{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:21:54Z","timestamp":1792272114692,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad San Pablo CEU-Banco Santander","award":["PI14\/01620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01620"]}]},{"name":"The Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad San Pablo CEU","award":["USP-BS-PPC16\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USP-BS-PPC16\/2012"]}]},{"name":"The Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad San Pablo CEU","award":["MEMERG-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEMERG-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01059-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T04:05:09Z","timestamp":1614139509000},"page":"1809-1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Main Role of Antibodies in Demyelination and Axonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6024-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3948-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Sebal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Esiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Tzartos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1560-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari Cruz","family":"Sadaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.8.897","volume":"57","author":"M Andersson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andersson M, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o J, Bernardi G, Cogato I, Fredman P, Frederiksen J, Fredrikson S, Gallo P, Grimaldi LM, Gr\u00f8nning M (1994) Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:897\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.57.8.897","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.5133","volume":"163","author":"SE Baranzini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baranzini SE, Jeong MC, Butunoi C, Murray RS, Bernard CC, Oksenberg JR (1999) B cell repertoire diversity and clonal expansion in multiple sclerosis brain lesions. J Immunol 163:5133\u20135144","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20016","volume":"55","author":"MH Barnett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barnett MH, Prineas JW (2004) Relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: pathology of the newly forming lesion. Ann Neurol 55(4):458\u2013468","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1102-1218","volume":"8","author":"CJ Binder","year":"2002","unstructured":"Binder CJ, Chang MK, Shaw PX, Miller YI, Hartvigsen K, Dewan A, Witztum JL (2002) Innate and acquired immunity in atherogenesis. Nat Med 8:1218\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1102-1218","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20587","volume":"81","author":"OA Bizzozero","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bizzozero OA, DeJesus G, Callahan K, Pastuszyn A (2005) Elevated protein carbonylation in the brain white matter and gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 81:687\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.20587","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21311","volume":"63","author":"EC Breij","year":"2008","unstructured":"Breij EC, Brink BP, Veerhuis R, van den Berg C, Vloet R, Yan R, Dijkstra CD, van der Valk P, B\u00f6 L (2008) Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 63:16\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21311","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.8.1075","volume":"55","author":"S Chen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chen S, Le WD, Xie WJ, Alexianu ME, Engelhardt JI, Sikl\u00f3s L, Appel SH (1998) Experimental destruction of substantianigra initiated by Parkinson disease immunoglobulins. Arch Neurol 55:1075\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.55.8.1075","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402455101","volume":"101","author":"A Corcione","year":"2004","unstructured":"Corcione A, Casaza S, Ferretti E, Giunti D, Zappia E, Pistorio A, Gambini C, Mancardi GL, Uccelli A, Pistoia V (2004) Recapitulation of B cell differentiation in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. ProcNatlAcadSci USA 101:11064\u201311069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0402455101","journal-title":"ProcNatlAcadSci USA"},{"key":"1059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(98)00078-2","volume":"88","author":"AH Cross","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cross AH, Manning PT, Keeling RM, Schmidt RE, Misko TP (1998) Peroxynitrite formation within the central nervous system in active multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 88:45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-5728(98)00078-2","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0045-0","volume":"111","author":"M Diaz-Sanchez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Diaz-Sanchez M, Williams K, DeLuca GC, Esiri MM (2006) Protein co-expression with axonal injury in multiple sclerosis plaques. ActaNeuropathol 111:289\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-006-0045-0","journal-title":"ActaNeuropathol"},{"key":"1059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20736","volume":"59","author":"R Dutta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dutta R, McDonough J, Yin X, Peterson J, Chang A, Torres T, Gudz T, Macklin WB, Lewis DA, Fox RJ et al (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 59:478\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20736","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530110068019","volume":"47","author":"JI Engelhardt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Engelhardt JI, Appel SH (1990) IgG reactivity in the spinal cord and motor cortex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol 47:1210\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530110068019","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890200302","volume":"20","author":"JI Engelhardt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Engelhardt JI, Sikl\u00f3s L, K\u00f6m\u00fcves L, Smith RG, Appel SH (1995) Antibodies to calcium channels from ALS patients passively transferred to mice selectively increase intracellular calcium and induce ultrastructural changes in motoneurons. Synapse 20:185\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/syn.890200302","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"1059_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6777","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.17.6777","volume":"87","author":"JD England","year":"1990","unstructured":"England JD, Gamboni F, Levinson SR, Finger TE (1990) Changed distribution of sodium channels along demyelinated axons. ProcNatlAcadSci USA 87:6777\u20136780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.87.17.6777","journal-title":"ProcNatlAcadSci USA"},{"key":"1059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91603-8","volume":"310","author":"M Esiri","year":"1977","unstructured":"Esiri M (1977) Immunoglobulin-containing cells in multiple-sclerosis plaques. Lancet 310:478\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91603-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.3.393","volume":"120","author":"B Ferguson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ferguson B, Matyszak MK, Esiri MM, Perry VH (1997) Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 120:393\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/120.3.393","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws012","volume":"135","author":"MT Fischer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischer MT, Sharma R, Lim JL, Haider L, Frischer JM, Drexhage J, Mahad D, Bradl M, Van Horssen J, Lassmann H (2012) NADPH oxidase expression in active multiple sclerosis lesions in relation to oxidative tissue damage and mitochondrial injury. Brain 135:886\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt110","volume":"136","author":"MT Fischer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fischer MT, Wimmer I, H\u00f6ftberger R, Gerlach S, Haider L, Zrzavy T, Hametner S, Mahad D, Binder CJ, Krumbholz M et al (2013) Disease-specific molecular events in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 136:1799\u20131815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awt110","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.8.1461","volume":"120","author":"FW Gay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gay FW, Drye TJ, Dick GWA, Esiri MM (1997) The application of multifactorial cluster analysis in the staging of plaques in early multiple sclerosis: identification and characterization of the primary demyelinating lesion. Brain 120:1461\u20131483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/120.8.1461","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.08.003","volume":"37","author":"J Haas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haas J, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Milkova M, Balint B, Schwarz A, Korporal M, Jarius S, Fritz B, Lorenz HM, Wildemann B (2011) B cells undergo unique compartmentalized redistribution in multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 37:289\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.08.003","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"1059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr128","volume":"134","author":"L Haider","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haider L, Fischer MT, Frischer JM, Bauer J, Hoftberger R, Botond G, Esterbauer H, Binder CJ, Witztum JL, Lassmann H (2011) Oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 134:1914\u20131924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awr128","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa0706383","volume":"358","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox R, Bar-Or A, Panzara M, Sarkar N, Agarwal S et al (2008) B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 358:676\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa0706383","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1059_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2012.665529","volume":"45","author":"SJ Ireland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ireland SJ, Blazek M, Harp CT, Greenberg B, Frohman EM, Davis LS, Monson NL (2012) Antibody-independent B cell effector functions in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: clues to increased inflammatory and reduced regulatory B cell capacity. Autoimmunity 45:400\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08916934.2012.665529","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1059_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.020","volume":"22","author":"DJ Irwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irwin DJ (2016) Tauopathies as clinicopathological entities. Parkinsonism RelatDisord 22(Suppl 1):S29-33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism RelatDisord"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320714","volume":"32","author":"P Jenner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jenner P, Dexter DT, Sian J, Schapira AH, Marsden CD (1992) Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson\u2019s disease and incidental lewy body disease the royal Kings and Queens Parkinson\u2019s disease research group. Ann Neurol 32(Suppl):S82-87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410320714","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.12.001","volume":"33","author":"J Kankaanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kankaanp\u00e4\u00e4 J, Turunen SP, Moilanen V, H\u00f6rkk\u00f6 S, Remes AM (2009) Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to oxidized LDL are increased in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis 33:467\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.12.001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1059_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)61156-7","volume":"377","author":"MC Kiernan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kiernan MC, Vucic S, Cheah BC, Turner MR, Eisen A, Hardiman O, Burrell JR, Zoing MC (2011) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 377:942\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)61156-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1023\/B:HIJO.0000039854.17808.e0","volume":"35","author":"SH Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kook MC, Shin YK, Park SH, Song HG (2004) Evaluation of antigen retrieval buffer systems. J MolHistol 35:409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:HIJO.0000039854.17808.e0","journal-title":"J MolHistol"},{"key":"1059_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350207","volume":"35","author":"F Kimura","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kimura F, Smith RG, Delbono O, Nyormoi O, Schneider T, Nastainczyk W, Hofmann F, Stefani E, Appel SH (1994) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient antibodies label Ca2+ channel alpha 1 subunit. Ann Neurol 35:164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410350207","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)64677-9","volume":"158","author":"JS Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu JS, Zhao ML, Brosnan CF, Lee SC (2001) Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in multiple sclerosis lesions. Am J Pathol 158:2057\u20132066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)64677-9","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq350","volume":"134","author":"L Lovato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lovato L, Willis SN, Rodig SJ, Caron T, Almendinger SE, Howell OW, Reynolds R, O\u2019Connor KC, Hafler DA (2011) Related B cell clones populate the meninges and parenchyma of patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain 134:534\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq350","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00854.x","volume":"6","author":"CF Lucchinetti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lucchinetti CF, Bruck W, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H (1996) Distinct patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity on pathogenesis. Brain Pathol 6:259\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00854.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1059_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6%3C707::aid-ana3>3.0.CO;2-q","volume":"47","author":"CF Lucchinetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lucchinetti CF, Br\u00fcck W, Parisi JE, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H (2000) Heterogenity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implication for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 47:707\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6%3C707::aid-ana3%3e3.0.CO;2-q","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","volume":"130","author":"R Magliozzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magliozzi R, Howell O, Vora A, Serafini B, Nicholas R, Puopolo M, Reynolds R, Aloisi F (2007) Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. Brain 130:1089\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm038","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn105","volume":"131","author":"D Mahad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mahad D, Ziabreva I, Lassmann H, Turnbull D (2008) Mitochondrial defects in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 131:1722\u20131735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awn105","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp046","volume":"132","author":"DJ Mahad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mahad DJ, Ziabreva I, Campbell G, Lax N, White K, Hanson PS, Lassmann H, Turnbull DM (2009) Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis. Brain 132:1161\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awp046","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1059_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818e06f3","volume":"67","author":"A Mart\u00ednez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez A, Carmona M, Portero-Otin M, Naud\u00ed A, Pamplona R, Ferrer I (2008) Type-dependent oxidative damage in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: cortical astrocytes are targets of oxidative damage. J NeuropatholExpNeurol 67:1122\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818e06f3","journal-title":"J NeuropatholExpNeurol"},{"key":"1059_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000198253.35119.83","volume":"66","author":"J Masjuan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Masjuan J, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC, Garc\u00eda-Barrag\u00e1n N, D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez M, Espi\u00f1o M, S\u00e1daba MC, Gonz\u00e1lez-Porqu\u00e9 P, Mart\u00ednez San Mill\u00e1n J, Villar LM (2006) Clinically isolated syndromes: a new oligoclonal band test accurately predicts conversion to MS. Neurology 66:576\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000198253.35119.83","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1059_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100032479","volume":"18","author":"PL McGeer","year":"1991","unstructured":"McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Kawamata T, Yamada T, Akiyama H (1991) Reactions of the immune system in chronic degenerative neurological diseases. Can J NeurolSci 18:376\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0317167100032479","journal-title":"Can J NeurolSci"},{"key":"1059_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718","volume":"28","author":"DJ Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore DJ, West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (2005) Molecular pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:57\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1059_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.01.010","volume":"233","author":"B Obermeier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Obermeier B, Lovato L, Mentele R, Br\u00fcck W, Forne I, Imhof A, Lottspeich F, Turk KW, Willis SN, Wekerle H et al (2011) Related B cell clones that populate the CSF and CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis produce CSF immunoglobulin. J Neuroimmunol 233:245\u2013248","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1059_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.99","volume":"67","author":"L Piccio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piccio L, Naismith RT, Trinkaus K, Klein RS, Parks BJ, Lyons JA, Cross AH (2010) Changes in B- and T-lymphocyte and chemokine levels with rituximab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 67:707\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2010.99","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa044397","volume":"354","author":"CH Polman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polman CH, O\u2019Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Miller DH, Phillips JT, Lublin FD, Giovannoni G, Wajgt A et al (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354:899\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa044397","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1059_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","volume":"13","author":"CM Poser","year":"1983","unstructured":"Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, McDonald WI, Davis FA, Ebers GC, Johnson KP, Sibley WA, Silberberg DH, Tourtellotte WW (1983) New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 13:227\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410130302","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.424741","volume":"203","author":"JW Prineas","year":"1979","unstructured":"Prineas JW (1979) Multiple sclerosis: presence of lymphatic capillaries and lymphoid tissue in the brain and spinal cord. Science 203:1123\u20131125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.424741","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1059_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/362059a0","volume":"362","author":"DR Rosen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, Figlewicz DA, Sapp P, Hentati A, Donaldson D, Goto J, O\u2019Regan JP, Deng HX (1993) Mutations in Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362:59\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/362059a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1059_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x","volume":"14","author":"B Serafini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Magliozzi R, Stigliano E, Aloisi F (2004) Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 14:164\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1059_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.07.007","volume":"1812","author":"C Stadelmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stadelmann C, Wegner C, Br\u00fcck W (2011) Inflammation, demyelination and degeneration - recent insights from MS pathology. BiochimBiophysActa 1812:275\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.07.007","journal-title":"BiochimBiophysActa"},{"key":"1059_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430409","volume":"43","author":"MK Storch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Storch MK, Piddlesden S, Haltia M, Iivanainen M, Morgan P, Lassmann H (1998) Multiple sclerosis: in situ evidence for antibody- and complement- mediated demyelination. Ann Neurol 43:465\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410430409","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2003.09.018","volume":"284","author":"MC S\u00e1daba","year":"2004","unstructured":"S\u00e1daba MC, Gonz\u00e1lez Porqu\u00e9 P, Masjuan J, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC, Bootello A, Villar LM (2004) An ultrasensitive method for the detection of oligoclonalIgG bands. J Immunol Methods 284:41\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2003.09.018","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"1059_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.03.010","volume":"1862","author":"MC S\u00e1daba","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u00e1daba MC, Mart\u00edn-Estal I, Puche JE, Castilla-Cort\u00e1zar I (2016) Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) therapy: mitochondrial dysfunction and diseases. BiochimBiophysActa 1862:1267\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.03.010","journal-title":"BiochimBiophysActa"},{"key":"1059_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.03.020","volume":"247","author":"MC S\u00e1daba","year":"2012","unstructured":"S\u00e1daba MC, Tzartos J, Pa\u00edno C, Garc\u00eda-Villanueva M, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC, Villar LM, Esiri MM (2012) Axonal and oligodendrocyte-localized IgM and IgG deposits in MS lesions. J Neuroimmunol 247:86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.03.020","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1059_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.m600361-jlr200","volume":"48","author":"S Tsimikas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Lennon RJ, Miller ER, Witztum JL, McConnell JP, Kornman KS, Berger PB (2007) Relationship of IgG and IgM autoantibodies to oxidized low density lipoprotein with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events. J Lipid Res 48:425\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.m600361-jlr200","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"1059_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070690","volume":"172","author":"JS Tzartos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tzartos JS, Friese MA, Craner MJ, Palace J, Newcombe J, Esiri MM, Fugger L (2008) Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system-infiltrating T Cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol 172:146\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070690","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1059_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082046","volume":"14","author":"L Villar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Villar L, Garc\u00eda-Barrag\u00e1n N, Espi\u00f1o M, Rold\u00e1n E, S\u00e1daba M, G\u00f3mez-Rial J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Porqu\u00e9 P, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o J (2008) Influence of oligoclonalIgM specificity in multiple sclerosis disease course. MultScler 14:183\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458507082046","journal-title":"MultScler"},{"key":"1059_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.971","volume":"69","author":"LM Villar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Villar LM, Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez MI, Costa-Frossard L, Espi\u00f1o M, Rold\u00e1n E, P\u00e1ramo D, Lucas M, Izquierdo G, \u00c1lvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC (2012) Immunological markers of optimal response to natalizumab in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 69:191\u2013197","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.58.5.824","volume":"58","author":"LM Villar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Villar LM, Masjuan J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Porqu\u00e9 P, Plaza J, S\u00e1daba MC, Rold\u00e1n E, Bootello A, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC (2002a) IntrathecalIgM synthesis in neurologic diseases: relationship with disability in MS. Neurology 58:824\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.58.5.824","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1059_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.59.4.555","volume":"59","author":"LM Villar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Villar LM, Masjuan J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Porqu\u00e9 P, Plaza J, S\u00e1daba MC, Rold\u00e1n E, Bootello A, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC (2002b) IntrathecalIgM synthesis predicts the onset of new relapses and a worse disease course in MS. Neurology 59:555\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.59.4.555","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1059_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10441","volume":"53","author":"LM Villar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Villar LM, Masjuan J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Porqu\u00e9 P, Plaza J, S\u00e1daba MC, Rold\u00e1n E, Bootello A, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC (2003) IntrathecalIgM synthesis is a prognostic factor in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 53:222\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.10441","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.4.574","volume":"62","author":"LM Villar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Villar LM, Masjuan J, S\u00e1daba MC, Gonz\u00e1lez-Porqu\u00e9 P, Plaza J, Bootello A, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC (2005a) Early differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis using a new oligoclonal band test. Arch Neurol 62:574\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.62.4.574","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1059_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1172\/jci22833","volume":"115","author":"LM Villar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Villar LM, S\u00e1daba MC, Rold\u00e1n E, Masjuan J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Porqu\u00e9 P, Villarrubia N, Espi\u00f1o M, Garc\u00eda-Trujillo JA, Bootello A, Alvarez-Cerme\u00f1o JC (2005b) Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonalIgM against myelin lipids predicts an aggressive disease course in MS. J Clin Invest 115:187\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci22833","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1059_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400503","volume":"4","author":"O Vladimirova","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vladimirova O, O\u2019Connor J, Cahill A, Alder H, Butunoi C, Kalman B (1998) Oxidative damage to DNA in plaques of MS brains. MultScler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 4:413\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135245859800400503","journal-title":"MultScler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"key":"1059_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00236","volume":"11","author":"Z Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei Z, Li X, Liu Q, Cheng Y (2018) Oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front MolNeurosci 11:236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00236","journal-title":"Front MolNeurosci"},{"key":"1059_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.05.006","volume":"167","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Da RR, Hilgenberg LG, Tourtellotte WW, Sobel RA, Smith MA, Olek M, Nagra R, Sudhir G, van den Noort S et al (2005) Clonal expansion of IgA-positive plasma cells and axon-reactive antibodies in MS lesions. J Neuroimmunol 167:120\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.05.006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-021-01059-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10571-021-01059-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-021-01059-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T17:27:00Z","timestamp":1697909220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10571-021-01059-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-021-01059-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-179797\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0272-4340","1573-6830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4340","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Nothing to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Universidad San Pablo CEU (113\/16\/05). All the patients signed Informed consent. The donation of samples were approved by Committee of the Universidad San Pablo CEU, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Oxford University.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}