{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T04:37:42Z","timestamp":1794026262311,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R49 CE001510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R49 CE001510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Adolesc Soc Work J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse and neglect, have been shown to have longstanding negative consequences on a child\u2019s development and outcomes. Studies have noted that there is variation in how youth in child welfare respond to adversity, yet few studies have examined the psychometrics of measures of resilience in this population. In particular, the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14) is a widely used instrument yet has not been evaluated for use with adolescents in child welfare populations. The purpose of the study was to describe the levels of resilience reported by adolescent girls involved in the child welfare system and to evaluate the reliability, validity, and factor structure of this scale in this population. Participants were 249 adolescent girls, ages 12\u201319, who were involved in the child welfare system. Interviews assessed resilience, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression, social problem-solving, and demographic variables. Results indicated that levels of resilience among the participants were in the moderate range. The RS-14 demonstrated evidence of good internal consistency and test\u2013retest reliability. Convergent and discriminant validity were established. Confirmatory factor analysis testing a single-factor solution resulted in a weak model fit. A follow-up exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor solution. Findings suggest this instrument is an appropriate tool for use in child welfare populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-023-00952-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T18:02:10Z","timestamp":1701194530000},"page":"275-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resilience in Adolescent Girls in Child Welfare: Reliability and Validity of the RS-14"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0767-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Auslander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Ying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonya E.","family":"Edmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021152813774","volume":"6","author":"WF Auslander","year":"2002","unstructured":"Auslander, W. F., McMillen, J. C., Elze, D., Thompson, R., Jonson-Reid, M., & Stiffman, A. (2002). Mental health problems and sexual abuse among adolescents in foster care: Relationship to HIV risk behaviors and intentions. AIDS and Behavior, 6(4), 351\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1021152813774","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"952_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515614561","volume":"33","author":"WF Auslander","year":"2018","unstructured":"Auslander, W. F., Tlapek, S., Threlfall, J. M., Edmond, T., & Dunn, J. (2018). Mental health pathways linking childhood maltreatment to interpersonal revictimization during adolescence for girls in the child welfare system. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(7), 1169\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260515614561","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"952_CR3","unstructured":"Auslander, W., McGinnis, H., Tlapek, S., Edmond, T., Gerke, D.R., Voth Schrag, R., & Threlfall, J. (2017, January 11\u201315). The impact of trauma exposure on mental health and behavioral problems in adolescent girls in child welfare: Moderating effect of resiliency. [Poster presentation]. Society for Social Work and Research, New Orleans, LA. https:\/\/sswr.confex.com\/sswr\/2017\/webprogram\/Paper28898.html"},{"issue":"11","key":"952_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.005","volume":"37","author":"T Bell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bell, T., Romano, E., & Flynn, R. J. (2013). Multilevel correlates of behavioral resilience among children in child welfare. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(11), 1007\u20131020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.005","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"7","key":"952_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0545-z","volume":"16","author":"C Ching","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ching, C., Fok, T., & Henry, D. (2015). Increasing the sensitivity of measures to change. Prevention Science, 16(7), 978\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-015-0545-z","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731505284863","volume":"16","author":"PA Craven","year":"2006","unstructured":"Craven, P. A., & Lee, R. E. (2006). Therapeutic interventions for foster children: A systematic research synthesis. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(3), 287\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731505284863","journal-title":"Research on Social Work Practice"},{"key":"952_CR7","unstructured":"D\u2019Zurilla, T. J., Nezu, A. M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2002). Social Problem-Solving Inventory\u2014Revised: Technical manual."},{"issue":"9","key":"952_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2016.1236358","volume":"25","author":"T Day","year":"2016","unstructured":"Day, T., & Kearney, C. A. (2016). Resilience variables and posttraumatic symptoms among maltreated youth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25(9), 991\u20131005.","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"952_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014557288","volume":"16","author":"M Domhardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Domhardt, M., M\u00fcnzer, A., Fegert, J. M., & Goldbeck, L. (2015). Resilience in survivors of child sexual abuse: A systematic review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(4), 476\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838014557288","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.015","volume":"31","author":"KA DuMont","year":"2007","unstructured":"DuMont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(3), 255\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.015","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v15n01_01","volume":"15","author":"T Edmond","year":"2006","unstructured":"Edmond, T., Auslander, W., Elze, D., & Bowland, S. (2006). Signs of resilience in sexually abused adolescent girls in the foster care system. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15(1), 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J070v15n01_01","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"952_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","volume":"14","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3003_9","volume":"30","author":"EB Foa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., & Treadwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(3), 376\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3003_9","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"key":"952_CR14","unstructured":"Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"952_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.07.002","volume":"284","author":"SR Horn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horn, S. R., Charney, D. S., & Feder, A. (2016). Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Experimental Neurology, 284, 119\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.07.002","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"952_CR16","unstructured":"International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. (n.d.). Child PTSD Symptom Scale. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191006052232\/http:\/\/www.istss.org\/assessing-trauma\/child-ptsd-symptom-scale.aspx"},{"key":"952_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-012-0275-z","volume":"29","author":"L Jones","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jones, L. (2012). Measuring resiliency and its predictors in recently discharged foster youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29, 515\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-012-0275-z","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"key":"952_CR18","unstructured":"Kaplan, H. B. (1999). Toward an understanding of resilience: A critical review of definitions and models. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and Development. Positive Life Adaptations. (pp. 17\u201383). Kluwer Academic\/Plenum."},{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303545","volume":"107","author":"H Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, H., Wildeman, C., Jonson-Reid, M., & Drake, B. (2017). Lifetime prevalence of investigating child maltreatment among US children. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), 274\u2013280.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509337892","volume":"15","author":"DJ Kolko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., & Burns, B. J. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation: A national sample of in-home and out-of-home care. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 48\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559509337892","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"952_CR21","unstructured":"Kovacs, M. (2003). Children's depression inventory (CDI). Multi-Health Systems."},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00164","volume":"71","author":"SS Luthar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00164","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"7","key":"952_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/children5070098","volume":"5","author":"AS Masten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masten, A. S., & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Resilience in children: Developmental perspectives. Children, 5(7), 98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children5070098","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"7","key":"952_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.7.811","volume":"55","author":"JC McMillen","year":"2004","unstructured":"McMillen, J. C., Scott, L. D., Zima, B. T., Ollie, M. T., Munson, M. R., & Spitznagel, E. (2004). Use of mental health services among older youths in foster care. Psychiatric Services, 55(7), 811\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.55.7.811","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmy081","volume":"36","author":"\u0160 Miro\u0161evi\u010d","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miro\u0161evi\u010d, \u0160, Klemenc-Keti\u0161, Z., & Seli\u010d, P. (2019). The 14-item Resilience scale as a potential screening tool for depression\/anxiety and quality of life assessment: A systematic review of current research. Family Practice, 36(3), 262\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmy081","journal-title":"Family Practice"},{"key":"952_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.06.022","volume":"44","author":"S Pritzker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pritzker, S., & Minter, A. (2014). Measuring adolescent resilience: An examination of the cross-ethnic validity of the RS-14. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 328\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.06.022","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"952_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchie, S. D., Wabano, M. J., Russell, K., Enosse, L., & Young, N. L. (2014). Promoting resilience and wellbeing through an outdoor intervention designed for Aboriginal adolescents. Rural and Remote Health, 14, 2523. https:\/\/www.rrh.org.au\/journal\/article\/2523","DOI":"10.22605\/RRH2523"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x","volume":"57","author":"M Rutter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"952_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/952493","volume":"2010","author":"D Salazar-Pousada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salazar-Pousada, D., Arroyo, D., Hidalgo, L. R., P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, F., & Chedraui, P. (2010). Depressive symptoms and resilience among pregnant adolescents: A case-control study. Obstetrics and Gynecology International, 2010, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/952493","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology International"},{"key":"952_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323\u2013338. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27548147","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.99.6.323-338"},{"key":"952_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02762","volume":"9","author":"J Surzykiewicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Surzykiewicz, J., Konaszewski, K., & Wagnild, G. (2019). Polish version of the resilience scale (RS-14): A validity and reliability study in three samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02762","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"952_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.11.026","volume":"73","author":"SM Tlapek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tlapek, S. M., Auslander, W., Edmond, T., Gerke, D., Schrag, R. V., & Threlfall, J. (2017). The moderating role of resiliency on the negative effects of childhood abuse for adolescent girls involved in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 437\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.11.026","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR33","first-page":"165","volume":"1","author":"GM Wagnild","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165\u2013178.","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Measurement"},{"key":"952_CR34","unstructured":"Wagnild, G. M. (2011). The Resilience Scale user's guide for the US English version of the Resilience Scale and the 14-item resilience scale (RS-14). Resilience Center."},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019869094","volume":"22","author":"S Yoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoon, S., Howell, K., Dillard, R., Shockley McCarthy, K., Rae Napier, T., & Pei, F. (2021). Resilience following child maltreatment: Definitional considerations and developmental variations. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(3), 541\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838019869094","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10560-023-00952-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10560-023-00952-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10560-023-00952-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T11:44:12Z","timestamp":1742730252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10560-023-00952-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-023-00952-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-0151","1573-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-0151","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2797","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Human Subjects Institutional Review Boards of the collaborating universities, Washington University in St. Louis and University of Missouri-St. Louis. The procedures used adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human Participants"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of the participants of the study. Written informed assent was obtained from the participants of the study who were under age 18\u00a0years old.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}