{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:26:00Z","timestamp":1772119560354,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Neurobiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01585-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T08:22:08Z","timestamp":1752826928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MicroRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Prayash","family":"Paudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asutosh","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1585_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040740","author":"F Beretta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beretta F, Huang YF, Punga AR (2022) Towards personalized medicine in myasthenia gravis: role of circulating microRNAs miR-30e-5p, miR-150\u20135p and miR-21\u20135p. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11040740","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1585_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00142","author":"Federica Bortone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bortone F, Scandiffio L, Marcuzzo S, Bonanno S, Frangiamore R, Motta T et al (2020) miR-146a in Myasthenia Gravis Thymus Bridges Innate Immunity With Autoimmunity and Is Linked to Therapeutic Effects of Corticosteroids. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00142.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"1585_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2853","volume":"39","author":"Y Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao Y, Lu X, Wang J, Zhang H, Liu Z, Xu S et al (2017) Construction of an miRNA-regulated drug-pathway network reveals drug repurposing candidates for myasthenia gravis. Int J Mol Med 39:268\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2853","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"1585_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104388","author":"P Cavalcante","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cavalcante P, Mizrachi T, Barzago C, Scandiffio L, Bortone F, Bonanno S et al (2019) MicroRNA signature associated with treatment response in myasthenia gravis: a further step towards precision medicine. Pharmacol Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104388","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"1585_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalcante P, Tarasco MC, Iacomino Msc N, Antozzi C, Mantegazza R. MGFA International Conference Proceedings MiR-146a in myasthenia gravis thymus: from uncontrolled innate immunity to B-cell-mediated autoimmunity. vol. 4. 2023.","DOI":"10.17161\/rrnmf.v4i3.19526"},{"key":"1585_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29894","volume":"116","author":"BM Conti-Fine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Conti-Fine BM, Milani M, Kaminski HJ (2006) Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future. J Clin Investig 116:2843\u20132854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI29894","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"1585_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cron MA, Payet CA, Fayet OM, Maillard S, Truffault F, Fadel E (2020) Decreased expression of miR-29 family associated with autoimmune myasthenia gravis Abstract. J Neuroinflammation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01958-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01958-3"},{"key":"1585_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1334131","author":"L Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang L, Zuo Y, Yang H, He X, Zhang L (2023) Identification of key genes as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for comorbidity of myasthenia gravis and COVID-19. Front Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1334131","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1585_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/874680","author":"A Jayam Trouth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jayam Trouth A, Dabi A, Solieman N, Kurukumbi M, Kalyanam J (2012) Myasthenia gravis: a review. Autoimmune Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/874680","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"1585_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02381","author":"F Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin F, Hu H, Xu M, Zhan S, Wang Y, Zhang H et al (2018) Serum microRNA profiles serve as novel biomarkers for autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02381","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1585_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3965","volume":"16","author":"S Jonas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jonas S, Izaurralde E (2015) Towards a molecular understanding of microRNA-mediated gene silencing. Nat Rev Genet 16:421\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg3965","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"1585_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108676","volume":"224","author":"Jie Lv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lv J, Ren L, Han S, Zhang J, Zhao X, Zhang Y et al (2021) Peripheral blood hsa-circRNA5333-4: A novel biomarker for myasthenia gravis. Clin Immunol. 224:108676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108676","journal-title":"Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"1585_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.148034","volume":"896","author":"Yajun Mu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mu Y, Huang X, Yang Y, Huang Z, Chen J, Li S et al (2024) Study of serum exosome miRNA as a biomarker for early onset adult ouclar myastthenia gravis. Gene 896:148034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2023.148034","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"1585_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903563491","volume":"43","author":"R Le Panse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Le Panse R, Bismuth J, Cizeron-Clairac G, Weiss JM, Cufi P, Dartevelle P et al (2010) Thymic remodeling associated with hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 43:401\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08916930903563491","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"1585_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11236","author":"L Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li L, Cai D, Zhong H, Liu F, Jiang Q, Liang J et al (2022) Mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis indicators may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Exp Ther Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2022.11236","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"1585_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39716","author":"CJ Molin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molin CJ, Westerberg E, Punga AR (2017) Profile of upregulated inflammatory proteins in sera of Myasthenia Gravis patients. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep39716","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1585_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74347","volume":"125","author":"G Murugaiyan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murugaiyan G, da Cunha AP, Ajay AK, Joller N, Garo LP, Kumaradevan S et al (2015) MicroRNA-21 promotes Th17 differentiation and mediates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Investig 125:1069\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI74347","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"1585_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091927","volume":"9","author":"G Nogales-Gadea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nogales-Gadea G, Ramos-Fransi A, Su\u00e1rez-Calvet X, Navas M, Rojas-Garc\u00eda R, Mosquera JL et al (2014) analysis of serum miRNA profiles of myasthenia gravis patients. PLoS ONE 9:e91927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0091927","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1585_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2457","author":"S Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng S, Huang Y (2022) LncRNA GAS5 positively regulates IL-10 expression in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. Brain Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2457","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"1585_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.003","volume":"292","author":"Tanel Punga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Punga T, Bartoccioni E, Lewandowska M, Damato V, Evoli A, Punga AR (2016) Disease specific enrichment of circulating let-7 family microRNA in MuSK+ myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol. 292:21\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"1585_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Punga T, Le Panse R, Andersson M, Truffault F, Berrih-Aknin S, Punga AR (2014) Circulating mi RNA s in myasthenia gravis: miR\u2010150\u20105p as a new potential biomarker. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 1:49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.24","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.24"},{"key":"1585_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13510","volume":"1412","author":"AR Punga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Punga AR, Punga T (2018) Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers in myasthenia gravis patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1412:33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13510","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1585_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081736","author":"RT Rousseff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rousseff RT (2022) Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10081736","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1585_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.692","volume":"6","author":"L Sabre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabre L, Maddison P, Wong SH, Sadalage G, Ambrose PA, Plant GT et al (2019) miR-30e-5p as predictor of generalization in ocular myasthenia gravis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 6:243\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.692","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"1585_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00213","author":"L Sabre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sabre L, Punga T, Punga AR (2020) Circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers in myasthenia gravis: tools for personalized medicine. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00213","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1585_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205464","volume":"13","author":"M Sengupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sengupta M, Wang B-D, Lee NH, Marx A, Kusner LL, Kaminski HJ (2018) MicroRNA and mRNA expression associated with ectopic germinal centers in thymus of myasthenia gravis. PLoS ONE 13:e0205464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205464","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1585_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66501-3","author":"F Severcan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Severcan F, Ozyurt I, Dogan A, Severcan M, Gurbanov R, Kucukcankurt F et al (2024) Decoding myasthenia gravis: advanced diagnosis with infrared spectroscopy and machine\u00a0learning. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-66501-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1585_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12217","volume":"175","author":"JP Sieb","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sieb JP (2014) Myasthenia gravis: an update for the clinician. Clin Exp Immunol 175:408\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12217","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1585_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tan Y, Zhu L, Cui L, & Guan Y (2021) Differential expression of miRNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in myasthenia gravis with muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibodies critical reviews in Eukaryotic. Gene Expr. 31:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.v31.i2, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2021037369","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.v31.i2"},{"key":"1585_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.018903","volume":"80","author":"BR Thanvi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thanvi BR, Lo TCN (2004) Update on myasthenia gravis. Postgrad Med J 80:690\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.2004.018903","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"1585_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2012.v1.3.98","volume":"1","author":"Z Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Z, Lu Y, Han J (2012) Peripheral blood MicroRNAs: a novel tool for diagnosing disease? Intractable Rare Dis Res 1:98\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/irdr.2012.v1.3.98","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis Res"},{"key":"1585_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1342213","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang B, Zhu Y, Liu D, Hu C, Zhu R (2024) The intricate dance of non-coding RNAs in myasthenia gravis pathogenesis and treatment. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1342213","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1585_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu H, Bao Z, Liang D, Li M, Wei M, Ge X, et al (2020) Plasma exosomal miR-106a-5p expression in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 61:401\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.26785","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26785"},{"key":"1585_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.948959","author":"D Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu D, Di K, Fan B, Wu J, Gu X, Sun Y et al (2022) MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: Sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, isolation, and detection technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.948959","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01585-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01585-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01585-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1765535074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01585-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01585-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6221728\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1573-6830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-6830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests related to this review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"71"}}