{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:40:51Z","timestamp":1786426851569,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["2020\/39\/B\/ST4\/01541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/39\/B\/ST4\/01541"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). Depending on its permeability, certain substances can penetrate the brain, while others are restricted in their passage. Therefore, the knowledge about BBB structure and function is essential for understanding physiological and pathological brain processes. Consequently, the functional models can serve as a key to help reveal this unknown. There are many in vitro models available to study molecular mechanisms that occur in the barrier. Brain endothelial cells grown in culture are commonly used to modeling the BBB. Current BBB platforms include: monolayer platforms, transwell, matrigel, spheroidal, and tissue-on-chip models. In this paper, the BBB structure, molecular characteristic, as well as its dysfunctions as a consequence of aging, neurodegeneration, or under hypoxia and neurotoxic conditions are presented. Furthermore, the current modelling strategies that can be used to study BBB for the purpose of further drugs development that may reach CNS are also described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01473-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T16:01:41Z","timestamp":1713283301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Progress in Molecular Transport and Therapeutic Development in Human Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Models in Neurological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Korszun-Karbowniczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9913-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna Joanna","family":"Krysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Saluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4159-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Niemcewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Zdanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104110","author":"A Aazmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aazmi A et al (2022) Vascularizing the brain in vitro. Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104110","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1473_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21638","author":"A Al Ahmad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al Ahmad A, Gassmann M, Ogunshola OO (2009) Maintaining blood\u2013brain barrier integrity: pericytes perform better than astrocytes during prolonged oxygen deprivation. J Cell Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.21638","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1473_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2012.05.008","author":"A Al Ahmad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al Ahmad A, Gassmann M, Ogunshola OO (2012) Involvement of oxidative stress in hypoxia-induced blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown. Microvasc Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mvr.2012.05.008","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"1473_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","author":"A Armulik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armulik A et al (2010) Pericytes regulate the blood\u2013brain barrier. Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature09522","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1473_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S218708","author":"S Bagchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bagchi S et al (2019) In-vitro blood\u2013brain barrier models for drug screening and permeation studies: an overview. Drug Des Dev Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S218708","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"key":"1473_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq001","author":"P Balbuena","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balbuena P et al (2010) Comparison of two blood\u2013brain barrier in vitro systems: cytotoxicity and transfer assessments of malathion\/oxon and lead acetate. Toxicol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq001","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.12.016","author":"P Ballabh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M (2004) The blood\u2013brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiol Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.12.016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1473_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.043","author":"RD Bell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bell RD et al (2010) Pericytes control key neurovascular functions and neuronal phenotype in the adult brain and during brain aging. Neuron. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.043","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1473_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31880-x","author":"J Berg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berg J et al (2018) Optimization of cell-laden bioinks for 3D bioprinting and efficient infection with influenza A virus. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-31880-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1473_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0066-x","author":"S Bergmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergmann S et al (2018) Blood\u2013brain-barrier organoids for investigating the permeability of CNS therapeutics. Nat Protoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-018-0066-x","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"December","key":"1473_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.594672","volume":"11","author":"S Bernardo-Castro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernardo-Castro S et al (2020) Pathophysiology of blood\u2013brain barrier permeability throughout the different stages of ischemic stroke and its implication on hemorrhagic transformation and recovery. Front Neurol 11(December):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.594672","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1473_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00183-7","author":"A Bhalerao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhalerao A et al (2020) In vitro modeling of the neurovascular unit: advances in the field. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-020-00183-7","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101646","author":"JJV Branca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Branca JJV et al (2022) The protection of zinc against acute cadmium exposure: a morphological and molecular study on a BBB in vitro model. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11101646","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"1473_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010192","volume":"12","author":"JJV Branca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Branca JJV et al (2023) Morphological and functional effects of ultrasound on blood\u2013brain barrier transitory opening: an in vitro study on rat brain endothelial cells. Cells 12(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12010192","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1473_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.12.123","author":"RC Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown RC, Davis TP (2005) Hypoxia\/aglycemia alters expression of occludin and actin in brain endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.12.123","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1473_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22536-4_16","author":"A Burgess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgess A, Hynynen K (2016) Microbubble-assisted ultrasound for drug delivery in the brain and central nervous system. Adv Exp Med Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-22536-4_16","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1473_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105131","author":"TP Buzhdygan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buzhdygan TP et al (2020) The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in-vitro models of the human blood\u2013brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105131","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1473_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0586-5","author":"B Cakir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cakir B et al (2019) Engineering of human brain organoids with a functional vascular-like system. Nat Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-019-0586-5","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1473_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.014","author":"M Campisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Campisi M et al (2018) 3D self-organized microvascular model of the human blood\u2013brain barrier with endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Biomaterials. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"1473_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2010.05.003","author":"FL Cardoso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cardoso FL, Brites D, Brito MA (2010) Looking at the blood-brain barrier: molecular anatomy and possible investigation approaches. Brain Res Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2010.05.003","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1473_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80483-3","author":"ZL Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen ZL, Strickland S (1997) Neuronal death in the hippocampus is promoted by plasmin-catalyzed degradation of laminin. Cell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80483-3","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1473_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd0772","author":"KT Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen KT et al (2021) Neuronavigation-guided focused ultrasound for transcranial blood\u2013brain barrier opening and immunostimulation in brain tumors. Sci Adv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd0772","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"1473_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211046129","volume":"42","author":"S Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen S et al (2022) A review of bioeffects induced by focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles on the neurovascular unit. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 42(1):3\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X211046129","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1473_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15623","volume":"8","author":"C Cho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cho C et al (2017) Blood\u2013brain-barrier spheroids as an in vitro screening platform for brain-penetrating agents. Nat Commun 8:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15623","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1473_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00750-7","author":"B Christophe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christophe B et al (2020) Statin therapy in ischemic stroke models: a meta-analysis. Transl Stroke Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-019-00750-7","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"1473_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00327-x","author":"TD Chung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chung TD et al (2022) Effects of acute and chronic oxidative stress on the blood\u2013brain barrier in 2D and 3D in vitro models. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-022-00327-x","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13306","author":"D Deng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deng D et al (2014) Crystal structure of the human glucose transporter GLUT1. Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13306","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1473_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21254","author":"X Dong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong X (2018) Current strategies for brain drug delivery. Theranostics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.21254","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"1473_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212111","author":"AD Dunton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dunton AD et al (2021) Form and function of the vertebrate and invertebrate blood\u2013brain barriers. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222212111","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004856","author":"C Eilenberger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eilenberger C et al (2021) A microfluidic multisize spheroid array for multiparametric screening of anticancer drugs and blood\u2013brain barrier transport properties. Adv Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202004856","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24544","author":"S Engelhardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Engelhardt S et al (2014) Hypoxia selectively disrupts brain microvascular endothelial tight junction complexes through a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) dependent mechanism. J Cell Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.24544","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1473_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-12-4","author":"S Engelhardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Engelhardt S et al (2015) Differential responses of blood-brain barrier associated cells to hypoxia and ischemia: a comparative study. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-12-4","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071632","author":"MA Erickson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erickson MA, Banks WA (2019) Age-associated changes in the immune system and blood\u2013brain barrier functions. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20071632","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102476","author":"ME Ferrero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferrero ME (2022) Neuron protection by EDTA may explain the successful outcomes of toxic metal chelation therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. Biomedicines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10102476","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1473_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.2001.2367","author":"S Fischer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fischer S et al (2002) Hypoxia-induced hyperpermeability in brain microvessel endothelial cells involves VEGF-mediated changes in the expression of zonula occludens-1. Microvasc Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/mvre.2001.2367","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"1473_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2020_308","author":"BM Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu BM, Zhao Z, Zhu D (2021) Blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) permeability and transport measurement in vitro and in vivo. Methods Mol Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7651_2020_308","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"1473_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1820-1","author":"S Garrido-Urbani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garrido-Urbani S, Bradfield PF, Imhof BA (2014) Tight junction dynamics: the role of junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs). Cell Tissue Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-014-1820-1","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"1473_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3468-8.50018-3","author":"J Guzman-Cottrill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guzman-Cottrill J, Nadel S, Goldstein B (2008) The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, and septic shock. Princ Pract Pediatr Infect Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3468-8.50018-3","journal-title":"Princ Pract Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"1473_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00635-w","author":"C Hajal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hajal C et al (2022) Engineered human blood\u2013brain barrier microfluidic model for vascular permeability analyses. Nat Protoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-021-00635-w","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"1473_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.05.012","author":"K Hatherell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hatherell K et al (2011) Development of a three-dimensional, all-human in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier using mono-, co-, and tri-cultivation Transwell models. J Neurosci Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.05.012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"1473_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.05.023","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayashi K et al (2004) Effects of hypoxia on endothelial\/pericytic co-culture model of the blood\u2013brain barrier. Regul Pept. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.05.023","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"1473_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.38.837","author":"T Hirooka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hirooka T et al (2013) Expression of VEGF-related proteins in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes after exposure to methylmercury. J Toxicol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2131\/jts.38.837","journal-title":"J Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-016-0040-3","author":"SB Hladky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hladky SB, Barrand MA (2016) Fluid and ion transfer across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers; a comparative account of mechanisms and roles. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-016-0040-3","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1387","author":"C Iadecola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Iadecola C (2004) Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1387","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1473_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001","author":"X Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang X et al (2018) Blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1473_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00261-4","author":"H Kadry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadry H et al (2021) Comparative assessment of in vitro BBB tight junction integrity following exposure to cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor: a quantitative evaluation of the protective effects of metformin using small-molecular-weight paracellular markers. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-021-00261-4","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2017.1253676","author":"MA Kaisar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaisar MA et al (2017) New experimental models of the blood\u2013brain barrier for CNS drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17460441.2017.1253676","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"key":"1473_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00352.x","author":"RN Kalaria","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalaria RN (2010) Vascular basis for brain degeneration: faltering controls and risk factors for dementia. Nutr Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00352.x","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1473_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6lc00946h","author":"O Kilic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kilic O et al (2016) Brain-on-a-chip model enables analysis of human neuronal differentiation and chemotaxis. Lab Chip. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c6lc00946h","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1473_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2005.05.004","author":"HK Kleinman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kleinman HK, Martin GR (2005) Matrigel: basement membrane matrix with biological activity. Semin Cancer Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcancer.2005.05.004","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1473_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01511-z","volume":"27","author":"EG Knox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Knox EG et al (2022) The blood\u2013brain barrier in aging and neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 27(6):2659\u20132673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-022-01511-z","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1473_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25636","author":"T Komura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Komura T et al (2015) Optimization of surface-immobilized extracellular matrices for the proliferation of neural progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.25636","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"1473_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060693","author":"T Koto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koto T et al (2007) Hypoxia disrupts the barrier function of neural blood vessels through changes in the expression of claudin-5 in endothelial cells. Am J Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060693","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1473_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02910-8","author":"MT Kozlowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kozlowski MT, Crook CJ, Ku HT (2021) Towards organoid culture without Matrigel. Commun Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-021-02910-8","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"1473_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169096","author":"KV Kuchibhotla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuchibhotla KV et al (2009) Synchronous hyperactivity and intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes in Alzheimer mice. Science (new York). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1169096","journal-title":"Science (new York)"},{"key":"1473_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201101107","author":"SW Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee SW et al (2012) Hypoxic priming of mESCs accelerates vascular-lineage differentiation through HIF1-mediated inverse regulation of Oct4 and VEGF. EMBO Mol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/emmm.201101107","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"1473_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327107070560","author":"ZS Lewis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lewis ZS, Zheng W (2007) Early lead exposure increases the leakage of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, in vitro. Human Exp Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327107070560","journal-title":"Human Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"77","key":"1473_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147234","volume":"1752","author":"B Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li B et al (2021) Astrocytes in heavy metal neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Brain Res 1752(77):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147234","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1473_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-10-2","volume":"10","author":"ES Lippmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lippmann ES et al (2013) Modeling the blood\u2013brain barrier using stem cell sources. Fluids Barriers CNS 10(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-10-2","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c180025","author":"S Logan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Logan S et al (2019) Studying human neurological disorders using induced pluripotent stem cells: from 2D monolayer to 3D organoid and blood brain barrier models. Compr Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c180025","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"1473_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4127","author":"AA Mansour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mansour AA et al (2018) An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. Nat Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.4127","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"1473_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1056162","author":"M Mantec\u00f3n-Oria","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mantec\u00f3n-Oria M et al (2022) On the quest of reliable 3D dynamic in vitro blood\u2013brain barrier models using polymer hollow fiber membranes: pitfalls, progress, and future perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1056162","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"1473_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.12.013","author":"A Martinez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinez A, Al-Ahmad AJ (2019) Effects of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid on an isogeneic model of the human blood\u2013brain barrier. Toxicol Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.12.013","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"1473_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.032","author":"A Montagne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montagne A et al (2015) Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus. Neuron. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.032","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1473_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.07.002","author":"MA Moskowitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moskowitz MA, Lo EH, Iadecola C (2010) The science of stroke: mechanisms in search of treatments. Neuron. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.07.002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1473_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.12.002","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nakagawa S et al (2009) A new blood\u2013brain barrier model using primary rat brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Neurochem Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.12.002","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"1473_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200302070","author":"T Nitta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitta T et al (2003) Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice. J Cell Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.200302070","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"1473_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nzou G, et al. (2020) Author correction: multicellular 3D neurovascular unit model for assessing hypoxia and neuroinflammation induced blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction (Scientific Reports, (2020), 10, 1, (9766), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66487-8), Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77348-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66487-8 10.1038\/s41598-020-77348-9"},{"key":"1473_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00297-6","author":"B Ozg\u00fcr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ozg\u00fcr B et al (2022) Hypoxia increases expression of selected blood\u2013brain barrier transporters GLUT-1, P-gp, SLC7A5 and TFRC, while maintaining barrier integrity, in brain capillary endothelial monolayers. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-021-00297-6","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-016-0042-1","author":"S Page","year":"2016","unstructured":"Page S, Munsell A, Al-Ahmad AJ (2016) Cerebral hypoxia\/ischemia selectively disrupts tight junctions complexes in stem cell-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-016-0042-1","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.11.009","author":"R Pandit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pandit R, Chen L, G\u00f6tz J (2020) The blood\u2013brain barrier: physiology and strategies for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2019.11.009","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"1473_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/CPT.18","author":"WM Pardridge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pardridge WM (2015) Targeted delivery of protein and gene medicines through the blood\u2013brain barrier. Clin Pharmacol Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CPT.18","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1473_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061283","author":"WM Pardridge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pardridge WM (2022) A historical review of brain drug delivery. Pharmaceutics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061283","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"1473_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/482463","author":"T-E Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park T-E et al (2018) Hypoxia-enhanced blood\u2013brain barrier chip recapitulates human barrier function, drug penetration, and antibody shuttling properties. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/482463","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"1473_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.07.003","author":"DK Parran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parran DK et al (2005) Chlorpyrifos alters functional integrity and structure of an in vitro BBB model: co-cultures of bovine endothelial cells and neonatal rat astrocytes. NeuroToxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.07.003","journal-title":"NeuroToxicol"},{"key":"1473_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-016-0030-5","author":"R Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel R, Alahmad AJ (2016) Growth-factor reduced Matrigel source influences stem cell derived brain microvascular endothelial cell barrier properties. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-016-0030-5","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05193","author":"CM Peppiatt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peppiatt CM et al (2006) Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes. Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05193","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1473_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00578-x","author":"F Pistollato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pistollato F et al (2020) Assessment of developmental neurotoxicity induced by chemical mixtures using an adverse outcome pathway concept. Environ Health A Global Access Sci Sour. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-020-00578-x","journal-title":"Environ Health A Global Access Sci Sour"},{"key":"1473_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.696668","author":"M Prasad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prasad M et al (2021) Organoid technology: a reliable developmental biology tool for organ-specific nanotoxicity evaluation. Front Cell Develop Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.696668","journal-title":"Front Cell Develop Biol"},{"key":"1473_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314221095997","author":"O Rice","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rice O, Surian A, Chen Y (2022) Modeling the blood\u2013brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. J Tissue Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20417314221095997","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng"},{"key":"1473_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf257","author":"HJ Schoch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schoch HJ, Fischer S, Marti HH (2002) Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression causes vascular leakage in the brain. Brain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awf257","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1473_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12004","author":"JD Sengillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sengillo JD et al (2013) Deficiency in mural vascular cells coincides with blood\u2013brain barrier disruption in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12004","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1473_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.863836","author":"C Sim\u00f6es Da Gama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sim\u00f6es Da Gama C, Morin-Brureau M (2022) Study of BBB dysregulation in neuropathogenicity using integrative human model of blood\u2013brain barrier. Front Cell Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2022.863836","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1473_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00276-x","author":"C Simonneau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simonneau C et al (2021) Investigating receptor-mediated antibody transcytosis using blood\u2013brain barrier organoid arrays. Fluids Barriers CNS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-021-00276-x","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010897200","author":"IA Simpson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Simpson IA et al (2001) Glucose transporter asymmetries in the bovine blood\u2013brain barrier. J Biol Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M010897200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1473_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18788769","author":"F Sivandzade","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sivandzade F, Cucullo L (2018) In-vitro blood\u2013brain barrier modeling: a review of modern and fast-advancing technologies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X18788769","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1473_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu007","author":"H Song","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song H et al (2014) Reduction of brain barrier tight junctional proteins by lead exposure: role of activation of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src via chaperon GRP78. Toxicol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu007","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164594","author":"JM Stenman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stenman JM et al (2008) Canonical Wnt signaling regulates organ-specific assembly and differentiation of CNS vasculature. Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1164594","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"June","key":"1473_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00230","volume":"13","author":"NL Stone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stone NL, England TJ, O\u2019Sullivan SE (2019) A novel transwell blood brain barrier model using primary human cells. Front Cell Neurosci 13(June):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2019.00230","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1473_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815125","author":"L Struzy\u0144ska","year":"1997","unstructured":"Struzy\u0144ska L et al (1997) Lead-induced abnormalities in blood-brain barrier permeability in experimental chronic toxicity. Mol Chem Neuropathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02815125","journal-title":"Mol Chem Neuropathol"},{"issue":"5 May","key":"1473_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268860","volume":"17","author":"J Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun J et al (2022) Comparative studies between the murine immortalized brain endothelial cell line (bEnd3) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human brain endothelial cells for paracellular transport. PLoS ONE 17(5 May):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268860","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1473_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV (2018) Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1473_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sweeney MD et al (2019) Blood\u2013brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back. Physiol Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1473_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.611731","author":"S Taheri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taheri S et al (2011) Blood\u2013brain barrier permeability abnormalities in vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.611731","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1473_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170623","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takahashi T et al (2017) Methylmercury causes blood\u2013brain barrier damage in rats via upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170623","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1473_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1379.004","author":"T Takano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takano T et al (2007) Two-photon imaging of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling and the microvasculature in experimental mice models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1379.004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.013","author":"MJ Thrippleton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thrippleton MJ et al (2019) Quantifying blood\u2013brain barrier leakage in small vessel disease: review and consensus recommendations. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.013","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"1473_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201412147","author":"S Tietz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tietz S, Engelhardt B (2015) Brain barriers: crosstalk between complex tight junctions and adherens junctions. J Cell Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201412147","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"1473_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201404140","author":"O Tornavaca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tornavaca O et al (2015) ZO-1 controls endothelial adherens junctions, cell-cell tension, angiogenesis, and barrier formation. J Cell Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201404140","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"1473_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01500","author":"E Urich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Urich E et al (2013) Multicellular self-assembled spheroidal model of the blood brain barrier. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep01500","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1473_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.05.011","author":"GD Vatine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vatine GD et al (2019) Human iPSC-derived blood\u2013brain barrier chips enable disease modeling and personalized medicine applications. Cell Stem Cell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2019.05.011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1473_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(03)00177-2","author":"AW Vorbrodt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vorbrodt AW, Dobrogowska DH (2003) Molecular anatomy of intercellular junctions in brain endothelial and epithelial barriers: electron microscopist\u2019s view. Brain Res Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-0173(03)00177-2","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1473_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1577816","author":"B Waldau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waldau B (2019) Using miniature brain implants in rodents for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17460441.2019.1577816","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"key":"1473_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160314151012","author":"W Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang W, Bodles-Brakhop AM, Barger SW (2016) A role for P-glycoprotein in clearance of alzheimer amyloid-peptide from the brain. Curr Alzheimer Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1567205013666160314151012","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"1473_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7lc01084b","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2018) Human brain organoid-on-a-chip to model prenatal nicotine exposure. Lab Chip. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7lc01084b","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1473_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12940","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H et al (2021) Reconstituting neurovascular unit with primary neural stem cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells in three-dimensional matrix. Brain Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12940","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1473_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2022\/9832128","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z et al (2022) CNS organoid surpasses cell-laden microgel assembly to promote spinal cord injury repair. Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/2022\/9832128","journal-title":"Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1473_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00915","volume":"36","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watanabe T et al (2013) Paracellular barrier and tight junction protein expression in the immortalized brain endothelial cell lines bend.3, bend.5 and mouse brain endothelial cell 4. Biol Pharm Bull 36(3):492\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.b12-00915","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"1473_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOCEL.2022.106347","volume":"155","author":"X Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei X et al (2023) iPSCs-derived mesenchymal stromal cells mitigate anxiety and neuroinflammation in aging female mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 155:106347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOCEL.2022.106347","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1473_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-10-16","volume":"10","author":"B Weksler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weksler B, Romero IA, Couraud PO (2013) The hCMEC\/D3 cell line as a model of the human blood brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 10(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-10-16","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1473_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.03.005","author":"J Wen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wen J et al (2015) TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis promotes blood brain barrier disruption and increases neuronal cell death in MRL\/lpr mice. J Autoimmun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.03.005","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"1473_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3966","author":"EA Winkler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Winkler EA et al (2015) GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer\u2019s disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Nat Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3966","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1473_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147710","author":"YC Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu YC et al (2021) Blood\u2013brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases\u2014modeling with ipsc-derived brain cells. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22147710","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.08.001","author":"K Yamagata","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yamagata K et al (2004) Hypoxia-induced changes in tight junction permeability of brain capillary endothelial cells are associated with IL-1beta and nitric oxide. Neurobiol Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.08.001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1473_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2453-z","author":"AC Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang AC et al (2020) Physiological blood\u2013brain transport is impaired with age by a shift in transcytosis. Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2453-z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1473_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.036418","author":"WL Yeh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yeh WL et al (2007) Inhibition of hypoxia-induced increase of blood-brain barrier permeability by YC-1 through the antagonism of HIF-1\u03b1 accumulation and VEGF expression. Mol Pharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/mol.107.036418","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1473_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.220","author":"M Yemisci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yemisci M et al (2015) Systemically administered brain-targeted nanoparticles transport peptides across the blood-brain barrier and provide neuroprotection. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.220","journal-title":"J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1473_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.067","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao Z et al (2015) Establishment and dysfunction of the blood\u2013brain barrier. Cell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.067","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1473_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00251-5","author":"W Zheng","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zheng W, Aschner M, Ghersi-Egea JF (2003) Brain barrier systems: a new frontier in metal neurotoxicological research. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00251-5","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1473_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2021.6943","volume":"22","author":"T Zidari\u010d","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zidari\u010d T, Gradi\u0161nik L, Velnar T (2022) Astrocytes and human artificial blood\u2013brain barrier models. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 22(5):651\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/bjbms.2021.6943","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"1473_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3114","author":"BV Zlokovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zlokovic BV (2011) Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3114","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-024-01473-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10571-024-01473-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-024-01473-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T11:08:49Z","timestamp":1734174529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10571-024-01473-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-024-01473-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4340","1573-6830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4340","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"34"}}