{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T04:43:20Z","timestamp":1772945000247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Neurobiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alzheimer disease (AD), first described by Alzheimer and Perusini in the early twentieth century, is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder without a definitive cure. Unraveling the subcellular alterations underlying AD is essential to elucidate disease mechanisms, track progression, link cellular abnormalities to functional deficits, and develop therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing, slowing or reverting the disease course. Electron microscopy (EM) has been pivotal in this field since the 1960s, when Terry and Kidd characterized the ultrastructure of amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) deposits and paired helical filaments (PHFs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Over the decades, conventional transmission and scanning EM have been complemented by advanced approaches such as volume EM (vEM), cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). These techniques enable three-dimensional reconstructions, minimize fixation artifacts, and provide near-native, near-atomic resolution insights into AD pathology. EM has also revealed critical contributions of other subcellular compartments to AD pathogenesis, including synapses, mitochondria, lysosomes, the blood\u2013brain barrier, iron deposits, and inflammatory machinery. Importantly, EM studies extend beyond human tissue, encompassing animal models, cell cultures, and synthetic assemblies, thereby allowing cross-system comparisons that highlight conserved pathological features. By integrating data from diverse experimental settings, EM provides a uniquely comprehensive view of the AD subcellular landscape. This makes it an indispensable tool not only for dissecting disease mechanisms but also for guiding the rational design of therapeutic molecules with potential disease-modifying effects. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge on EM-based studies of AD, emphasizing their central role in advancing both mechanistic understanding and translational approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Overview of electron microscopy approaches in AD research. Various experimental models, including human brain tissue, cell cultures, and animal models, are analyzed using TEM, SEM, cryo-EM, CLEM and vEM. Subsequent segmentation and analyses allow investigation of neuropathological features in AD, including A\u03b2 plaques, Tau aggregates, synaptic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, autophagy deficits, BBB disruption, and iron accumulation. This image was created with BioRender.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-026-01676-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T18:45:00Z","timestamp":1771613100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digging Deep into Alzheimer Disease: How Electron Microscopy Helps Elucidating Its Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0047-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sveva","family":"Dallere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-4872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Migheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5909-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vercelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.21608\/jmals.2025.348212.1038","volume":"7","author":"AS Abbood","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abbood AS, Faisal AJ, Hussein MS (2025) The role of tissue biopsy in diagnosing Alzheimer\u2019s disease: histological perspectives. J Med Life Sci 7:114\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jmals.2025.348212.1038","journal-title":"J Med Life Sci"},{"key":"1676_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfae047","volume":"74","author":"M Abe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abe M, Ohno N (2025) Recent advancement and human tissue applications of volume electron microscopy. Microscopy 74:233\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmicro\/dfae047","journal-title":"Microscopy"},{"key":"1676_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119952119","volume":"119","author":"R Abskharon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abskharon R, Sawaya MR, Boyer DR et al (2022) Cryo-EM structure of RNA-induced tau fibrils reveals a small C-terminal core that may nucleate fibril formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 119:e2119952119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2119952119","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1676_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02490-0","volume":"11","author":"A Adlimoghaddam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adlimoghaddam A, Fayazbakhsh F, Mohammadi M et al (2025) Sex and region-specific disruption of autophagy and mitophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: linking cellular dysfunction to cognitive decline. Cell Death Discov 11:204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-025-02490-0","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"1676_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2019.02.007","volume":"194","author":"S Ahmadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadi S, Zhu S, Sharma R et al (2019) Interaction of metal ions with tau protein. The case for a metal-mediated tau aggregation. J Inorg Biochem 194:44\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2019.02.007","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"key":"1676_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113527","volume":"23","author":"R Alfaro-Ruiz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alfaro-Ruiz R, Aguado C, Mart\u00edn-Belmonte A et al (2022) Alteration in the synaptic and extrasynaptic organization of AMPA receptors in the hippocampus of P301S tau transgenic mice. IJMS 23:13527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113527","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"1676_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216288","volume":"24","author":"AE Alkhalifa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkhalifa AE, Al-Ghraiybah NF, Odum J et al (2023) Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms and targeted strategies. Int J Mol Sci 24:16288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242216288","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1676_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1847-6","volume":"135","author":"A Androuin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Androuin A, Potier B, N\u00e4gerl UV et al (2018) Evidence for altered dendritic spine compartmentalization in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and functional effects in a mouse model. Acta Neuropathol 135:839\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-018-1847-6","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.047043","author":"E Arimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arimoto E, Kawashima Y, Choi T et al (2019) Analysis of a cellular structure observed in the compound eyes of Drosophila white; yata mutants and white mutants. Biol Open Bio. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/bio.047043","journal-title":"Biol Open Bio"},{"key":"1676_CR10","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Methods in Cell Biology","author":"V Baena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baena V, Schalek RL, Lichtman JW, Terasaki M (2019) Serial-section electron microscopy using automated tape-collecting ultramicrotome (ATUM). Methods in Cell Biology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 41\u201367"},{"key":"1676_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2024.103916","volume":"128","author":"C Beretta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beretta C, Svensson E, Dakhel A et al (2024) Amyloid-\u03b2 deposits in human astrocytes contain truncated and highly resistant proteoforms. Mol Cell Neurosci 128:103916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcn.2024.103916","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/54060","author":"K Bisht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bisht K, El Hajj H, Savage JC et al (2016a) Correlative light and electron microscopy to study microglial interactions with & #946;-amyloid plaques. JoVE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/54060","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"1676_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22966","volume":"64","author":"K Bisht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bisht K, Sharma KP, Lecours C et al (2016b) Dark microglia: a new phenotype predominantly associated with pathological states. Glia 64:826\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.22966","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"1676_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/3227","author":"DS Booth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Booth DS, Avila-Sakar A, Cheng Y (2011) Visualizing proteins and macromolecular complexes by negative stain EM: from Grid preparation to image Acquisition. JoVE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/3227","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"1676_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215692","volume":"87","author":"A Androuin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brainbank NeuroCEB Neuropathology Network, Androuin A, Thierry M et al (2022) Alterations of neuronal lysosomes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in APPxPS1-KI mice. J Alzheimers Dis 87:273\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-215692","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1676_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2004.04.004","volume":"147","author":"SA Burgess","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burgess SA, Walker ML, Thirumurugan K et al (2004) Use of negative stain and single-particle image processing to explore dynamic properties of flexible macromolecules. J Struct Biol 147:247\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsb.2004.04.004","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010150","volume":"9","author":"Q Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai Q, Jeong YY (2020) Mitophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Cells 9:150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9010150","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1676_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1561852","volume":"19","author":"C Cal\u00ec","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cal\u00ec C, Wang X (2025) Editorial: advances in volume electron microscopy for brain imaging: methods, applications, and affordability. Front Neurosci 19:1561852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1561852","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(86)80241-8","volume":"141","author":"EM Casta\u00f1o","year":"1986","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1o EM, Ghiso J, Prelli F et al (1986) In vitro formation of amyloid fibrils from two synthetic peptides of different lengths homologous to alzheimer\u2019s disease \u03b2-protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 141:782\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-291X(86)80241-8","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2008-14211","volume":"14","author":"JF Collingwood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collingwood JF, Chong RKK, Kasama T et al (2008) Three-dimensional tomographic imaging and characterization of iron compounds within Alzheimer\u2019s plaque core material. JAD 14:235\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2008-14211","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01861-8","volume":"20","author":"LM Collinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Collinson LM, Bosch C, Bullen A et al (2023) Volume EM: a quiet revolution takes shape. Nat Methods 20:777\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-023-01861-8","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1676_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101862","volume":"85","author":"D Cozachenco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cozachenco D, Ribeiro FC, Ferreira ST (2023) Defective proteostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ageing Res Rev 85:101862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101862","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1676_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab039","volume":"80","author":"BC Creekmore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Creekmore BC, Chang Y-W, Lee EB (2021) The cryo-EM effect: structural biology of neurodegenerative disease aggregates. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 80:514\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlab039","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47066-1","volume":"15","author":"BC Creekmore","year":"2024","unstructured":"Creekmore BC, Kixmoeller K, Black BE et al (2024a) Ultrastructure of human brain tissue vitrified from autopsy revealed by cryo-ET with cryo-plasma FIB milling. Nat Commun 15:2660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-47066-1","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-120750","volume":"19","author":"BC Creekmore","year":"2024","unstructured":"Creekmore BC, Watanabe R, Lee EB (2024b) Neurodegenerative disease tauopathies. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 19:345\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-120750","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"1676_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20210719","volume":"49","author":"RA Crowther","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crowther RA (2021) Insights into neurodegeneration from electron microscopy studies. Biochem Soc Trans 49:2777\u20132786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST20210719","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"1676_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.2000.4270","volume":"130","author":"RA Crowther","year":"2000","unstructured":"Crowther RA, Goedert M (2000) Abnormal tau-containing filaments in neurodegenerative diseases. J Struct Biol 130:271\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jsbi.2000.4270","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111950","volume":"22","author":"M Cuadrado-Tejedor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuadrado-Tejedor M, P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Alfaro-Ruiz R et al (2021) Amyloid-driven tau accumulation on mitochondria potentially leads to cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. IJMS 22:11950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111950","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"1676_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152189","volume":"776","author":"AKR Dasari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dasari AKR, Bhatt N, Haque MA et al (2025) Cryo-EM structural analyses reveal diverse porous structures in brain-derived tau oligomers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 776:152189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152189","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.005","volume":"12","author":"MC de Wil","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Wil MC, Overk CR, Sijben JW, Masliah E (2016a) Meta\u2010analysis of synaptic pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease reveals selective molecular vesicular machinery vulnerability. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementi 12:633\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.005","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementi"},{"key":"1676_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.005","volume":"12","author":"MC de Wil","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Wil MC, Overk CR, Sijben JW, Masliah E (2016b) Meta\u2010analysis of synaptic pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease reveals selective molecular vesicular machinery vulnerability. Alzheimers Dement 12:633\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.005","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"1676_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270502","volume":"27","author":"ST DeKosky","year":"1990","unstructured":"DeKosky ST, Scheff SW (1990) Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: correlation with cognitive severity. Ann Neurol 27:457\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410270502","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160953","volume":"55","author":"D Del Prete","year":"2016","unstructured":"Del Prete D, Suski JM, Oul\u00e8s B et al (2016) Localization and processing of the amyloid-\u03b2 protein precursor in mitochondria-associated membranes. JAD 55:1549\u20131570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-160953","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115034","volume":"383","author":"N Dhiman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dhiman N, Deshwal S, Rishi V et al (2025) Zebrafish as a model organism to study sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease: behavioural, biochemical and histological validation. Exp Neurol 383:115034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115034","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0520-6","volume":"6","author":"M Dom\u00ednguez-\u00c1lvaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-\u00c1lvaro M, Montero-Crespo M, Blazquez-Llorca L et al (2018) Three-dimensional analysis of synapses in the transentorhinal cortex of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 6:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-018-0520-6","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0140-19.2019","volume":"6","author":"M Dom\u00ednguez-\u00c1lvaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-\u00c1lvaro M, Montero-Crespo M, Blazquez-Llorca L et al (2019) 3D electron microscopy study of synaptic organization of the normal human transentorhinal cortex and its possible alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. eNeuro 6:ENEURO.0140-19.2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0140-19.2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"1676_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dujardin S, Hyman BT (2019) Tau Prion-Like Propagation: State of the Art and Current Challenges. In: Takashima A, Wolozin B, Buee L (eds) Tau Biology. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 305\u2013325","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9358-8_23"},{"key":"1676_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25274","volume":"530","author":"E Dyne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dyne E, Cawood M, Suzelis M et al (2022) Ultrastructural analysis of the morphological phenotypes of microglia associated with neuroinflammatory cues. J Comp Neurol 530:1263\u20131275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.25274","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00112","volume":"12","author":"AL Eberle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eberle AL, Zeidler D (2018) Multi-beam scanning electron microscopy for high-throughput imaging in connectomics research. Front Neuroanat 12:112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2018.00112","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"1676_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2023.13","volume":"4","author":"E Eitan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eitan E, Thornton-Wells T, Elgart K et al (2023) Synaptic proteins in neuron-derived extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: novel methodology and clinical proof of concept. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids 4:133\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/evcna.2023.13","journal-title":"Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"1676_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1473-9","volume":"16","author":"H El Hajj","year":"2019","unstructured":"El Hajj H, Savage JC, Bisht K et al (2019) Ultrastructural evidence of microglial heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid pathology. J Neuroinflammation 16:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-019-1473-9","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1676_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67117-z","volume":"10","author":"J Everett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Everett J, Brooks J, Lermyte F et al (2020) Iron stored in ferritin is chemically reduced in the presence of aggregating A\u03b2(1-42). Sci Rep 10:10332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-67117-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1676_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1914-z","volume":"136","author":"B Falcon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falcon B, Zhang W, Schweighauser M et al (2018) Tau filaments from multiple cases of sporadic and inherited Alzheimer\u2019s disease adopt a common fold. Acta Neuropathol 136:699\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-018-1914-z","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-024-01252-3","volume":"31","author":"A Fernandez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fernandez A, Hoq MR, Hallinan GI et al (2024) Cryo-EM structures of amyloid-\u03b2 and tau filaments in Down syndrome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 31:903\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41594-024-01252-3","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23002","volume":"547","author":"AWP Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick AWP, Falcon B, He S et al (2017) Cryo-EM structures of tau filaments from Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 547:185\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature23002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1676_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01801-5","volume":"28","author":"SL Fowler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fowler SL, Behr TS, Turkes E et al (2025) Tau filaments are tethered within brain extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci 28:40\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-024-01801-5","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43822-x","volume":"15","author":"B Frieg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frieg B, Han M, Giller K et al (2024) Cryo-EM structures of lipidic fibrils of amyloid-\u03b2 (1-40). Nat Commun 15:1297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-43822-x","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00533-w","volume":"23","author":"GB Frisoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frisoni GB, Altomare D, Thal DR et al (2022) The probabilistic model of Alzheimer disease: the amyloid hypothesis revised. Nat Rev Neurosci 23:53\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-021-00533-w","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.11.3443","volume":"108","author":"K Fujimoto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fujimoto K (1995) Freeze-fracture replica electron microscopy combined with sds digestion for cytochemical labeling of integral membrane proteins: application to the immunogold labeling of intercellular junctional complexes. J Cell Sci 108:3443\u20133449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.108.11.3443","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"1676_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190929","volume":"76","author":"L G\u00e1rate-V\u00e9lez","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00e1rate-V\u00e9lez L, Escudero-Lourdes C, Salado-Leza D et al (2020) Anthropogenic iron oxide nanoparticles induce damage to brain microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier. JAD 76:1527\u20131539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-190929","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023089118","volume":"118","author":"U Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh U, Thurber KR, Yau W-M, Tycko R (2021) Molecular structure of a prevalent amyloid-\u03b2 fibril polymorph from Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118:e2023089118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2023089118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1676_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01806-y","volume":"12","author":"U Ghosh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghosh U, Tse E, Yang H et al (2024) Cryo-EM structures reveal tau filaments from Down syndrome adopt Alzheimer\u2019s disease fold. Acta Neuropathol Commun 12:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-024-01806-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07680-x","volume":"631","author":"MAG Gilbert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gilbert MAG, Fatima N, Jenkins J et al (2024) CryoET of \u03b2-amyloid and tau within postmortem Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain. Nature 631:913\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07680-x","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1676_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00954-y","volume":"18","author":"A Gleason","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gleason A, Bush AI (2021) Iron and ferroptosis as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurotherapeutics 18:252\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-020-00954-y","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1676_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(84)80190-4","volume":"120","author":"GG Glenner","year":"1984","unstructured":"Glenner GG, Wong CW (1984) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 120:885\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-291X(84)80190-4","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.3c00425","volume":"63","author":"C Glynn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Glynn C, Chun JE, Donahue CC et al (2024) Reconstitution of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease tau core structure from recombinant tau297\u2013391 yields variable quaternary structures as seen by negative stain and cryo-EM. Biochemistry 63:194\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biochem.3c00425","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"1676_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goodman L (1953) ALZHEIMER\u02bcS DISEASE: A Clinico-pathologic Analysis of Twenty-three Cases with a Theory on Pathogenesis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 118:97\u2013 130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-195308000-00001","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195308000-00001"},{"key":"1676_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20210025","volume":"65","author":"M Goedert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goedert M (2021) Cryo-EM structures of \u03c4 filaments from human brain. Essays Biochem 65:949\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/EBC20210025","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"1676_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2010.09.018","volume":"173","author":"C Goldsbury","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldsbury C, Baxa U, Simon MN et al (2011) Amyloid structure and assembly: insights from scanning transmission electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 173:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsb.2010.09.018","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gomez\u2010Arboledas A, Davila JC, Sanchez\u2010Mejias E, et al (2018) Phagocytic clearance of presynaptic dystrophies by reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Glia 66:637\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.23270","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23270"},{"key":"1676_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196701000-00003","volume":"26","author":"NK Gonatas","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gonatas NK, Anderson W, Evangelista I (1967) The contribution of altered synapses in the senile plaque: an electron microscopic study in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia*\u2020. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 26:25\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005072-196701000-00003","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2825","volume":"358","author":"L Gremer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gremer L, Sch\u00f6lzel D, Schenk C et al (2017) Fibril structure of amyloid-\u03b2(1\u201342) by cryo\u2013electron microscopy. Science 358:116\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aao2825","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1676_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00463a003","volume":"29","author":"K Halverson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Halverson K, Fraser PE, Kirschner DA, Lansbury PT (1990) Molecular determinants of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: conformational studies of synthetic.beta.-protein fragments. Biochemistry 29:2639\u20132644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00463a003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"1676_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han X, Li PH, Wang S, et al (2023) Mapping Alzheimer\u2019s Molecular Pathologies in Large-Scale Connectomics Data: A Publicly Accessible Correlative Microscopy Resource","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.24.563674"},{"key":"1676_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.12.004","volume":"40","author":"MM Harnett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harnett MM, Pineda MA, de Latr\u00e9 Lat\u00e9 P et al (2017) From Christian de Duve to Yoshinori Ohsumi: more to autophagy than just dining at home. Biomed J 40:9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2016.12.004","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"1676_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3102","volume":"16","author":"MT Heneka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heneka MT, Golenbock DT, Latz E (2015) Innate immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Immunol 16:229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.3102","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"1676_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20194","volume":"67","author":"F Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez F, Engel T, G\u00f3mez\u2010Ramos A et al (2005) Characterization of Alzheimer paired helical filaments by electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 67:121\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.20194","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"1676_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1987.tb00414.x","volume":"41","author":"Y Higuchi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Higuchi Y, Miyakawa T, Shimoji A, Katsuragi S (1987) Ultrastructural changes of blood vessels in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 41:283\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1987.tb00414.x","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12209","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205174","volume":"15","author":"W Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong W, Hu C, Wang C et al (2023) Effects of amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2)42 and Gasdermin D on the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in vitro and in vivo through the regulation of astrocyte pyroptosis. Aging 15:12209\u201312224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.205174","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"1676_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-024-02786-y","volume":"148","author":"MR Hoq","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoq MR, Fernandez A, Vago FS et al (2024) Cryo-EM structures of cotton wool plaques\u2019 amyloid \u03b2 and of tau filaments in dominantly inherited Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 148:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-024-02786-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12681","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.002713","volume":"293","author":"W Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu W, Wang Z, Zheng H (2018) Mitochondrial accumulation of amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2) peptides requires TOMM22 as a main A\u03b2 receptor in yeast. J Biol Chem 293:12681\u201312689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA118.002713","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1676_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2978-8_7","volume-title":"Protein Amyloid Aggregation","author":"CJ Huseby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huseby CJ, Kuret J (2016) Analyzing Tau Aggregation with Electron Microscopy. In: Eliezer D (ed) Protein Amyloid Aggregation. Springer, New York, pp 101\u2013112"},{"key":"1676_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839138","volume":"239","author":"K Ikeda","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ikeda K, Haga C, Oyanagi S et al (1992) Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of degenerate neurite-bearing ghost tangles. J Neurol 239:191\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00839138","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-019-0589-4","volume":"19","author":"T Islam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Islam T, Gharibyan AL, Lee CC, Olofsson A (2019) Morphological analysis of apolipoprotein E binding to A\u03b2 amyloid using a combination of surface plasmon resonance, Immunogold labeling and scanning electron microscopy. BMC Biotechnol 19:97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12896-019-0589-4","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol"},{"key":"1676_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90115-X","volume":"24","author":"S Itagaki","year":"1989","unstructured":"Itagaki S, Mcgeer P, Akiyama H et al (1989) Relationship of microglia and astrocytes to amyloid deposits of Alzheimer disease. J Neuroimmunol 24:173\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90115-X","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1676_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050675","volume":"94","author":"Y Itoh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Itoh Y, Amano N, Inoue M, Yagishita S (1997) Scanning electron microscopical study of the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 94:78\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004010050675","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115052","volume":"43","author":"RG Jacquet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jacquet RG, Gonz\u00e1lez Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez F, Picard K et al (2024) Microglia degrade Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-beta deposits extracellularly via digestive exophagy. Cell Rep 43:115052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115052","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1676_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310865","volume":"24","author":"M Jorge-Oliva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jorge-Oliva M, van Weering JRT, Scheper W (2023) Structurally and morphologically distinct pathological tau assemblies differentially affect GVB accumulation. IJMS 24:10865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241310865","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"1676_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar4289","volume":"11","author":"M Kaeberlein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaeberlein M, Galvan V (2019) Rapamycin and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: time for a clinical trial? Sci Transl Med 11:eaar4289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar4289","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1676_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.11.024","volume":"23","author":"SS Kamalaldinezabadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kamalaldinezabadi SS, Watzlawik JO, Rosenberry TL et al (2024) Aggregation dynamics of a 150 kDa A\u03b242 oligomer: insights from cryo electron microscopy and multimodal analysis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 23:4205\u20134213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.11.024","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"1676_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220076","volume":"6","author":"S Kanagasingam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanagasingam S, von Ruhland C, Welbury R, Singhrao SK (2022) Ex vivo detection of amyloid-\u03b2 in naturally formed oral biofilm. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 6:757\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ADR-220076","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"key":"1676_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx381","volume":"27","author":"R Kandimalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kandimalla R, Manczak M, Yin X et al (2018) Hippocampal phosphorylated tau induced cognitive decline, dendritic spine loss and mitochondrial abnormalities in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Hum Mol Genet 27:30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddx381","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"1676_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.01.025","volume":"94","author":"N Karlupia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karlupia N, Schalek RL, Wu Y et al (2023) Immersion fixation and staining of multicubic millimeter volumes for electron microscopy\u2013based connectomics of human brain biopsies. Biol Psychiatry 94:352\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.01.025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1676_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64312-2","volume":"16","author":"A Kasen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kasen A, L\u00f6vestam S, Breton L et al (2025) Seed structure and phosphorylation in the fuzzy coat impact tau seeding competency. Nat Commun 16:9240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-64312-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1085690","volume":"17","author":"MSJ Kater","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kater MSJ, Badia-Soteras A, van Weering JRT et al (2023) Electron microscopy analysis of astrocyte-synapse interactions shows altered dynamics in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model. Front Cell Neurosci 17:1085690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1085690","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1522-5_19","volume-title":"Receptor and Ion Channel Detection in the Brain","author":"WA Kaufmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaufmann WA, Kleindienst D, Harada H, Shigemoto R (2021) High-Resolution Localization and Quantitation of Membrane Proteins by SDS-Digested Freeze-Fracture Replica Labeling (SDS-FRL). In: Lujan R, Ciruela F (eds) Receptor and Ion Channel Detection in the Brain. Springer, New York, pp 267\u2013283"},{"key":"1676_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.078","volume":"8","author":"KR Kay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kay KR, Smith C, Wright AK et al (2013) Studying synapses in human brain with array tomography and electron microscopy. Nat Protoc 8:1366\u20131380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2013.078","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"1676_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-017-9568-3","volume":"20","author":"P Kelly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kelly P, Denver P, Satchell SC et al (2017) Microvascular ultrastructural changes precede cognitive impairment in the murine APPswe\/PS1dE9 model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Angiogenesis 20:567\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10456-017-9568-3","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"1676_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/197192b0","volume":"197","author":"M Kidd","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kidd M (1963) Paired helical filaments in electron microscopy of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 197:192\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/197192b0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1676_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00740-w","volume":"19","author":"S Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim S, Chun H, Kim Y et al (2024) Astrocytic autophagy plasticity modulates A\u03b2 clearance and cognitive function in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener 19:55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-024-00740-w","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"1676_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6953","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.19.6953","volume":"84","author":"DA Kirschner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kirschner DA, Inouye H, Duffy LK et al (1987) Synthetic peptide homologous to beta protein from Alzheimer disease forms amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:6953\u20136957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.84.19.6953","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1676_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3189-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"G Knott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knott G, Marchman H, Wall D, Lich B (2008) Serial section scanning electron microscopy of adult brain tissue using focused ion beam milling. J Neurosci 28:2959\u20132964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3189-07.2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154611","volume":"26","author":"H Koike","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koike H, Katsuno M (2021) The ultrastructure of tissue damage by amyloid fibrils. Molecules 26:4611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26154611","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"1676_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12683-8","volume":"10","author":"M Kollmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kollmer M, Close W, Funk L et al (2019) Cryo-EM structure and polymorphism of A\u03b2 amyloid fibrils purified from Alzheimer\u2019s brain tissue. Nat Commun 10:4760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-12683-8","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.13217","volume":"295","author":"I Kolotuev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kolotuev I (2024) Work smart, not hard: how array tomography can help increase the ultrastructure data output. J Microsc 295:42\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jmi.13217","journal-title":"J Microsc"},{"key":"1676_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2023.103839","volume":"125","author":"E Konstantinidis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Konstantinidis E, Dakhel A, Beretta C, Erlandsson A (2023) Long-term effects of amyloid-beta deposits in human iPSC-derived astrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 125:103839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcn.2023.103839","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13569","volume":"20","author":"JM Kotah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kotah JM, Kater MSJ, Brosens N et al (2024) Early\u2010life stress and amyloidosis in mice share pathogenic pathways involving synaptic mitochondria and lipid metabolism. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dement 20:1637\u20131655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.13569","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dement"},{"key":"1676_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12792","volume":"48","author":"GG Kovacs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kovacs GG, Ghetti B, Goedert M (2022) Classification of diseases with accumulation of Tau protein. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 48:e12792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nan.12792","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"1676_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040733","volume":"11","author":"S Kshirsagar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kshirsagar S, Alvir RV, Hindle A et al (2022) Early cellular, molecular, morphological and behavioral changes in the humanized amyloid-beta-knock-in mouse model of late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cells 11:733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11040733","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1676_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70086","volume":"169","author":"V Lau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lau V, VanderZwaag J, Murray CJ, Tremblay M (2025) Exploring iron deposition patterns using light and electron microscopy in the mouse brain across aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology conditions. J Neurochem 169:e70086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.70086","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1676_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01084-8","volume":"25","author":"J-H Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee J-H, Yang D-S, Goulbourne CN et al (2022) Faulty autolysosome acidification in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models induces autophagic build-up of A\u03b2 in neurons, yielding senile plaques. Nat Neurosci 25:688\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-022-01084-8","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218831120","volume":"120","author":"M Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee M, Yau W-M, Louis JM, Tycko R (2023) Structures of brain-derived 42-residue amyloid-\u03b2 fibril polymorphs with unusual molecular conformations and intermolecular interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 120:e2218831120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2218831120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1676_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38495-5","volume":"14","author":"C Leistner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leistner C, Wilkinson M, Burgess A et al (2023) The in-tissue molecular architecture of \u03b2-amyloid pathology in the mammalian brain. Nat Commun 14:2833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-38495-5","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","volume":"17","author":"F Leng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leng F, Edison P (2021) Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Neurol 17:157\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141215","volume":"43","author":"J Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li J, Han L, Wen Y et al (2014) Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like alterations in Slit-2 transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 43:535\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-141215","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1676_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-023-02023-9","volume":"19","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li S, Wang Y, Zhang X et al (2023) Mitochondrial damage-induced abnormal glucose metabolism with ageing in the hippocampus of APP\/PS1 mice. Metabolomics 19:56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11306-023-02023-9","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"1676_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9316","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.008031","volume":"294","author":"G Lippens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lippens G, Gigant B (2019) Elucidating tau function and dysfunction in the era of cryo-EM. J Biol Chem 294:9316\u20139325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.REV119.008031","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1676_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263","volume":"9","author":"C-C Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu C-C, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G (2013) Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 9:106\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115153","volume":"386","author":"S Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu S, Liu X, Ke M, Wang J (2025) Sleep fragmentation impairs cognitive function and exacerbates Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related pathology in a mouse model by disrupting mitochondrial biogenesis. Exp Neurol 386:115153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115153","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76494","volume":"11","author":"S L\u00f6vestam","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f6vestam S, Koh FA, van Knippenberg B et al (2022) Assembly of recombinant tau into filaments identical to those of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Elife 11:e76494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.76494","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1676_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4103\/ATN.ATN-D-24-00009","volume":"1","author":"R Luj\u00e1n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luj\u00e1n R, Turegano-Lopez M, Aguado C, Merchan-Perez A (2024) Two- and three-dimensional electron microscopy techniques: powerful tools for studying the brain under physiological and pathological conditions. Adv Technol Neurosci 1:143\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ATN.ATN-D-24-00009","journal-title":"Adv Technol Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-200234","volume":"4","author":"SJ Madsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madsen SJ, DiGiacomo PS, Zeng Y et al (2020) Correlative microscopy to localize and characterize iron deposition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Rep 4:525\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ADR-200234","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Rep"},{"key":"1676_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605941113","volume":"113","author":"BA Maher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maher BA, Ahmed IAM, Karloukovski V et al (2016) Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:10797\u201310801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1605941113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1676_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00692225","volume":"49","author":"GL Mancardi","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mancardi GL, Perdelli F, Rivano C et al (1980) Thickening of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 49:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00692225","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688390","volume":"61","author":"GL Mancardi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mancardi GL, Liwnicz BH, Mandybur TI (1983) Fibrous astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and senile dementia of Alzheimer\u2019s type: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Acta Neuropathol 61:76\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00688390","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000115760","volume":"24","author":"GL Mancardi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mancardi GL, Tabaton M, Liwnicz BH (1985) Endothelial mitochondrial content of cerebral cortical capillaries in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Eur Neurol 24:49\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000115760","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240605","volume":"100","author":"PK Mandal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mandal PK, Maroon JC, Samkaria A et al (2024) Iron chelators and Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical trials. JAD 100:S243\u2013S249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-240605","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072459","volume":"21","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Belmonte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Belmonte A, Aguado C, Alfaro-Ru\u00edz R et al (2020a) Density of GABAB receptors is reduced in granule cells of the hippocampus in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. IJMS 21:2459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21072459","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"1676_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.577996","volume":"12","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Belmonte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Belmonte A, Aguado C, Alfaro-Ru\u00edz R et al (2020b) Age-dependent shift of AMPA receptors from synapses to intracellular compartments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: immunocytochemical analysis of the CA1 hippocampal region in APP\/PS1 transgenic mouse model. Front Aging Neurosci 12:577996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.577996","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12802","volume":"30","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Belmonte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Belmonte A, Aguado C, Alfaro-Ru\u00edz R et al (2020c) Reduction in the neuronal surface of post and presynaptic GABAB receptors in the hippocampus in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Pathol 30:554\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12802","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1676_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115867","volume":"22","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Belmonte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Belmonte A, Aguado C, Alfaro-Ruiz R et al (2021) The density of group I mGlu5 receptors is reduced along the neuronal surface of hippocampal cells in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 22:5867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22115867","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1676_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00293464","volume":"81","author":"E Masliah","year":"1991","unstructured":"Masliah E, Hansen L, Albright T et al (1991) Immunoelectron microscopic study of synaptic pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 81:428\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00293464","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2023.1129036","volume":"15","author":"S Meftah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meftah S, Gan J (2023) Alzheimer\u2019s disease as a synaptopathy: evidence for dysfunction of synapses during disease progression. Front Synaptic Neurosci 15:1129036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsyn.2023.1129036","journal-title":"Front Synaptic Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2024.0094","author":"M Mezzanotte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mezzanotte M, Stanga S (2024) Brain iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathophysiology: two faces of the same coin. Aging Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/AD.2024.0094","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"1676_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-06-01846.1988","volume":"8","author":"A Migheli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Migheli A, Butler M, Brown K, Shelanski M (1988) Light and electron microscope localization of the microtubule- associated tau protein in rat brain. J Neurosci 8:1846\u20131851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-06-01846.1988","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90648-D","volume":"121","author":"A Migheli","year":"1991","unstructured":"Migheli A, Attanasio A, Vigliani MC, Schiffer D (1991) Dystrophic neurites around amyloid plaques of human patients with Gerstmann-Str\u00e4ussler-Scheinker disease contain ubiquitinated inclusions. Neurosci Lett 121:55\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90648-D","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1676_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22455","volume":"82","author":"K Miranda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miranda K, Girard\u2010Dias W, Attias M et al (2015) Three dimensional reconstruction by electron microscopy in the life sciences: an introduction for cell and tissue biologists. Mol Reprod Dev 82:530\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrd.22455","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"1676_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691158","volume":"48","author":"T Miyakawa","year":"1979","unstructured":"Miyakawa T, Uehara Y (1979) Observations of amyloid angiopathy and senile plaques by the scanning electron microscope. Acta Neuropathol 48:153\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00691158","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1979.tb00191.x","volume":"33","author":"T Miyakawa","year":"1979","unstructured":"Miyakawa T, Shikai I, Shimoji A et al (1979) Electron-microscopical study on senile plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 33:197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1979.tb00191.x","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010659","volume":"5","author":"JA Moncaster","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moncaster JA, Pineda R, Moir RD et al (2010) Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-\u03b2 links lens and brain pathology in Down syndrome. PLoS ONE 5:e10659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0010659","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1676_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa406","volume":"144","author":"M Montero-Crespo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montero-Crespo M, Dom\u00ednguez-\u00c1lvaro M, Alonso-Nanclares L et al (2021) Three-dimensional analysis of synaptic organization in the hippocampal CA1 field in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 144:553\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa406","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1676_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.001","volume":"51","author":"YM Morozov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morozov YM, Datta D, Paspalas CD, Arnsten AFT (2017) Ultrastructural evidence for impaired mitochondrial fission in the aged rhesus monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Aging 51:9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"1676_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.07.020","volume":"1862","author":"K Murata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murata K, Wolf M (2018) Cryo-electron microscopy for structural analysis of dynamic biological macromolecules. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1862:324\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.07.020","journal-title":"Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects"},{"key":"1676_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198011000-00001","volume":"39","author":"HK Narang","year":"1980","unstructured":"Narang HK (1980) High-resolution electron microscopic analysis of the amyloid fibril in Alzheimer\u02bcs disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 39:621\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005072-198011000-00001","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297924020068","volume":"89","author":"SV Nesterov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nesterov SV, Plokhikh KS, Chesnokov YM et al (2024) Safari with an electron gun: visualization of protein and membrane interactions in mitochondria in natural environment. Biochem (Mosc) 89:257\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S0006297924020068","journal-title":"Biochem (Mosc)"},{"key":"1676_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215692","volume":"87","author":"A Androuin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neuropathology network, Androuin A, Thierry M et al (2022) Alterations of neuronal lysosomes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in APPxPS1-KI mice. JAD 87:273\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-215692","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.113","volume":"64","author":"RA Nixon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nixon RA, Wegiel J, Kumar A et al (2005) Extensive involvement of autophagy in Alzheimer disease: an immuno-electron microscopy study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 64:113\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.113","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.02.019","volume":"58","author":"E Nogales","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nogales E, Scheres SHW (2015) Cryo-EM: a unique tool for the visualization of macromolecular complexity. Mol Cell 58:677\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.02.019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"1676_CR137","first-page":"375","volume":"60","author":"SC Papasozomenos","year":"1989","unstructured":"Papasozomenos SC (1989) Tau protein immunoreactivity in dementia of the Alzheimer type: II. Electron microscopy and pathogenetic implications: effects of fixation on the morphology of the Alzheimer\u2019s abnormal filaments. Lab Invest 60:375\u2013389","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"1676_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.030023","volume":"285","author":"J Parodi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parodi J, Sep\u00falveda FJ, Roa J et al (2010) \u03b2-amyloid causes depletion of synaptic vesicles leading to neurotransmission failure. J Biol Chem 285:2506\u20132514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M109.030023","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1676_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.12.071","volume":"565","author":"M Pekny","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M (2014) The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Neurosci Lett 565:30\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.12.071","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1676_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90748-X","volume":"119","author":"LS Perlmutter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Perlmutter LS, Barron E, Chui HC (1990) Morphologic association between microglia and senile plaque amyloid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 119:32\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90748-X","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1676_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02284835","volume":"25","author":"A Peters","year":"1996","unstructured":"Peters A, Palay SL (1996) The morphology of synapses. J Neurocytol 25:687\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02284835","journal-title":"J Neurocytol"},{"key":"1676_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160007","volume":"53","author":"EK Pickett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pickett EK, Koffie RM, Wegmann S et al (2016) Non-fibrillar oligomeric amyloid-\u03b2 within synapses. JAD 53:787\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-160007","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1903-2","volume":"136","author":"EK Pickett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pickett EK, Rose J, McCrory C et al (2018) Region-specific depletion of synaptic mitochondria in the brains of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 136:747\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-018-1903-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24873","volume":"6","author":"G Plascencia-Villa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Plascencia-Villa G, Ponce A, Collingwood JF et al (2016) High-resolution analytical imaging and electron holography of magnetite particles in amyloid cores of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 6:24873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep24873","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1676_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02072-2","volume":"13","author":"D Price","year":"2025","unstructured":"Price D, Cramer J, Rogers CB et al (2025) Immunoelectron microscopy and biochemical studies using three anti-tau antibodies in human brains: associations between pTau and ribosomes. Acta Neuropathol Commun 13:150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-025-02072-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688880","volume":"57","author":"A Probst","year":"1982","unstructured":"Probst A, Ulrich J, Heitz PhU (1982) Senile dementia of Alzheimer type: astroglial reaction to extracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus: an immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol 57:75\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00688880","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666161201202000","volume":"14","author":"Y-Z Pu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pu Y-Z, Liang L, Fu A-L et al (2017) Generation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease transgenic zebrafish expressing human APP mutation under control of zebrafish appb promotor. CAR 14:668\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1567205013666161201202000","journal-title":"CAR"},{"key":"1676_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2004.03.001","volume":"147","author":"C Quintana","year":"2004","unstructured":"Quintana C, Cowley JM, Marhic C (2004) Electron nanodiffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy studies of the structure and composition of physiological and pathological ferritin. J Struct Biol 147:166\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsb.2004.03.001","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2005.11.001","volume":"153","author":"C Quintana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quintana C, Bellefqih S, Laval JY et al (2006) Study of the localization of iron, ferritin, and hemosiderin in Alzheimer\u2019s disease hippocampus by analytical microscopy at the subcellular level. J Struct Biol 153:42\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsb.2005.11.001","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/104545","volume":"2011","author":"RD Readnower","year":"2011","unstructured":"Readnower RD, Sauerbeck AD, Sullivan PG (2011) Mitochondria, amyloid \u03b2, and Alzheimer\u2032s disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011:104545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/104545","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1676_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy154","volume":"27","author":"PH Reddy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reddy PH, Yin X, Manczak M et al (2018) Mutant APP and amyloid beta-induced defective autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial structural and functional changes and synaptic damage in hippocampal neurons from Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Hum Mol Genet 27:2502\u20132516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddy154","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"1676_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10493-x","volume":"268","author":"M Rosso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosso M, Chu D (2021) Gaetano Perusini (1879\u20131915). J Neurol 268:4400\u20134401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10493-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa376","volume":"144","author":"Z Ruan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruan Z, Pathak D, Venkatesan Kalavai S et al (2021) Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain-derived extracellular vesicles spread tau pathology in interneurons. Brain 144:288\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa376","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1676_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.752594","volume":"15","author":"R Sanchez-Varo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanchez-Varo R, Sanchez-Mejias E, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ et al (2021) Plaque-associated oligomeric amyloid-beta drives early synaptotoxicity in APP\/PS1 mice hippocampus: ultrastructural pathology analysis. Front Neurosci 15:752594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.752594","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70141","volume":"599","author":"A Santambrogio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Santambrogio A, L\u00f6vestam S, Metrick MA et al (2025) Serial amplification of tau filaments using Alzheimer\u2019s brain homogenates and C322A or C322S recombinant tau. FEBS Lett 599:2768\u20132778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.70141","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"1676_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2024_516","volume-title":"Autophagy in Development and Disease","author":"N Sayed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sayed N, Ali AE, Elsherbiny DM, Azab SS (2024) Involvement of Autophagic Machinery in Neuropathogenesis: Targeting and Relevant Methods of Detection. In: Turksen K (ed) Autophagy in Development and Disease. Springer, New York, pp 183\u2013206"},{"key":"1676_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02334602","volume":"8","author":"AB Scheibel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scheibel AB (1987) Alterations of the cerebral capillary bed in the senile dementia of Alzheimer. Ital J Neuro Sci 8:457\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02334602","journal-title":"Ital J Neuro Sci"},{"key":"1676_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-198701000-00004","volume":"1","author":"AB Scheibel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scheibel AB, Duong T, Tomiyasu U (1987) DENERVATION MICROANGIOPATHY IN SENILE DEMENTIA, ALZHEIMER TYPE. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1:19\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002093-198701000-00004","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"1676_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503455112","volume":"112","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Rohou A, Lasker K et al (2015) Peptide dimer structure in an A\u03b2(1\u201342) fibril visualized with cryo-EM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:11858\u201311863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1503455112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1676_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01658-y","volume":"11","author":"M Schweighauser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schweighauser M, Murzin AG, Macdonald J et al (2023) Cryo-EM structures of tau filaments from the brains of mice transgenic for human mutant P301S Tau. Acta Neuropathol Commun 11:160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-023-01658-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0794-3","volume":"7","author":"M Sele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sele M, Wernitznig S, Lipov\u0161ek S et al (2019) Optimization of ultrastructural preservation of human brain for transmission electron microscopy after long post-mortem intervals. Acta Neuropathol Commun 7:144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-019-0794-3","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210","volume":"8","author":"DJ Selkoe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Selkoe DJ, Hardy J (2016) The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease at 25 years. EMBO Mol Med 8:595\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.201606210","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"1676_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.690168","volume":"15","author":"N Seo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seo N, Kim GH, Noh JE et al (2021) Selective regional loss of cortical synapses lacking presynaptic mitochondria in the 5xFAD mouse model. Front Neuroanat 15:690168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2021.690168","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"1676_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220311","volume":"88","author":"P Serwer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serwer P, Wright ET, Hunter B (2022) Additions to alpha-sheet based hypotheses for the cause of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. JAD 88:429\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-220311","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a005777","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005777","volume":"4","author":"M Sheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheng M, Sabatini BL, Sudhof TC (2012) Synapses and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4:a005777\u2013a005777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a005777","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02303-5","volume":"141","author":"Y Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi Y, Murzin AG, Falcon B et al (2021) Correction to: cryo-EM structures of tau filaments from Alzheimer\u2019s disease with PET ligand APN-1607. Acta Neuropathol 141:983\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-021-02303-5","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.33.3.679","volume":"33","author":"T Shirahama","year":"1967","unstructured":"Shirahama T, Cohen AS (1967) High-resolution electron microscopic analysis of the amyloid fibril. J Cell Biol 33:679\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.33.3.679","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.03.030","volume":"648","author":"SK Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh SK, Srivastav S, Yadav AK, Srikrishna S (2017) Knockdown of APPL mimics transgenic A\u03b2 induced neurodegenerative phenotypes in Drosophila. Neurosci Lett 648:8\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.03.030","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1676_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0098-z","volume":"11","author":"S S\u00f6llvander","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u00f6llvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R et al (2016) Accumulation of amyloid-\u03b2 by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Mol Neurodegener 11:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-016-0098-z","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"1676_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13033","volume":"32","author":"G Son","year":"2022","unstructured":"Son G, Steinbusch HWM, L\u00f3pez-Iglesias C et al (2022) Severe histomorphological alterations in post-mortem olfactory glomeruli in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Pathol 32:e13033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.13033","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1676_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233700","volume":"15","author":"KE Sos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sos KE, Mayer MI, Tak\u00e1cs VT et al (2020) Amyloid \u03b2 induces interneuron-specific changes in the hippocampus of APPNL-F mice. PLoS ONE 15:e0233700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233700","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1676_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2012.04.005","volume":"123","author":"AA Sousa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sousa AA, Leapman RD (2012) Development and application of STEM for the biological sciences. Ultramicroscopy 123:38\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultramic.2012.04.005","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"1676_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.021","volume":"171","author":"BR Stockwell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stockwell BR, Friedmann Angeli JP, Bayir H et al (2017) Ferroptosis: a regulated cell death nexus linking metabolism, redox biology, and disease. Cell 171:273\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1676_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02595-8","volume":"19","author":"M-K St-Pierre","year":"2022","unstructured":"St-Pierre M-K, Carrier M, Gonz\u00e1lez\u00a0Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez F et al (2022) Ultrastructural characterization of dark microglia during aging in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and in human post-mortem brain samples. J Neuroinflammation 19:235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-022-02595-8","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1676_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02752-7","volume":"20","author":"M-K St-Pierre","year":"2023","unstructured":"St-Pierre M-K, Carrier M, Gonz\u00e1lez Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez F et al (2023) Astrocytes display ultrastructural alterations and heterogeneity in the hippocampus of aged APP-PS1 mice and human post-mortem brain samples. J Neuroinflammation 20:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02752-7","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1676_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.12.018","volume":"112","author":"MR Strickland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strickland MR, Rau MJ, Summers B et al (2024) Apolipoprotein E secreted by astrocytes forms antiparallel dimers in discoidal lipoproteins. Neuron 112:1100-1109.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.12.018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1676_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2022.117278","volume":"60","author":"L Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun L, Li C, Liu J et al (2022) Effects of ischemia-hypoperfusion on neuro-vascular units in dual transgenic mice with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Fn 60:237\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/fn.2022.117278","journal-title":"Fn"},{"key":"1676_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303111","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1303111","volume":"14","author":"S Suresh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suresh S, Singh SA, Rushendran R et al (2023) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the role of extrinsic factors in its development, an investigation of the environmental enigma. Front Neurol 14:1303111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1303111","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688828","volume":"8","author":"K Suzuki","year":"1967","unstructured":"Suzuki K, Terry RD (1967) Fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in senile plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s presenile dementia. Acta Neuropathol 8:276\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00688828","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","volume":"14","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV (2018a) Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 14:133\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x","volume":"21","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Kisler K, Montagne A et al (2018b) The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Neurosci 21:1318\u20131331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/46\/465102","volume":"27","author":"IB Tahirbegi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tahirbegi IB, Pardo WA, Alvira M et al (2016) Amyloid A \u03b242 , a promoter of magnetite nanoparticle formation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nanotechnology 27:465102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/46\/465102","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"1676_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13657","volume":"13","author":"A Tarutani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tarutani A, L\u00f6vestam S, Zhang X et al (2023) Cryo-EM structures of tau filaments from SH-SY5Y cells seeded with brain extracts from cases of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and corticobasal degeneration. FEBS Open Bio 13:1394\u20131404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13657","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"1676_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0161-3","volume":"2","author":"S Tatsumi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tatsumi S, Uchihara T, Aiba I et al (2014) Ultrastructural differences in pretangles between Alzheimer disease and corticobasal degeneration revealed by comparative light and electron microscopy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-014-0161-3","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51294-w","volume":"15","author":"MJ Tehrani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tehrani MJ, Matsuda I, Yamagata A et al (2024) E22G A\u03b240 fibril structure and kinetics illuminate how A\u03b240 rather than A\u03b242 triggers familial Alzheimer\u2019s. Nat Commun 15:7045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-51294-w","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR186","first-page":"269","volume":"44","author":"RD Terry","year":"1964","unstructured":"Terry RD, Gonatas NK, Weiss M (1964) Ultrastructural studies in Alzheimer\u2019s presenile dementia. Am J Pathol 44:269\u2013297","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1676_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/dqaf003","volume":"42","author":"V Tora","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tora V, Torok J, Bertsch M, Raj A (2025) A network-level transport model of tau progression in the Alzheimer\u2019s brain. Math Med Biol 42:212\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/imammb\/dqaf003","journal-title":"Math Med Biol"},{"key":"1676_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.023","volume":"185","author":"NL Turner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turner NL, Macrina T, Bae JA et al (2022) Reconstruction of neocortex: organelles, compartments, cells, circuits, and activity. Cell 185:1082-1100.e24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1676_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297918090109","volume":"83","author":"MA Tyumentsev","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tyumentsev MA, Stefanova NA, Kiseleva EV, Kolosova NG (2018) Mitochondria with morphology characteristic for Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients are found in the brain of OXYS rats. Biochem Mosc 83:1083\u20131088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S0006297918090109","journal-title":"Biochem Mosc"},{"key":"1676_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","volume":"388","author":"CH Van Dyck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P et al (2023) Lecanemab in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 388:9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1676_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2001-3408","volume":"3","author":"C Velez-Pardo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Velez-Pardo C, Arroyave ST, Lopera F et al (2001) Ultrastructure evidence of necrotic neural cell death in familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains bearing presenilin-1 E280A mutation1. JAD 3:409\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2001-3408","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1676_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.07.006","volume":"283","author":"L Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang L, Du Y, Wang K et al (2016) Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induces memory deficits and facilitates A\u03b2 generation in C57BL\/6J mice. Exp Neurol 283:353\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.07.006","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1676_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00376-6","volume":"15","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhao F, Ma X et al (2020) Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recent advances. Mol Neurodegener 15:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-020-00376-6","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"1676_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01552-7","volume":"11","author":"W Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhao F, Lu Y et al (2023) Damaged mitochondria coincide with presynaptic vesicle loss and abnormalities in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 11:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-023-01552-7","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02046-4","volume":"138","author":"VI Wiersma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiersma VI, van Ziel AM, Vazquez-Sanchez S et al (2019) Granulovacuolar degeneration bodies are neuron-selective lysosomal structures induced by intracellular tau pathology. Acta Neuropathol 138:943\u2013970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-019-02046-4","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0203-y","volume":"12","author":"K Will\u00e9n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Will\u00e9n K, Edgar JR, Hasegawa T et al (2017) A\u03b2 accumulation causes MVB enlargement and is modelled by dominant negative VPS4A. Mol Neurodegener 12:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-017-0203-y","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"1676_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24539","volume":"72","author":"S Wirth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wirth S, Schl\u00f6\u00dfer A, Beiersdorfer A et al (2024) Astrocytic uptake of posttranslationally modified amyloid\u2010\u03b2 leads to endolysosomal system disruption and induction of pro\u2010inflammatory signaling. Glia 72:1451\u20131468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.24539","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"1676_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000739","volume":"28","author":"L-L Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu L-L, Shen Y, Wang X et al (2017) Mitochondrial dynamics changes with age in an APPsw\/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. NeuroReport 28:222\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000739","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"1676_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01443","volume":"13","author":"N Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan N, Zhang J (2020) Iron metabolism, ferroptosis, and the links with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Neurosci 13:1443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01443","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132270","volume":"40","author":"Y Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang Y, Chen S, Zhang J et al (2014) Stimulation of autophagy prevents amyloid-\u03b2 peptide-induced neuritic degeneration in PC12 cells. J Alzheimers Dis 40:929\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-132270","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1676_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm7285","volume":"375","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Arseni D, Zhang W et al (2022) Cryo-EM structures of amyloid-\u03b2 42 filaments from human brains. Science 375:167\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abm7285","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1676_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01694-8","volume":"11","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Y, Murzin AG, Peak-Chew S et al (2023a) Cryo-EM structures of A\u03b240 filaments from the leptomeninges of individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 11:191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-023-01694-8","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-022-02533-1","volume":"145","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Y, Zhang W, Murzin AG et al (2023b) Cryo-EM structures of amyloid-\u03b2 filaments with the Arctic mutation (E22G) from human and mouse brains. Acta Neuropathol 145:325\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-022-02533-1","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1676_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18659-3","volume":"11","author":"W Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin W, Brittain D, Borseth J et al (2020) A petascale automated imaging pipeline for mapping neuronal circuits with high-throughput transmission electron microscopy. Nat Commun 11:4949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18659-3","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1676_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171108","volume":"65","author":"S Yumoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yumoto S, Kakimi S, Ishikawa A (2018) Colocalization of aluminum and iron in nuclei of nerve cells in brains of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 65:1267\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-171108","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1676_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2021.113254","volume":"231","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng Y, DiGiacomo PS, Madsen SJ et al (2021) Exploring valence states of abnormal mineral deposits in biological tissues using correlative microscopy and spectroscopy techniques: a case study on ferritin and iron deposits from Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Ultramicroscopy 231:113254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultramic.2021.113254","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"1676_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18725","volume":"6","author":"L Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang L, Trushin S, Christensen TA et al (2016) Altered brain energetics induces mitochondrial fission arrest in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 6:18725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep18725","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1676_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01911-3","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J et al (2024a) Recent advances in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 9:211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01911-3","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"1676_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14374","volume":"24","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang W, Ding F, Rong X et al (2025) A\u03b2 \u2010induced excessive mitochondrial fission drives type H blood vessels injury to aggravate bone loss in APP\/PS1 mice with Alzheimer\u2019s diseases. Aging Cell 24:e14374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.14374","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"1676_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang W, Chen W, Guo Z, Li H (2024) Causal links between mitophagy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a Mendelian randomization study","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.01.24314751"},{"key":"1676_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-024-03878-7","volume":"396","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao J, Yu X, Shentu X, Li D (2024) The application and development of electron microscopy for three-dimensional reconstruction in life science: a review. Cell Tissue Res 396:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-024-03878-7","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"1676_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01484-4","volume":"26","author":"M Zielinski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zielinski M, Peralta Reyes FS, Gremer L et al (2023) Cryo-EM of A\u03b2 fibrils from mouse models find tg-APPArcSwe fibrils resemble those found in patients with sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci 26:2073\u20132080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-023-01484-4","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1676_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02120-x","volume":"13","author":"M Zielinski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zielinski M, Peralta Reyes FS, Gremer L et al (2025) Cryo-EM studies of amyloid-\u03b2 fibrils from human and murine brains carrying the Uppsala APP mutation (\u0394690\u2013695). Acta Neuropathol Commun 13:209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-025-02120-x","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01676-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01676-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01676-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T13:51:55Z","timestamp":1772891515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01676-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":215,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01676-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-6830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-6830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"58"}}