{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:16:32Z","timestamp":1792782992605,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mansoura University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k8vtd75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Neurobiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One of the major challenges in neuroscience is understanding how the human brain develops into a highly organized and functionally integrated organ, because many developmental processes cannot be investigated directly in humans and are not fully recapitulated in animal models. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as powerful three-dimensional (3D) experimental models that recapitulate key features of human neurodevelopment, including regional patterning, cellular diversification, and neural circuit assembly. Recent advances in long-term organoid culture, organoid bioengineering, vascularization, assembloid technology, transplantation, multi-omics, and artificial intelligence have substantially expanded the applications of brain organoids to investigate human neurodevelopment, model neurological disorders, support drug discovery, and advance therapeutic development. Integration of single-cell and spatial multi-omics with computational approaches has enabled robust molecular benchmarking, assessment of developmental fidelity, and evaluation of organoid reproducibility, facilitating direct comparison with primary human fetal brain tissue. However, current organoid systems remain limited owing to incomplete cellular and tissue complexity, inter-organoid variability, limited vascularization, limited functional maturation, and incomplete physiological integration. Continued advances in tissue engineering, computational biology, and standardized differentiation protocols are expected to enhance the biological fidelity and translational utility of brain organoids for basic and translational neuroscience, as well as mechanistic and translational research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Organoids: From Directed Differentiation to Biomedical Applications. The graphic presented represents a summary of the overall workflow used for creating, characterizing, and medical uses of the brain organoids derived from stem cells. To create brain organoids, scientists utilize stem cells, and through controlling developmental signaling pathway processes bring forth the organoids that are organ-specific and exhibit distinct features of formation of human body. Depending on the technique that was used for creating organoids, different kinds of organoids can be generated, including, for instance, the organoids of the dorsal forebrain (one can also name it as the cortex), organoid of the ventral forebrain, organoids of different parts of the brain like stipular, hypothalamic, retinal, mesencephalic, rhombic, cerebellar, and spinal organoids. There are many methods that help with providing enough information about organoids. The methods used mostly can be characterized by their efficiency, using approaches that enable scientists to know more about cell heterogeneity through using scRNA-seq, understanding the tissue structure through the use of spatial transcriptomics, learning about neuron functioning through utilizing electroactivity tests and calcium imaging, and obtaining other information through applying multiple omics. Organ identity becomes interactive with many branches of science without exception, mostly forming large platform for research and applications in the field of neuroscience. But still, the process of applying brain-based approaches for research development requires the solution of some issues that need to be attended and solved. Most of the issues emerged can be explained by a lack of blood vessels, partial immune system efficiency, limitations in cell functioning, and variability of protocols. Summarizing the graphic provided, it is evident that it represents a detailed process of brain organoid research and its application. The information provided for making the above-mentioned graphic was based on numerous scientific works that deal with the issue of the generation of organoids and the general overview of the development, usage, and creation process of this material. Abbreviations: AI, artificial intelligence; hPSC, human pluripotent stem cell; scRNA-seq, single-cell RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-026-01808-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:03:54Z","timestamp":1789718634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using Brain Organoids to Explore Human Neurobiology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0069-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany E.","family":"Marei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwarul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1808_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schier, A. F. (2003). Nodal signaling in vertebrate development. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 19,589\u2013621 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.041603.094522","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.041603.094522"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20112","volume":"474","author":"A Abu-Khalil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abu-Khalil A et al (2004) Wnt genes define distinct boundaries in the developing human brain: implications for human forebrain patterning. J Comp Neurol 474(2):276\u2013288","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90616-7","volume":"66","author":"E Amaya","year":"1991","unstructured":"Amaya E, Musci TJ, Kirschner MW (1991) Expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor disrupts mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 66(2):257\u2013270","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1995.1085","volume":"168","author":"G Bain","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bain G et al (1995) Embryonic stem cells express neuronal properties in vitro. Dev Biol 168(2):342\u2013357","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6","volume":"66","author":"D Bennett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bennett D et al (2006) Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology 66(12):1837\u20131844","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00252-3","volume":"10","author":"F-C Bi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bi F-C et al (2021) Optimization of cerebral organoids: a more qualified model for Alzheimer\u2019s disease research. Translational Neurodegeneration 10(1):27","journal-title":"Translational Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"7652","key":"1808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22330","volume":"545","author":"F Birey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birey F et al (2017) Assembly of functionally integrated human forebrain spheroids. Nature 545(7652):54\u201359","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.2.373","volume":"124","author":"B Blumberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blumberg B et al (1997) An essential role for retinoid signaling in anteroposterior neural patterning. Development 124(2):373\u2013379","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.259","volume":"6","author":"JM Brickman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brickman JM, Serup P (2017) Properties of embryoid bodies. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 6(2):e259","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2252","volume":"9","author":"I Bystron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bystron I, Blakemore C, Rakic P (2008) Development of the human cerebral cortex: Boulder Committee revisited. Nat Rev Neurosci 9(2):110\u2013122","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0586-5","volume":"16","author":"B Cakir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cakir B et al (2019) Engineering of human brain organoids with a functional vascular-like system. Nat Methods 16(11):1169\u20131175","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"1808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.167841","volume":"1871","author":"J Camps","year":"2025","unstructured":"Camps J et al (2025) Artificial intelligence-driven integration of multi-omics and radiomics: a new hope for precision cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1871(6):167841","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64538-5","volume":"157","author":"AM Cataldo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cataldo AM et al (2000) Endocytic pathway abnormalities precede amyloid \u03b2 deposition in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Down syndrome: differential effects of APOE genotype and presenilin mutations. Am J Pathol 157(1):277\u2013286","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1254","volume":"50","author":"A Cataldo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cataldo A et al (2001) Endocytic disturbances distinguish among subtypes of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders. Annals Neurology: Official J Am Neurol Association Child Neurol Soc 50(5):661\u2013665","journal-title":"Annals Neurology: Official J Am Neurol Association Child Neurol Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02359-7","volume":"21","author":"V Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen V et al (2024) Applying interpretable machine learning in computational biology\u2014pitfalls, recommendations and opportunities for new developments. Nat Methods 21(8):1454\u20131461","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"1808_CR15","first-page":"1757","volume":"52","author":"M-M Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen M-M et al (2025) Construction Strategies and Challenges of Vascularized Brain Organoids. Progress Biochem Biophys 52(7):1757\u20131770","journal-title":"Progress Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"5580","key":"1808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074192","volume":"297","author":"A Chenn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chenn A, Walsh CA (2002) Regulation of cerebral cortical size by control of cell cycle exit in neural precursors. Science 297(5580):365\u2013369","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/organoids3030014","volume":"3","author":"GR Cheruku","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheruku GR et al (2024) Recent advances and future perspectives in vascular organoids and vessel-on-chip. Organoids 3(3):203\u2013246","journal-title":"Organoids"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00730-3","volume":"23","author":"I Chiaradia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiaradia I, Lancaster MA (2020) Brain organoids for the study of human neurobiology at the interface of in vitro and in vivo. Nat Neurosci 23(12):1496\u20131508","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7526","key":"1808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13800","volume":"515","author":"SH Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi SH et al (2014) A three-dimensional human neural cell culture model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 515(7526):274\u2013278","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6569","key":"1808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/380066a0","volume":"380","author":"PH Crossley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Crossley PH, Martinez S, Martin GR (1996) Midbrain development induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo. Nature 380(6569):66\u201368","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuomo AS, HipSci Consortium et al (2020) Single-cell RNA-sequencing of differentiating iPS cells reveals dynamic genetic effects on gene expression. Nat Commun 11(1):810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14457-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"1808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1210951","volume":"369","author":"RS Doody","year":"2013","unstructured":"Doody RS et al (2013) A phase 3 trial of semagacestat for treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 369(4):341\u2013350","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312889","volume":"370","author":"RS Doody","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doody RS et al (2014) Phase 3 trials of solanezumab for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 370(4):311\u2013321","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.09.002","volume":"3","author":"M Eiraku","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eiraku M et al (2008) Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals. Cell Stem Cell 3(5):519\u2013532","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"7341","key":"1808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09941","volume":"472","author":"M Eiraku","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eiraku M et al (2011) Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 472(7341):51\u201356","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27464-5","volume":"12","author":"A Fiorenzano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiorenzano A et al (2021) Single-cell transcriptomics captures features of human midbrain development and dopamine neuron diversity in brain organoids. Nat Commun 12(1):7302","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00558","volume":"13","author":"J Fischer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fischer J, Heide M, Huttner WB (2019) Genetic modification of brain organoids. Front Cell Neurosci 13:558","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"5544","key":"1808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064252","volume":"294","author":"T Fukuchi-Shimogori","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fukuchi-Shimogori T, Grove EA (2001) Neocortex patterning by the secreted signaling molecule FGF8. Science 294(5544):1071\u20131074","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00433-w","volume":"16","author":"SL Giandomenico","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giandomenico SL, Sutcliffe M, Lancaster MA (2021) Generation and long-term culture of advanced cerebral organoids for studying later stages of neural development. Nat Protoc 16(2):579\u2013602","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0229-8","volume":"23","author":"C Gonzalez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonzalez C et al (2018) Modeling amyloid beta and tau pathology in human cerebral organoids. Mol Psychiatry 23(12):2363\u20132374","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00802-y","volume":"24","author":"A Gordon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gordon A et al (2021) Long-term maturation of human cortical organoids matches key early postnatal transitions. Nat Neurosci 24(3):331\u2013342","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101659","author":"T Grass","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grass T et al (2024) Isogenic patient-derived organoids reveal early neurodevelopmental defects in spinal muscular atrophy initiation. Cell Rep Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101659","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"7288","key":"1808_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08845","volume":"464","author":"DV Hansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hansen DV et al (2010) Neurogenic radial glia in the outer subventricular zone of human neocortex. Nature 464(7288):554\u2013561","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1808_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2023.100409","author":"C He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He C et al (2023) BOMA, a machine-learning framework for comparative gene expression analysis across brains and organoids. Cell Rep Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crmeth.2023.100409","journal-title":"Cell Rep Methods"},{"key":"1808_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lui, J. H., Hansen, D. V., & Kriegstein, A. R. (2011). Development and evolution of the human neocortex. Cell, 146(1),18\u201336 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.030"},{"issue":"7376","key":"1808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10615","volume":"480","author":"T Jaworski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jaworski T et al (2011) GSK-3\u03b1\/\u03b2 kinases and amyloid production in vivo. Nature 480(7376):E4\u2013E5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.07.005","volume":"19","author":"J Jo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jo J et al (2016) Midbrain-like organoids from human pluripotent stem cells contain functional dopaminergic and neuromelanin-producing neurons. Cell Stem Cell 19(2):248\u2013257","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0292-1","volume":"24","author":"M Johnstone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnstone M et al (2019) Reversal of proliferation deficits caused by chromosome 16p13. 11 microduplication through targeting NF\u03baB signaling: an integrated study of patient-derived neuronal precursor cells, cerebral organoids and in vivo brain imaging. Mol Psychiatry 24(2):294\u2013311","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1808_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01399-0","volume":"26","author":"A Jourdon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jourdon A et al (2023) Modeling idiopathic autism in forebrain organoids reveals an imbalance of excitatory cortical neuron subtypes during early neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 26(9):1505\u20131515","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1808_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiang, C., Litingtung, Y., Lee, E., Young, K. E., Corden, J. L., Westphal, H., &Beachy, P. A. (1996). Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function. Nature, 383(6599), 407\u2013413 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/383407a0","DOI":"10.1038\/383407a0"},{"issue":"50","key":"1808_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315710110","volume":"110","author":"T Kadoshima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kadoshima T et al (2013) Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell\u2013derived neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(50):20284\u201320289","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"1808_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq7855","volume":"11","author":"J Kajtez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kajtez J et al (2025) Three-dimensional cell-cell interactions promote direct reprogramming of patient fibroblasts into functional and transplantable neurons. Sci Adv 11(23):eadq7855","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.09.021","volume":"9","author":"J Kawada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kawada J et al (2017) Generation of a motor nerve organoid with human stem cell-derived neurons. Stem cell Rep 9(5):1441\u20131449","journal-title":"Stem cell Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"1808_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10824","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901572116","volume":"116","author":"S Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim S et al (2019) Generation, transcriptome profiling, and functional validation of cone-rich human retinal organoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(22):10824\u201310833","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8066","key":"1808_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08808-3","volume":"642","author":"J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim J et al (2025) Human assembloid model of the ascending neural sensory pathway. Nature 642(8066):143\u2013153","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.69709\/BIOMATC.2025.155652","volume":"2","author":"R Konwarh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Konwarh R (2025) Vascularized organoid-on-chip platforms: Expanding the bioengineering frontiers with microfluidics. Biomaterials Connect 2(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Biomaterials Connect"},{"issue":"3","key":"1808_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1157-y","volume":"126","author":"GG Kovacs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kovacs GG et al (2013) Non-Alzheimer neurodegenerative pathologies and their combinations are more frequent than commonly believed in the elderly brain: a community-based autopsy series. Acta Neuropathol 126(3):365\u2013384","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12536","volume":"27","author":"GG Kovacs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kovacs GG, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (2017) Protein astrogliopathies in human neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Brain Pathol 27(5):675\u2013690","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135600","volume":"32","author":"A Kriegstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A (2009) The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells. Annu Rev Neurosci 32(1):149\u2013184","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1808_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Sasaki, H., Lowe, L.,Hogan, B. L. M., & Kuehn, M. R. (1993). Nodal is a novel TGF-\u03b2-like gene expressed in the mouse node during gastrulation. Nature, 361(6412), 543\u2013547 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/361543a0","DOI":"10.1038\/361543a0"},{"issue":"10","key":"1808_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.158","volume":"9","author":"MA Lancaster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA (2014) Generation of cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 9(10):2329\u20132340","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"7467","key":"1808_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517","volume":"501","author":"MA Lancaster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lancaster MA et al (2013) Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 501(7467):373\u2013379","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"1808_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3906","volume":"35","author":"MA Lancaster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lancaster MA et al (2017) Guided self-organization and cortical plate formation in human brain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 35(7):659\u2013666","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1808_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163072","volume":"11","author":"H-K Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee H-K et al (2016) Three dimensional human neuro-spheroid model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 11(9):e0163072","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"1808_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.70067","volume":"49","author":"T Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li T et al (2025) Organoids and Organoids-on\u2010Chip in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research: Applications, Advantages, and Future Prospects. Cell Biol Int 49(10):1233\u20131244","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"1808_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90276-7","volume":"82","author":"KF Liem","year":"1995","unstructured":"Liem KF et al (1995) Dorsal differentiation of neural plate cells induced by BMP-mediated signals from epidermal ectoderm. Cell 82(6):969\u2013979","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1808_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.008","volume":"98","author":"Y-T Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin Y-T et al (2018) APOE4 causes widespread molecular and cellular alterations associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease phenotypes in human iPSC-derived brain cell types. Neuron 98(6):1141\u20131154","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01412-z","volume":"26","author":"D Lindenhofer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lindenhofer D et al (2024) Cerebral organoids display dynamic clonal growth and tunable tissue replenishment. Nat Cell Biol 26(5):710\u2013718","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"07","key":"1808_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003535","volume":"138","author":"K Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu K et al (2025) From organoids to organoids-on-a-chip: Current applications and challenges in biomedical research. Chin Med J 138(07):792\u2013807","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180216","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.180216","volume":"9","author":"KR Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long KR, Huttner WB (2019) How the extracellular matrix shapes neural development. Royal Soc Open Biology 9(1):180216","journal-title":"Royal Soc Open Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96321-8","volume":"11","author":"J Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu J et al (2021) Characterization of an in vitro 3D intestinal organoid model by using massive RNAseq-based transcriptome profiling. Sci Rep 11(1):16668","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.001","volume":"17","author":"C Luo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luo C et al (2016) Cerebral organoids recapitulate epigenomic signatures of the human fetal brain. Cell Rep 17(12):3369\u20133384","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4127","volume":"36","author":"AA Mansour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mansour AA et al (2018) An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 36(5):432\u2013441","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.06.034","volume":"162","author":"J Mariani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mariani J et al (2015) FOXG1-dependent dysregulation of GABA\/glutamate neuron differentiation in autism spectrum disorders. Cell 162(2):375\u2013390","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1808_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90385-R","volume":"62","author":"AP McMahon","year":"1990","unstructured":"McMahon AP, Bradley A (1990) The Wnt-1 (int-1) proto-oncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain. Cell 62(6):1073\u20131085","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00632-z","volume":"17","author":"Y Miura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miura Y et al (2022) Engineering brain assembloids to interrogate human neural circuits. Nat Protoc 17(1):15\u201335","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"1808_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18683","volume":"5","author":"F Mora-Berm\u00fadez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mora-Berm\u00fadez F et al (2016) Differences and similarities between human and chimpanzee neural progenitors during cerebral cortex development. Elife 5:e18683","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"1808_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(01)00041-7","volume":"1","author":"M Mukhopadhyay","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay M et al (2001) Dickkopf1 is required for embryonic head induction and limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev Cell 1(3):423\u2013434","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01296-5","volume":"25","author":"F Noack","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noack F et al (2023) Joint epigenome profiling reveals cell-type-specific gene regulatory programmes in human cortical organoids. Nat Cell Biol 25(12):1873\u20131883","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1808_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.03.003","volume":"18","author":"T Otani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otani T et al (2016) 2D and 3D stem cell models of primate cortical development identify species-specific differences in progenitor behavior contributing to brain size. Cell Stem Cell 18(4):467\u2013480","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1808_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0707","volume":"25","author":"MT Pankratz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pankratz MT et al (2007) Directed neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells via an obligated primitive anterior stage. Stem Cells 25(6):1511\u20131520","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"7","key":"1808_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0175-4","volume":"21","author":"J Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park J et al (2018) A 3D human triculture system modeling neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci 21(7):941\u2013951","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1808_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3415","volume":"12","author":"AM Pa\u015fca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pa\u015fca AM et al (2015) Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture. Nat Methods 12(7):671\u2013678","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"6938","key":"1808_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01640","volume":"423","author":"CJ Phiel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phiel CJ et al (2003) GSK-3\u03b1 regulates production of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-\u03b2 peptides. Nature 423(6938):435\u2013439","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"1808_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.017","volume":"176","author":"AA Pollen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pollen AA et al (2019) Establishing cerebral organoids as models of human-specific brain evolution. Cell 176(4):743\u2013756","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.032","volume":"165","author":"X Qian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qian X et al (2016) Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure. Cell 165(5):1238\u20131254","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1808_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1433111","volume":"12","author":"B Qu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qu B et al (2024) Interpretation of the past, present, and future of organoid technology: an updated bibliometric analysis from 2009 to 2024. Front Cell Dev Biol 12:1433111","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"7652","key":"1808_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22047","volume":"545","author":"G Quadrato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quadrato G et al (2017) Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids. Nature 545(7652):48\u201353","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"1808_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161969","volume":"11","author":"WK Raja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raja WK et al (2016) Self-organizing 3D human neural tissue derived from induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulate Alzheimer\u2019s disease phenotypes. PLoS One 11(9):e0161969","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901450105","volume":"145","author":"P Rakic","year":"1972","unstructured":"Rakic P (1972) Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex. J Comp Neurol 145(1):61\u201383","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1808_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rakic, P. (2009). Evolution of the neocortex: A perspective from developmental biology. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(10), 724\u2013735 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2719","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2719"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02080-x","volume":"20","author":"D Reumann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reumann D et al (2023) In vitro modeling of the human dopaminergic system using spatially arranged ventral midbrain\u2013striatum\u2013cortex assembloids. Nat Methods 20(12):2034\u20132047","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1808_CR79","volume-title":"Patterning and cell type specification in the developing CNS and PNS: comprehensive developmental neuroscience","author":"J Rubenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rubenstein J, Rakic P (2013) Patterning and cell type specification in the developing CNS and PNS: comprehensive developmental neuroscience. Academic Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9896","volume":"6","author":"H Sakaguchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sakaguchi H et al (2015) Generation of functional hippocampal neurons from self-organizing human embryonic stem cell-derived dorsomedial telencephalic tissue. Nat Commun 6(1):8896","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1808_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304839","volume":"370","author":"S Salloway","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salloway S et al (2014) Two phase 3 trials of bapineuzumab in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 370(4):322\u2013333","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1808_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00914","volume":"126","author":"J Schimelman","year":"2026","unstructured":"Schimelman J et al (2026) Biofabrication of Vascularized Tissues. Chem Rev 126(10):5852\u20135876","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"issue":"41","key":"1808_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9917","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0621-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"J Seo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seo J et al (2017) Inhibition of p25\/Cdk5 attenuates tauopathy in mouse and iPSC models of frontotemporal dementia. J Neurosci 37(41):9917\u20139924","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1808_CR84","unstructured":"Shah N (2024) Multi-Software Comparison for Calcium Flux Analysis of iPSC. -Derived Cardiac Tissue."},{"issue":"14","key":"1808_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141074","volume":"14","author":"Y-P Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen Y-P, Kokaia Z (2025) Brain organoid transplantation: a comprehensive guide to the latest advances and practical applications\u2014a systematic review. Cells 14(14):1074","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2019.05.009","volume":"37","author":"Z Shiri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shiri Z et al (2019) Optogenetics in the era of cerebral organoids. Trends Biotechnol 37(12):1282\u20131294","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"issue":"15","key":"1808_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026804118","volume":"118","author":"CA Simintiras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simintiras CA et al (2021) Capture and metabolomic analysis of the human endometrial epithelial organoid secretome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118(15):e2026804118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0078-4","volume":"5","author":"LM Smits","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smits LM et al (2019) Modeling Parkinson\u2019s disease in midbrain-like organoids. NPJ Parkinson\u2019s disease 5(1):5","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"1808_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.70161","volume":"59","author":"Y Song","year":"2026","unstructured":"Song Y et al (2026) Vascularised brain organoids: engineering strategies and neurobiological applications. Cell Prolif 59(3):e70161","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"issue":"11","key":"1808_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0054-x","volume":"7","author":"E Stachowiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stachowiak E et al (2017) Cerebral organoids reveal early cortical maldevelopment in schizophrenia\u2014computational anatomy and genomics, role of FGFR1. Translational psychiatry 7(11):6","journal-title":"Translational psychiatry"},{"key":"1808_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian L et al (2009) Signals from the edges: the cortical hem and antihem in telencephalic development. Seminars in cell & developmental biology, Elsevier, pp. 712\u2013718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2009.04.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"1808_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.03.004","volume":"16","author":"T Takebe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takebe T et al (2015) Vascularized and complex organ buds from diverse tissues via mesenchymal cell-driven condensation. Cell Stem Cell 16(5):556\u2013565","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1808_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.01.038","volume":"30","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanaka Y et al (2020) Synthetic analyses of single-cell transcriptomes from multiple brain organoids and fetal brain. Cell Rep 30(6):1682\u20131689","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"1808_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-024-00750-w","volume":"25","author":"C Trapnell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trapnell C (2024) Revealing gene function with statistical inference at single-cell resolution. Nat Rev Genet 25(9):623\u2013638","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1808_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.08.002","volume":"25","author":"CA Trujillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trujillo CA et al (2019) Complex oscillatory waves emerging from cortical organoids model early human brain network development. Cell Stem Cell 25(4):558\u2013569","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1808_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueda HR et al (2020) Tissue clearing and its applications in neuroscience (vol 21, pg 61, 2020), NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE [Preprint]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0250-1"},{"key":"1808_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.05.002","volume":"35","author":"V Van Duinen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Duinen V et al (2015) Microfluidic 3D cell culture: from tools to tissue models. Curr Opin Biotechnol 35:118\u2013126","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7762","key":"1808_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1289-x","volume":"570","author":"S Velasco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Velasco S et al (2019) Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex. Nature 570(7762):523\u2013527","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1808_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.632810","volume":"12","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q et al (2021) The dynamics of metabolic characterization in iPSC-derived kidney organoid differentiation via a comparative omics approach. Front Genet 12:632810","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1808_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1402","volume":"8","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Watanabe K et al (2005) Directed differentiation of telencephalic precursors from embryonic stem cells. Nat Neurosci 8(3):288\u2013296","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1808_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.047","volume":"21","author":"M Watanabe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watanabe M et al (2017) Self-organized cerebral organoids with human-specific features predict effective drugs to combat Zika virus infection. Cell Rep 21(2):517\u2013532","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6538","key":"1808_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/376331a0","volume":"376","author":"PA Wilson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilson PA, Hemmati-Brivanlou A (1995) Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4. Nature 376(6538):331\u2013333","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7740","key":"1808_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0858-8","volume":"565","author":"RA Wimmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wimmer RA et al (2019) Human blood vessel organoids as a model of diabetic vasculopathy. Nature 565(7740):505\u2013510","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1808_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xekardaki A et al (2014) Neuropathological changes in aging brain, Genedis 2014: Geriatrics, pp. 11\u201317","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08939-3_6"},{"issue":"3","key":"1808_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.07.007","volume":"21","author":"Y Xiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiang Y et al (2017) Fusion of regionally specified hPSC-derived organoids models human brain development and interneuron migration. Cell Stem Cell 21(3):383\u2013398","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"1808_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01652-0","volume":"27","author":"F Zenk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zenk F et al (2024) Single-cell epigenomic reconstruction of developmental trajectories from pluripotency in human neural organoid systems. Nat Neurosci 27(7):1376\u20131386","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1808_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Landau, S., Okhovatian, S., Liu, C., Lu, R. X., Lai, B. F. L., Wu, Q., Kieda, J., Cheung, K.,Rajasekar, S., Jozani, K., Zhang, B., & Radisic, M. (2024). Integrating organoids and organ-on-a-chip devices. Nature Reviews Bioengineering, 2, 588\u2013608 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44222-024-00207-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00207-z"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1201-1129","volume":"19","author":"S-C Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang S-C et al (2001) In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 19(12):1129\u20131133","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"1808_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2025.101323","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H et al (2025) Brain organoids-on-chip for neural diseases modeling: history, challenges and trends. J Pharm Anal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2025.101323","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01808-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01808-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01808-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:02:55Z","timestamp":1789725775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01808-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-026-01808-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-6830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-6830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"141"}}