":"7082_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq386","volume":"31","author":"BG Nordestgaard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Bor\u00e9n J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, et al. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(23):2844\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"25","key":"7082_CR65","first-page":"e1082","volume":"139","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082\u2013e143.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"33","key":"7082_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz087","volume":"40","author":"JC Tardif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tardif JC, Rh\u00e9aume E, Rhainds D, Dub\u00e9 MP. Lipoprotein (a), arterial inflammation, and PCSK9 inhibition. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(33):2782\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"7082_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.896","volume":"288","author":"KK Ray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ray KK, Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Ginsberg HN, Davidson MH, Louie MJ, Bujas-Bobanovic M, et al. Lipoprotein(a) reductions from PCSK9 inhibition and major adverse cardiovascular events: Pooled analysis of alirocumab phase 3 trials. Atherosclerosis. 2019;288:194\u2013202.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"issue":"2","key":"7082_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.057","volume":"75","author":"VA Bittner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bittner VA, Szarek M, Aylward PE, Bhatt DL, Diaz R, Edelberg JM, et al. Effect of alirocumab on lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular risk after acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(2):133\u201344.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7082_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905239","volume":"382","author":"S Tsimikas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsimikas S, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Gouni-Berthold I, Tardif JC, Baum SJ, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, et al. Lipoprotein(a) reduction in persons with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(3):244\u201355.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"7082_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.019","volume":"74","author":"DF Gudbjartsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gudbjartsson DF, Thorgeirsson G, Sulem P, Helgadottir A, Gylfason A, Saemundsdottir J, et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(24):2982\u201394.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"7082_CR71","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.org. Assessing the impact of lipoprotein (a) lowering with TQJ230 on major cardiovascular events in patients with CVD (Lp(a)HORIZON). 2020."},{"key":"7082_CR72","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.org. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics study of AMG 890 in subjects with elevated plasma lipoprotein(a). 2020."}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10557-020-07082-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10557-020-07082-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10557-020-07082-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T14:46:51Z","timestamp":1696776411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10557-020-07082-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10557-020-07082-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-3206","1573-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-3206","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"SSV: research support (Department of Veterans Affairs, World Heart Federation Tahir and Jooma Family); honorarium: American College of Cardiology (associate editor for Innovations,\n                      \n                      ); steering committee member (Patient and Provide Assessment of Lipid Management [PALM] registry (no financial remuneration). CMB: grants\/research support (significant; paid to institution, not individual) and consultant (modest): Abbott Diagnostic, Denka Seiken, Roche Diagnostic. XJ, JL, and AM do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}