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There is limited karyotypic information for this bird family, including chromosome morphology and diploid number (2n), highlighting the importance of understanding the evolutionary history of karyotypic diversification of this family. Few species in Thamnophilidae have been karyotyped to date, with observed diploid numbers ranging from 76 to 82 chromosomes. This study examined the karyotype of three Thamnophilidae species using chromosome painting:\n                    <jats:italic>Phlegopsis nigromaculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Thamnophilus aethiops<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a\n                    <jats:italic>nd Pyriglena leuconota<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Whole chromosome probes from\n                    <jats:italic>Burhinus oedicnemus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (BOE) and\n                    <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (GGA) were used, and results were compared with existing data. Additionally, three more species (\n                    <jats:italic>Myrmotherula longipennis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Myrmoborus myotherinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Thamnomanes caesius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were analyzed using G-banding and\/or Giemsa staining. All karyotypes aligned with the standard Aves and Passeriformes karyotype, displaying high diploid numbers (2n\u2009=\u200980 in\n                    <jats:italic>Pyriglena leuconota,<\/jats:italic>\n                    2n\u2009=\u200982 in\n                    <jats:italic>Thamnophilus aethiops<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 2n\u2009=\u200986 in\n                    <jats:italic>Phlegopsis nigromaculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), few macrochromosomes, and numerous microchromosome pairs. Furthermore, our analysis with GGA probes in Thamnophilidae species corroborates the data observed in other Passeriformes families, indicating that the centric fission of GGA2 is a characteristic of Suboscines. Based on this result, we propose an ancestral karyotype for Suboscines that features the fission of GGA-2, which may offer a more robust explanation for the karyotypic diversity found among birds of the order Passeriformes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-026-09812-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:14:23Z","timestamp":1789960463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A cytogenetic analysis with chromosome painting in typical antbirds (Passeriformes, Thamnophilidae) and an inference on chromosome evolution in Passeriformes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Talita Fernanda Augusto","family":"Ribas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleusa Yoshiko","family":"Nagamachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melquezedec Luis","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Caroline Mary","family":"O\u00b4Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm Andrew Ferguson-","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengtang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Aleixo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2951-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Pieczarka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"9812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2009.080097","volume":"111","author":"A Aleixo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aleixo A, Burlamaqui TCT, Schneider MPC, Gon\u00e7alves EC (2009) Molecular systematics and plumage evolution in the monotypic obligate army-ant-following genus Skutchia (Thamnophilidae). 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