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In Japan, this phenomenon has been labeled as \u2018hikikomori,\u2019 but given its global presence it may be preferable to use the term \u2018extreme social withdrawal\u2019 (ESW). In this qualitative review, we provide a description and definition of ESW, provide figures on its prevalence, and discuss a number of associated concepts, including loneliness and \u201caloneliness,\u201d school absenteeism and dropout, the \u2018new\u2019 developmental stage of adultolescence, and the labor force categories of freeter (\u2018freelance arbeiter\u2019) and NEET (a young person not in employment, education, or training). The core of the paper is focused on the origins of ESW in young people and provides a narrative overview of relevant etiological factors, such as aberrant brain processes, unfavorable temperament, psychiatric conditions, adverse family processes including detrimental parenting, negative peer experiences, societal pressures, and excessive internet and digital media use, which are all placed within a comprehensive developmental psychopathology framework. We will close with a discussion of possible interventions for young people with ESW and formulate a guideline that describes (the temporal order of) various components that need to be included in such a treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-023-00425-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T18:12:20Z","timestamp":1674065540000},"page":"459-481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Contemporary Hermits: A Developmental Psychopathology Account of Extreme Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) in Young People"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5447-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Muris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Ollendick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"425_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514","volume":"60","author":"R Adolphs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adolphs, R. 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