{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:26:25Z","timestamp":1765535185787,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Taishan Scholar Project","award":["NO.tsqn202312392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.tsqn202312392"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province","award":["No. 2024CXPT091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2024CXPT091"]}]},{"name":"the Outstanding Young Talents Project in Health of Qilu and the youth talent training program from Qingdao medical college of Qingdao University","award":["No. RZ2300002690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. RZ2300002690"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Neurobiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01617-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T07:24:47Z","timestamp":1761377087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Causal Effect of Blood Cell Perturbation Phenotypes on Multiple Sclerosis via Immune Mediation: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jia-Jia","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Qiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang-Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.53962.1","volume":"10","author":"Y Adam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adam Y, Samtal C, Brandenburg JT, Falola O, Adebiyi E (2021) Performing post-genome-wide association study analysis: overview, challenges and recommendations. F1000Res 10:1002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.53962.1","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"1617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071605","author":"JJ Ahn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahn JJ, Abu-Rub M, Miller RH (2021) B cells in neuroinflammation: new perspectives and mechanistic insights. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10071605","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S (2016) Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol 40(4):304\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.21965","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221","volume":"36","author":"J Bowden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowden J, Del Greco MF, Minelli C, Davey Smith G, Sheehan N, Thompson J (2017) A framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization. Stat Med 36(11):1783\u20131802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.7221","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG (2011) Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol 40(3):755\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt093","volume":"42","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG (2013) Use of allele scores as instrumental variables for Mendelian randomization. Int J Epidemiol 42(4):1134\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyt093","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","volume":"32","author":"S Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG (2017) Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol 32(5):377\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG (2013) Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol 37(7):658\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.21758","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"1617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0164-6","volume":"8","author":"H Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng H, Garrick DJ, Fernando RL (2017) Efficient strategies for leave-one-out cross validation for genomic best linearunbiased prediction. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 8:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-017-0164-6","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"1617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678771","volume":"12","author":"R Dowey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dowey R, Iqbal A, Heller SR, Sabroe I, Prince LR (2021) A bittersweet response to infection in diabetes; targeting neutrophils to modify inflammation and improve host immunity. Front Immunol 12:678771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678771","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6092","volume":"178","author":"M Duddy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duddy M, Niino M, Adatia F, Hebert S, Freedman M, Atkins H, Kim HJ, Bar-Or A (2007) Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human B cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 178(10):6092\u20136099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6092","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17219","volume":"318","author":"CA Emdin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S (2017) Mendelian randomization. JAMA 318(19):1925\u20131926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.17219","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000656","author":"LS Enz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enz LS, Zeis T, Schmid D, Geier F, van der Meer F, Steiner G, Certa U, Binder TMC, Stadelmann C, Martin R, Schaeren-Wiemers N (2020) Increased HLA-DR expression and cortical demyelination in MS links with HLA-DR15. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000656","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"1617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064828","volume":"20","author":"P Guermonprez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guermonprez P, Valladeau J, Zitvogel L, Th\u00e9ry C, Amigorena S (2002) Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 20:621\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064828","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.867693","volume":"13","author":"D He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He D, Liu L, Shen D, Zou P, Cui L (2022) The effect of peripheral immune cell counts on the risk of multiple sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 13:867693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.867693","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01600-x","volume":"56","author":"M Homilius","year":"2024","unstructured":"Homilius M, Zhu W, Eddy SS, Thompson PC, Zheng H, Warren CN, Evans CG, Kim DD, Xuan LL, Nsubuga C, Strecker Z, Pettit CJ, Cho J, Howie MN, Thaler AS, Wilson E, Wollison B, Smith C, Nascimben JB, Nascimben DN, Lunati GM, Folks HC, Cupelo M, Sridaran S, Rheinstein C, McClennen T, Goto S, Truslow JG, Vandenwijngaert S, MacRae CA, Deo RC (2024) Perturbational phenotyping of human blood cells reveals genetically determined latent traits associated with subsets of common diseases. Nat Genet 56(1):37\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-023-01600-x","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"43","key":"1617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404096","volume":"11","author":"H Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang H, Deng X, Wang Y, Shen S, Wang S, Hu M, Liu S, Su X, Li C, Li T, Lu Z, Cai W (2024) Chronic stress exacerbatescerebral amyloid angiopathy through promoting neutrophil extracellular traps formation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 11(43):e2404096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202404096","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"issue":"10422","key":"1617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01473-3","volume":"403","author":"D Jakimovski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jakimovski D, Bittner S, Zivadinov R, Morrow SA, Benedict RH, Zipp F, Weinstock-Guttman B (2024) Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 403(10422):183\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01473-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad286","volume":"147","author":"H Jamann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jamann H, Desu HL, Cui QL, Halaweh A, Tastet O, Klement W, Zandee S, Pernin F, Mamane VH, Ou\u00e9draogo O, Daigneault A, Sidib\u00e9 H, Millette F, Peelen E, Dhaeze T, Hoornaert C, R\u00e9billard RM, Thai K, Grasmuck C, Vande Velde C, Prat A, Arbour N, Stratton JA, Antel J, Larochelle C (2024) ALCAM on human oligodendrocytes mediates CD4 T cell adhesion. Brain 147(1):147\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awad286","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"1617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300407","volume":"191","author":"N Ji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ji N, Somanaboeina A, Dixit A, Kawamura K, Hayward NJ, Self C, Olson GL, Forsthuber TG (2013) Small molecule inhibitor of antigen binding and presentation by HLA-DR2b as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 191(10):5074\u20135084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1300407","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa385","volume":"144","author":"H Kataria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kataria H, Hart CG, Alizadeh A, Cossoy M, Kaushik DK, Bernstein CN, Marrie RA, Yong VW, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S (2021) Neuregulin-1 beta 1 is implicated in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Brain 144(1):162\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa385","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134274","author":"Z Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan Z, Gupta GD, Mehan S (2023) Cellular and molecular evidence of multiple sclerosis diagnosis and treatment challenges. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12134274","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517694432","volume":"23","author":"G Kobelt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kobelt G, Thompson A, Berg J, Gannedahl M, Eriksson J (2017) New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Mult Scler 23(8):1123\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458517694432","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"1617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005","volume":"348","author":"F Kotsias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A (2019) Antigen processing and presentation. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 348:69\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005","journal-title":"Int Rev Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.54","volume":"2","author":"E Kulinskaya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kulinskaya E, Dollinger MB, Bj\u00f8rkest\u00f8l K (2011) On the moments of Cochran\u2019s Q statistic under the null hypothesis, with application to the meta-analysis of risk difference. Res Synth Methods 2(4):254\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.54","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"95","key":"1617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0865","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adk0865","volume":"9","author":"R Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li R, Lei Y, Rezk A, Diego AE, Wang J, Feng H, Zhang B, Barcelos IP, Zhang H, Yu J, Huo X, Zhu F, Yang C, Tang H, Goldstein AC, Banwell BL, Hakonarson H, Xu H, Mingueneau M, Sun B, Li H (2024) Bar-Or A Oxidative phosphorylation regulates B cell effector cytokines and promotes inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Sci Immunol 9(95):0865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.adk0865","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"1617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.09.004","volume":"123","author":"S Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu S, Yang X, Zhao H, Zhao X, Fan K, Liu G, Li X, Du C, Liu J, Ma J (2025) Cathepsin c exacerbates EAE by promoting the expansion of Tfh cells and the formation of TLSs in the CNS. Brain Behav Immun 123:123\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.09.004","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44703-7","volume":"15","author":"K Maas-Bauer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maas-Bauer K, Stell AV, Yan KL, de Vega E, Vinnakota JM, Unger S, N\u00fa\u00f1ez N, Norona J, Talvard-Balland N, Ko\u00dfmann S, Schwan C, Miething C, Martens US, Shoumariyeh K, Nestor RP, Duquesne S, Hanke K, Rackiewicz M, Hu Z, El Khawanky N, Taromi S, Andrlova H, Faraidun H, Walter S, Pfeifer D, Follo M, Waldschmidt J, Melchinger W, Rassner M, Wehr C, Schmitt-Graeff A, Halbach S, Liao J, H\u00e4cker G, Brummer T, Dengjel J, Andrieux G, Grosse R, Tugues S, Blazar BR, Becher B, Boerries M, Zeiser R (2024) ROCK1\/2 signaling contributes to corticosteroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. Nat Commun 15(1):446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-44703-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"1617_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0684-4","volume":"52","author":"V Orr\u00f9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orr\u00f9 V, Steri M, Sidore C, Marongiu M, Serra V, Olla S, Sole G, Lai S, Dei M, Mulas A, Virdis F, Piras MG, Lobina M, Marongiu M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Loizedda A, Onano S, Zoledziewska M, Sawcer S, Devoto M, Gorospe M, Abecasis GR, Floris M, Pala M, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Cucca F (2020) Complex genetic signatures in immune cells underlie autoimmunity and inform therapy. Nat Genet 52(10):1036\u20131045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-020-0684-4","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","volume":"69","author":"CH Polman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, Fujihara K, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Lublin FD, Montalban X, O\u2019Connor P, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Thompson AJ, Waubant E, Weinshenker B, Wolinsky JS (2011) Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 69(2):292\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.22366","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1617_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000975","author":"J Roodselaar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roodselaar J, Zhou Y, Leppert D, Hauser AE, Urich E, Anthony DC (2021) Anti-CD20 disrupts meningeal B-cell aggregates in a model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000975","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"1617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29423","volume":"96","author":"A Shmakova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shmakova A, Hugot C, Kozhevnikova Y, Schwager Karpukhina A, Tsimailo I, G\u00e9rard L, Boutboul D, Oksenhendler E, Szewczyk-Roszczenko O, Roszczenko P, Buzun K, Sheval EV, Germini D, Vassetzky Y (2024) Chronic HIV-1 Tat action induces HLA-DR downregulation in B cells: a mechanism for lymphoma immune escape in people livingwith HIV. J Med Virol 96(2):e29423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29423","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"16","key":"1617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","volume":"326","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Yarmolinsky J, Davies NM, Swanson SA, VanderWeele TJ, Higgins JPT, Timpson NJ, Dimou N, Langenberg C, Golub RM, Loder EW, Gallo V, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Davey Smith G, Egger M, Richards JB (2021) Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement. JAMA 326(16):1614\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"1617_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.141564","volume":"56","author":"PM Sleiman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sleiman PM, Grant SF (2010) Mendelian randomization in the era of genomewide association studies. Clin Chem 56(5):723\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2009.141564","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"18","key":"1617_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17845","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03390","volume":"17","author":"S Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun S, Lv W, Li S, Zhang Q, He W, Min Z, Teng C, Chen Y, Liu L, Yin J, Zhu B, Xu M, Dai D, Xin H (2023) Smart liposomal nanocarrier enhanced the treatment of ischemic stroke through neutrophil extracellular traps and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway inhibition of ischemic penumbra. ACS Nano 17(18):17845\u201317857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.3c03390","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.09.026","volume":"375","author":"C Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang C, Jia F, Wu M, Wang Y, Lu X, Li J, Ding Y, Chen W, Chen X, Han F, Xu H (2024) Elastase-targeting biomimic nanoplatform for neurovascular remodeling by inhibiting NETosis mediated AlM2 inflammasome activation in ischemic stroke. J Control Release 375:404\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.09.026","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"1617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8860813","volume":"2020","author":"MJ Tavassolifar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tavassolifar MJ, Moghadasi AN, Esmaeili B, Sadatpour O, Vodjgani M, Izad M (2020) Redox imbalance in CD4+ T cells of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020:8860813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8860813","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1617_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.007","volume":"74","author":"MI Vazquez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vazquez MI, Catalan-Dibene J, Zlotnik A (2015) B cells responses and cytokine production are regulated by their immune microenvironment. Cytokine 74(2):318\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.007","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"8","key":"1617_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0164-2","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R (2018) Publisher correction: detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet 50(8):1196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0164-2","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"14","key":"1617_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, Robertson N, La Rocca N, Uitdehaag B, van der Mei I, Wallin M, Helme A, Angood Napier C, Rijke N, Baneke P (2020) Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler 26(14):1816\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520970841","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"5","key":"1617_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","volume":"183","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Jelcic I, M\u00fchlenbruch L, Haunerdinger V, Toussaint NC, Zhao Y, Cruciani C, Faigle W, Naghavian R, Foege M, Binder TMC, Eiermann T, Opitz L, Fuentes-Font L, Reynolds R, Kwok WW, Nguyen JT, Lee JH, Lutterotti A, M\u00fcnz C, Rammensee HG, Hauri-Hohl M, Sospedra M, Stevanovic S, Martin R (2020) HLA-DR15 molecules jointly shape an autoreactive T Cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis. Cell 183(5):1264-1281.e1220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1617_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.634394","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li T, Fu L, Yang S, Hu YQ (2021) A novel method for Mendelian randomization analyses with pleiotropy and linkage disequilibrium in genetic variants from individual data. Front Genet 12:634394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2021.634394","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1617_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2023.00381","volume":"25","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q, Dai H, Hou T, Hou Y, Wang T, Lin H, Zhao Z, Li M, Zheng R, Wang S, Lu J, Xu Y, Liu R, Ning G, Wang W, Bi Y, Zheng J, Xu M (2023) Dissecting causal relationships between gut microbiota, blood metabolites, and stroke: a Mendelian randomization study. J Stroke 25(3):350\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5853\/jos.2023.00381","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28172-4","volume":"13","author":"AS Wilson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilson AS, Randall KL, Pettitt JA, Ellyard JI, Blumenthal A, Enders A, Quah BJ, Bopp T, Parish CR, Br\u00fcstle A (2022) Neutrophil extracellular traps and their histones promote Th17 cell differentiation directly via TLR2. Nat Commun 13(1):528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-28172-4","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2024-0955","volume":"19","author":"Q Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye Q, Ying Q, Chen Y, Liao C, Li A (2024) Hla-drb5 promotes immune thrombocytopenia via activating CD8(+) T cells. Open Med 19(1):20240955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/med-2024-0955","journal-title":"Open Med"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01617-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01617-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01617-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:23:35Z","timestamp":1765535015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01617-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01617-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-6830"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-6830"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study only used published and publicly available data. No ethical approval is required. All GWAS summary data used were obtained from studies approved by the relevant institutional ethics committees. For example, FinnGen project data were approved by the local ethics committee; Data in the IEU OpenGWAS database were obtained from original GWAS studies that met ethical standards; and the study by Homilius et al. also underwent appropriate ethical review. The use of the above data complies with the relevant requirements of international ethical guidelines such as the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"93"}}