{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:15:23Z","timestamp":1790612123552,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011725","name":"Servier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, affecting a wide range of patients at different stages across the cardiovascular continuum. Hypertension is one of the earliest risk factors in this continuum and can be controlled in most patients with currently available antihypertensive agents. However, goals are often not met because treatments are not optimized in terms of tailoring therapy to individual patients based on their hypertension subclass and cardiovascular risk profile and initiating early use of adapted-dose, single-pill combinations. In this context, beta-blockers in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are of special interest as a result of their complementary actions on the sympathetic nervous system and renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system, two interlinked pathways that influence cardiovascular risk and disease outcomes. In addition to their antihypertensive actions, beta-blockers are used to manage arrhythmias and treat angina pectoris and heart failure, while ACE inhibitors provide cardioprotection in patients with acute coronary syndromes and treat congestive heart failure. A broad range of patients may therefore receive the combination in routine clinical practice. This paper examines the supporting evidence for beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors in each of the above indications and considers the rationale for combining these agents into a single pill, using data from bisoprolol and perindopril randomized controlled trials as supporting evidence. Combining these established antihypertensive agents into a single pill continues to provide effective blood pressure lowering and improved cardiovascular outcomes while allowing a greater proportion of patients to rapidly achieve treatment targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-021-07248-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T10:03:21Z","timestamp":1631873001000},"page":"757-770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The Combination of Beta-Blockers and ACE Inhibitors Across the Spectrum of Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1746-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alistair S.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0306-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Narkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"7248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global burden of cardiovascular diseases writing group. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982\u20133021.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"7248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(8):e254-e743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950"},{"key":"7248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1659\u20131724.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8"},{"key":"7248_CR4","unstructured":"Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018"},{"issue":"19","key":"7248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.005","volume":"71","author":"PK Whelton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):2199\u2013269.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000220407.84363.fb","volume":"24","author":"G Mancia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mancia G, Dell\u2019Oro R, Quarti-Trevano F, Scopelliti F, Grassi G. Angiotensin-sympathetic system interactions in cardiovascular and metabolic disease. J Hypertens Suppl. 2006;24(1):S51\u20136.","journal-title":"J Hypertens Suppl"},{"key":"7248_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotseva K, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, et al; EUROASPIRE Investigators*. Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(8):824-835","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318825350"},{"issue":"12","key":"7248_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14545","volume":"324","author":"P Muntner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muntner P, Hardy ST, Fine LJ, Jaeger BC, Wozniak G, Levitan EB, Colantonio LD. Trends in blood pressure control among US adults with hypertension, 1999\u20132000 to 2017\u20132018. JAMA. 2020;324(12):1190\u2013200.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"7248_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27377-2","volume":"8","author":"D Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou D, Xi B, Zhao M, Wang L, Veeranki SP. Uncontrolled hypertension increases risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in US adults: the NHANES III Linked Mortality Study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9418.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"7248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.09.038","volume":"122","author":"DS Wald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, Bestwick JP, Wald NJ. Combination therapy vs. monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med. 2009;122:290\u2013300.","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"7248_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2147\/IBPC.S6232","volume":"2","author":"AF Rubio-Guerra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rubio-Guerra AF, Castro-Serna D, Elizalde-Barrera CI, Ramos-Brizuela LM. Current concepts in combination therapy for the treatment of hypertension: combined calcium channel blockers and RAAS inhibitors. Integr Blood Press Control. 2009;2:55\u201362.","journal-title":"Integr Blood Press Control"},{"issue":"40","key":"7248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy420","volume":"39","author":"F Rea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rea F, Corrao G, Merlino L, Mancia G. Early cardiovascular protection by initial two-drug fixed-dose combination treatment vs. monotherapy in hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018a;39(40):3654\u201361.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"issue":"4","key":"7248_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11308","volume":"72","author":"F Rea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rea F, Corrao G, Merlino L, Mancia G. Initial antihypertensive treatment strategies and therapeutic inertia. Hypertension. 2018;72(4):846\u201353.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"7","key":"7248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313294","volume":"124","author":"G Mancia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mancia G, Rea F, Corrao G, Grassi G. Two-drug combinations as first-step antihypertensive treatment. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1113\u201323.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"7248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.136655","volume":"54","author":"RH Fagard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fagard RH, Celis H, Thijs L, Wouters S. Regression of left ventricular mass by antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized comparative studies. Hypertension. 2009;54:1084\u201391.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"7248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000614","volume":"33","author":"C Thomopoulos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure-lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 5. Head-to-head comparisons of various classes of antihypertensive drugs - overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens. 2015;33:1321\u201341.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"7248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.10.1242","volume":"296","author":"PM Okin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okin PM, Wacthell K, Devereux RB, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension. JAMA. 2006;296:1242\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7248_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001547","volume":"35","author":"C Thomopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence. 12. Effects in individuals with high-normal and normal blood pressure: overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2017;35:2150\u201360.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"7248_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.011","volume":"67","author":"X Xie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xie X, Liu Y, Perkovic V, Li X, Ninomiya T, Hou W, Zhao N, Liu L, Lv J, Zhang H, Wang H. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(5):728\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"7248_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001276","volume":"35","author":"C Thomopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence in hypertension: 10 - should blood pressure management differ in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes mellitus? Overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2017;35:922\u201344.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"7248_CR21","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management (NG 136). Published August 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng136\/resources\/hypertension-in-adults-diagnosis-and-management-pdf-66141722710213."},{"issue":"8","key":"7248_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594986","volume":"114","author":"MH Strauss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strauss MH, Hall AS. Angiotensin receptor blockers may increase risk of myocardial infarction: unraveling the ARB-MI paradox. Circulation. 2006;114(8):838\u201354.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"22","key":"7248_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.026112","volume":"135","author":"MH Strauss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strauss MH, Hall AS. Angiotensin receptor blockers do not reduce risk of myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, or total, mortality: further evidence for the ARB-MI paradox. Circulation. 2017;135(22):2088\u201390.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"7248_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration, Turnbull F, Neal B, et al. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system [published correction appears in J Hypertens 2007 Jul;25(7):1524].\u00a0J Hypertens. 2007;25(5):951\u2013958","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3280bad9b4"},{"key":"7248_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li EC, Heran BS, Wright JM. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension.\u00a0Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(8)","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009096.pub2"},{"issue":"8","key":"7248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.05.057","volume":"100","author":"S Bangalore","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bangalore S, Parkar S, Grossman E, Messerli FH. A meta-analysis of 94,492 patients with hypertension treated with beta blockers to determine the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(8):1254\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"7248_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Opie LH. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 1(1):CD002003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002003.pub5"},{"key":"7248_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O\u2019Brien E, Ostergren, J, ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895\u2013906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67185-1"},{"key":"7248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.21.2805","volume":"290","author":"CJ Pepine","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley WW, Investigators I. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2805\u201316.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7248_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08089-3","volume":"359","author":"B Dahlof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359:995\u20131003.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"7248_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002523","volume":"38","author":"C Thomopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomopoulos C, Bazoukis G, Tsioufis C, Mancia G. Beta-blockers in hypertension: overview and meta-analysis of randomized outcome trials. J Hypertens. 2020;38(9):1669\u201381.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"9","key":"7248_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595496","volume":"113","author":"B Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, Cruickshank K, Stanton A, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation. 2006;113(9):1213\u201325.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"7248_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089078","volume":"50","author":"MJ Roman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension. 2007;50(1):197\u2013203.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"7248_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou WJ, Wang RY, Li Y, et al.A randomized controlled study on the effects of bisoprolol and atenolol on sympathetic nervous activity and central aortic pressure in patients with essential hypertension. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e72102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072102"},{"issue":"7","key":"7248_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04486.x","volume":"7","author":"BM Egan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egan BM, Basile J, Chilton RJ, Cohen JD. Cardioprotection: the role of beta-blocker therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7(7):409\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"5","key":"7248_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2016.02.015","volume":"10","author":"G Grassi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grassi G, Ram VS. Evidence for a critical role of the sympathetic nervous system in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10(5):457\u201366.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"7248_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14804","volume":"76","author":"G Grassi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grassi G, Quarti-Trevano F, Seravalle G, Dell\u2019Oro R, Facchetti R, Mancia G. Association between the European Society of Cardiology\/European Society of Hypertension heart rate thresholds for cardiovascular risk and neuroadrenergic markers. Hypertension. 2020;76(2):577\u201382.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"7248_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14898","volume":"76","author":"T Kishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kishi T. Heart rate is the clinical indicator of sympathetic activation and prognostic value of cardiovascular risks in patients with hypertension. Hypertension. 2020;76(2):323\u20134.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"7248_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn123","volume":"29","author":"R Kolloch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kolloch R, Legler UF, Champion A, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg E, Zhou Q, Pepine CJ. Impact of resting heart rate on outcomes in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR\/trandolapril STudy (INVEST). Eur Heart J. 2008;29(10):1327\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"7248_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.10.025","volume":"109","author":"S Julius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Julius S, Palatini P, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Usefulness of heart rate to predict cardiac events in treated patients with high-risk systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(5):685\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"7248_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancia G, Masi S, Palatini P, Tsioufis C, Grassi G. Elevated heart rate and cardiovascular risk in hypertension. J Hypertens. 2021 Jan 4;Publish Ahead of Print","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002760"},{"issue":"1","key":"7248_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.101","volume":"40","author":"T Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang T, Jiang Y, Hao Y, et al. Comparison of bisoprolol to a metoprolol CR\/ZOK tablet for control of heart rate and blood pressure in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients: the CREATIVE study. Hypertens Res. 2017;40(1):79\u201386.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"7248_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406430","volume":"371","author":"K Fox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, et al. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1091\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7248_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowbar AN, Gitto M, Howard JP, Francis DP, Al-Lamee R. Mortality from ischemic heart disease. Analysis of data from the World Health Organization and coronary artery disease risk factors from NCD risk factor collaboration. Circulation: cardiovascular quality and outcomes. 2019;12:e005375","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005375"},{"key":"7248_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018;392:1859\u20131922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3"},{"key":"7248_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al; ESC Scientific Documentation Group. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes: the task force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407\u2013477","DOI":"10.15829\/1560-4071-2020-2-3757"},{"key":"7248_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420301","volume":"342","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"7248_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14286-9","volume":"362","author":"KM Fox","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fox KM, for The EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362:782\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"7248_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, et al; PEACE trial investigators. Angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2058-2068","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042739"},{"issue":"9535","key":"7248_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69201-5","volume":"368","author":"GR Dagenais","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dagenais GR, Pogue J, Fox K, Simoons ML, Yusuf S. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: a combined analysis of three trials. Lancet. 2006;368(9535):581\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"7248_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.030","volume":"74","author":"DA Gorog","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorog DA, Lip GYH. Impaired spontaneous\/endogenous fibrinolytic status as new cardiovascular risk factor?: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(10):1366\u201375.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"306","key":"7248_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.086","volume":"1","author":"SH Ann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ann SH, Strauss MH, Park GM, Han S, Yang Y, Kim YG, Won KB, Kim SJ, Lee SG, Cho YR, Kim DW, Park MW, Her SH, Lee SW. Comparison between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker after percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 2020;1(306):35\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"7248_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1L","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)01878-1","volume":"88","author":"VJ Dzau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dzau VJ, Bernstein K, Celermajer D, et al. The relevance of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme: manifestations in mechanistic and endpoint data. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1L-20L.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7248_CR54","first-page":"280","volume":"16","author":"YH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim YH, Her AY, Shin ES, Jeong MH. Long-term clinical outcome between beta-blocker with ACEI or ARB in patients with NSTEMI who underwent PCI with drug-eluting stents. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2019;16(3):280\u201390.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7248_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-018-6841-7","volume":"33","author":"YH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim YH, Her AY, Jeong MH, et al. Comparison between beta-blockers with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers with angiotensin II type I receptor blockers in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after successful percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2019;33(1):55\u201367.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"7248_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00345-Q","volume":"25","author":"T Von Arnim","year":"1995","unstructured":"Von Arnim T. Medical treatment to reduce total ischaemic burden: total ischaemic burden bisoprolol study (TIBBS), a multicentre trial comparing bisoprolol and nifedipine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:231\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"7248_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.12559","volume":"308","author":"S Bangalore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bangalore S, Steg G, Deedwania P, et al. \u03b2-Blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2012;308(13):1340\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7248_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.10.031","volume":"139","author":"M Sabid\u00f3","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabid\u00f3 M, Thilo H, Guido G. Long-term effectiveness of bisoprolol in patients with angina: a real-world evidence study. Pharmacol Res. 2019;139:106\u201312.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"7248_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009 19;338:b1665","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1665"},{"key":"7248_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odutayo A, Wong CX, Hsiao AJ, Hopewell S, Altman DG, Emdin CA. Atrial fibrillation and risks of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;354:i4482","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4482"},{"issue":"4","key":"7248_CR61","first-page":"343","volume":"110","author":"LJ Haywood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haywood LJ, Davis BR, Piller LB, Simpson LM, Ghosh A, Einhorn PT, Ford CE, Probstfield JL, Soliman EZ, Wright JT Jr, ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Risk factors influencing outcomes of atrial fibrillation in ALLHAT. J Natl Med Assoc. 2018;110(4):343\u201351.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc."},{"key":"7248_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311402","volume":"122","author":"P Verdecchia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Reboldi G. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation. Doubts and certainties from basic and clinical studies. Circ Res. 2018;122:352\u201368.","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"7248_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2018.18.2","volume":"7","author":"A Brandes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brandes A, Smit MD, Nguyen BO, Rienstra M, Van Gelder IC. Risk factor management in atrial fibrillation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2018;7(2):118\u201327.","journal-title":"Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev"},{"key":"7248_CR64","unstructured":"Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al; Task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50(5):e1-e88"},{"issue":"10A","key":"7248_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9G","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00227-3","volume":"91","author":"JS Healey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Healey JS, Connolly SJ. Atrial fibrillation: hypertension as a causative agent, risk factor for complications, and potential therapeutic target. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(10A):9G-14G.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"7248_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi668","volume":"27","author":"JR Ehrlich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ehrlich JR, Hohnloser SH, Nattel S. Role of angiotensin system and effects of its inhibition in atrial fibrillation: clinical and experimental evidence. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:512\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"7248_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)10327-1","volume":"354","author":"L Hansson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, et al. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients With Hypertension-2 study. Lancet. 1999;354:1751\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7248_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, et al. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1174\u201383.;353: 611\u2013616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61242-8"},{"key":"7248_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.03.056","volume":"44","author":"PL L'Allier","year":"2004","unstructured":"L\u2019Allier PL, Ducharme A, Keller PF, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients is associated with a reduction in the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:159\u201364.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"7248_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.33","volume":"22","author":"SR Heckbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heckbert SR, Wiggins KL, Glazer NL, et al. Antihypertensive treatment with ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in a general hypertensive population. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:538\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"7248_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.4.376","volume":"100","author":"OD Pedersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Kober L, et al. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1999;100:376\u201380.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"7248_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.09.033","volume":"149","author":"AP Maggioni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maggioni AP, Latini R, Carson PE, et al. Valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Am Heart J. 2005;149:548\u201357.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"7248_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1720","volume":"291","author":"JP Mathew","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, et al. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA. 2004;291:1720\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"7248_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248415619490","volume":"21","author":"S Chaugai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaugai S, Meng WY, Ali SA. Effects of RAAS blockers on atrial fibrillation prophylaxis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(4):388\u2013404.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"7248_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00005","volume":"152","author":"BA Schaer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schaer BA, Schneider C, Jick SS, Conen D, Osswald S, Meier CR. Risk for incident atrial fibrillation in patients who receive antihypertensive drugs: a nested case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(2):78\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"7248_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.11.032","volume":"43","author":"B Olshansky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olshansky B, Rosenfeld LE, Warner AL, Solomon AJ, O\u2019Neill G, Sharma A, Platia E, Feld GK, Akiyama T, Brodsky MA, Greene HL, AFFIRM Investigators. The atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management (AFFIRM) study: approaches to control rate in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(7):1201\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"7248_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen PB, Larsen TB, Gorst-Rasmussen A, Skj\u00f8th F, Lip GY. \u03b2-Blockers in atrial fibrillation patients with or without heart failure: association with mortality in a nationwide cohort study. Circ Heart Fail. 2016 Feb;9(2):e002597","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002597"},{"issue":"5","key":"7248_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000865","volume":"34","author":"P Palatini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palatini P, Rosei EA, Casiglia E, Chalmers J, Ferrari R, Grassi G, Inoue T, Jelakovic B, Jensen MT, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Mancia G, Parati G, Pauletto P, Stella A, Zanchetti A. Management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of the second consensus conference endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2016;34(5):813\u201321.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"17","key":"7248_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013709","volume":"132","author":"TF Chao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chao TF, Liu CJ, Tuan TC, Chen SJ, Wang KL, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF, Chen TJ, Chiang CE, Chen SA. Rate-control treatment and mortality in atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2015;132(17):1604\u201312.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"7248_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0669","volume":"82","author":"HT Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu HT, Yang PS, Lee H, You SC, Kim TH, Uhm JS, Kim JY, Pak HN, Lee MH, Joung B. Outcomes of rate-control treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure - a nationwide cohort study. Circ J. 2018;82(3):652\u20138.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"12","key":"7248_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.06.044","volume":"15","author":"SC You","year":"2018","unstructured":"You SC, An MH, Yoon D, Ban GY, Yang PS, Yu HT, Park RW, Joung B. Rate control and clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and obstructive lung disease. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(12):1825\u201332.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"7248_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bristow MR. Why does the myocardium fail? Insights from basic science. Lancet 1998; 352 (Suppl1): SI8\u2013S14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)90311-7"},{"key":"7248_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al; for the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129\u20132200","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128"},{"key":"7248_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khariton Y, Fonarow GC, Arnold SV, et al. Association between sacubitril\/valsartan initiation and health status outcomes in\u00a0heart\u00a0failure with reduced ejection\u00a0fraction. JACC: Heart Failure. 2019;7(11):942\u2013944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.05.016"},{"key":"7248_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al; DAPA-HF trial committees and investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1995\u20132008","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303"},{"key":"7248_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al; EMPEROR reduced trial investigators. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1413\u20131424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190"},{"key":"7248_CR87","unstructured":"Seferovi\u0107 PM, Fragasso G, Petrie M, et al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology update on sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure (an update on the sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure: beyond glycaemic control. A position paper of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology). Eur J Heart Fail. 2020"},{"key":"7248_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429\u20131435","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706043162301"},{"key":"7248_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:685\u2013691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271003"},{"key":"7248_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11181-9","volume":"353","author":"CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees","year":"1999","unstructured":"CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:9\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7248_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04440-2","volume":"353","author":"MERIT-HF Study Group","year":"1999","unstructured":"MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR\/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR\/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7248_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442201","volume":"344","author":"M Packer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1651\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7248_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats JS et\u00a0al. for the SENIORS Investigators. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 215\u201325","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi115"},{"key":"7248_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willenheimer R, van Veldhuisen DJ, Silke B, et al; the CIBIS III Investigators. Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril, as compared with the opposite sequence. Results of the Randomized Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) III. Circulation. 2005;112(16):2426-2435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.582320"},{"issue":"5","key":"7248_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-019-00341-5","volume":"26","author":"S Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li S, Li X. Prognostic significance of heart rate and beta-blocker use in sinus rhythm in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2019;26(5):405\u201311.","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"7248_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007784109255","volume":"13","author":"C Smith","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smith C, Teitler M. Beta-blocker selectivity at cloned human beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1999;13:123\u20136.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"7248_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Muinck E, Wagner G, vd Ven LL, Lie KL. Comparison of the effects of two doses of bisoprolol on exercise tolerance in exercise-induced stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 1987 Dec;8 Suppl M:31\u20135","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/8.suppl_M.31"},{"key":"7248_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.07.061","volume":"577","author":"C Ceconi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ceconi C, Francolini G, Olivares A, Comini L, Bachetti T, Ferrari R. Angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have different selectivity for brain binding sites of human somatic ACE. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;577:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"7248_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)87188-9","volume":"23","author":"M Vincent","year":"1982","unstructured":"Vincent M, Redmond G, Portevin B. Stereoselective synthesis of a new perhydroindole derivative of chiral iminodiacid, a potent inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982;23:1677.","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"7248_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2015.08.018","volume":"170","author":"ME Bertrand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bertrand ME, Ferrari R, Remme WJ, Simoons ML, Fox KM. Perindopril and \u03b2-blocker for the prevention of cardiac events and mortality in stable coronary artery disease patients: a EUropean trial on Reduction Of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease (EUROPA) subanalysis. Am Heart J. 2015;170(6):1092\u20138.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"7248_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-017-6747-9","volume":"31","author":"JJ Brugts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brugts JJ, Bertrand M, Remme W, Ferrari R, Fox K, MacMahon S, et al. The treatment effect of an ACE-inhibitor based regimen with perindopril in relation to beta-blocker use in 29,463 patients with vascular disease: a combined analysis of individual data of ADVANCE, EUROPA and PROGRESS trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017;31(4):391\u2013400.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"7248_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.31928\/1608-635X-2019.1.1930","volume":"1","author":"MI Lutai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lutai MI, Golikova IP. The effectiveness of treatment of patients with stable coronary heart disease and concomitant arterial hypertension: the results of a multicenter study PRESTOL. Ukrainian J Cardiol. 2019;1:19\u201330.","journal-title":"Ukrainian J Cardiol"},{"key":"7248_CR103","first-page":"295","volume":"25","author":"OY Korennova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korennova OY, Turusheva EA, Podolnaya SP, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of bisoprolol and perindopril in the treatment of hypertensive patients after revascularization. Arterial Hypertension. 2019;25:295\u2013306.","journal-title":"Arterial Hypertension"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"7248_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(91)90694-D","volume":"121","author":"V Dzau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dzau V, Braunwald E. Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease: a workshop consensus statement. Am Heart J. 1991;121(4 Pt 1):1244\u201363.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"7248_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox K. Contribution of perindopril to cardiology: 20 years of success.\u00a0Eur Heart J Supple. 2007;9(Suppl_E):E10\u2013E19","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/sum038"},{"key":"7248_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.10.019","volume":"91","author":"S Bangalore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bangalore S, Fakheri R, Toklu B, Ogedegbe G, Weintraub H, Messerli FH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in patients without heart failure? Insights from 254,301 patients from randomized trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:51\u201360.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"7248_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.10.011","volume":"61","author":"G Savarese","year":"2013","unstructured":"Savarese G, Costanzo P, Cleland JG, Vassallo E, Ruggiero D, Rosano G, Perrone-Filardi P. A meta-analysis reporting effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients without heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:131\u201342.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"7248_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.348","volume":"174","author":"J Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, Chen J. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a metaanalysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:773\u201385.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10557-021-07248-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10557-021-07248-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10557-021-07248-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:06:17Z","timestamp":1690974377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10557-021-07248-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["7248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10557-021-07248-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-3206","1573-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-3206","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethics approval or consent required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"You have consent to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"No involvement of human participants and\/or animals.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"MS received speaking honorarium from Servier. AH declares no competing interest. KN received honoraria from Berlin-Chemie\/Menarini, Egis, Idorsia, Gedeon Richter, Krka, Polpharma, Recordati, and Servier.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}